Nagaland
Template:Short description Template:Pp-extended Template:Pp-move Template:Use Indian English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox Indian state or territory
Nagaland (Template:IPAc-en) is a state in the north-eastern region of India. It is bordered by the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Assam to the west, Manipur to the south, and the Naga Self-Administered Zone of the Sagaing Region of Myanmar (Burma) to the east. Its capital city is Kohima and its largest city is the twin Chümoukedima–Dimapur. The state has an area of Template:Convert with a population of 1,980,602 as per the 2011 Census of India, making it one of the least populated states in India.<ref name=coiprov>Census of India 2011 Template:Webarchive Govt of India</ref>
Nagaland consists of 17 administrative districts, inhabited by 17 major tribes along with other sub-tribes. Each tribe is distinct in character from the other in terms of customs, language and dress. It is a land of folklore passed down the generations through word of mouth. The earliest recorded history of the Nagas of the present-day Nagaland dates back to the 13th century.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In the 19th century, the British India forces began expanding their influence in Northeast India, including the Naga Hills. After India's independence in 1947, the question of the Naga Hills' political status emerged. Nagaland was a district in the State of Assam until 1957, known to others as "The Naga Hills". The Naga National Council, led by Zapu Phizo, demanded an independent Naga state and launched an armed insurgency. The Indian Government, however, maintained that Nagaland was an integral part of the Indian Union. The conflict between the Naga National Council and the Indian Government resulted in a protracted insurgency. The State of Nagaland was formally inaugurated on 1 December 1963, as the 16th state of the Indian Union, and a democratically elected government took office in 1964.
Nagaland is home to a rich variety of natural, cultural, and environmental resources. It is a mountainous state and lies between the parallels of 95° and 94° eastern longitude and 25.2° and 27.0° latitude north. The high-profile Dzüko Valley is at Viswema, in the southern region of the state. The state has significant resources of natural minerals, petroleum, and hydropower, with the primary sector which is mostly agriculture still accounting for 24.6% of its economy.<ref name="N1">Template:Cite web</ref> Other significant activities include forestry, tourism, insurance, real estate, horticulture, and miscellaneous cottage industries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=cc1>Charles Chasie (2005), Nagaland in Transition Template:Webarchive, India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 2/3, Where the Sun Rises When Shadows Fall: The North-east (Monsoon-Winter 2005), pp. 253-264</ref><ref name=cc2>Charles Chasie, Nagaland Template:Webarchive, Institute of Developing Economies (2008)</ref>
Etymology
The origin of the word 'Naga' is unclear.<ref name=undp/> The present day Naga people have historically been referred to by many names, like "Noga" or "Naka" by the inhabitants of the Ahom kingdom in what is now considered as Assam which means "naked",<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> "Hao" by Meitei people of Imphal Valley<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and "Nakas" or 'Naga' by Burmese of what is now considered as Myanmar<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Burmese sounds">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> meaning "people with earrings", while others suggest it means pierced noses.<ref name="Inato_cultural">Template:Cite book</ref> Eventually, Nakanchi or Naganchi came to be an endonym for the region.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In recent years, some cultural activists have called for the state to be renamed Naganchi.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Before the arrival of European colonialism in South Asia, there had been many wars, persecution and raids from Burma on the Nagas, Meiteis and others in India's northeast. The invaders came for "head hunting" and to seek wealth and captives from these tribes and ethnic groups. When the British inquired with Burmese guides about the people living in the northern Himalayas, they were told 'Naka'. This was recorded as 'Naga' and has been in use thereafter.<ref name=cc2/><ref name=undp/>
History
Template:Main Template:See alsoThe ancient history of the Nagas is unclear. Ethnic groups migrated at different times, each settling in the northeastern part of present India and establishing their respective sovereign mountain terrains and village states. There are no records of whether they came from the northern Mongolian region, southeast Asia, or southwest China, except that their origins are from the east of India, and historical records show the present-day Naga people settled before the arrival of the Ahoms in 1228 CE.<ref name=cc1/><ref name=undp/>
Kingdom of Ava
In Yan-aung-myin Pagoda inscription found in Pinya of Myanmar mentions that the Kingdom of Ava under Minkhaung I (1400–1421) in the early 1400s extended till the territories of the Nagas.<ref>"The recently discovered Yan-aung-myin pagoda inscription at ' 'Themaunggan, south of Pinya (Obverse, line 8, 762 s.), claims that in 1400 CE the rule of the king extended beyond the Kandu (Kadu) and the Ponlon amri yols ("Palaungs who grow tails"), to the "heretic kingdoms of the Naked Nagas on the borders of Khamti Khun lcyviw (?),"Template:Harvcol</ref>
British administration
With the arrival of the British East India Company in the early 19th century, followed by the British Raj, Britain expanded its domain over the whole of South Asia, including the Naga Hills. The first Europeans to enter the hills were Captain Francis Jenkins and Lieutenant Robert Pemberton in 1832. The early contact with the Naga ethnic groups was characterised by suspicion and conflict. The colonial interests in Assam, such as managers of tea estates and other trading posts led defensive action against raids from the ethnic groups who were known for their bravery and "head hunting" practices. To put an end to these raids, the British troops recorded 10 military expeditions between 1839 and 1850.<ref name=undp/> In February 1851, at the bloody Battle of Kikrüma, people died on both the British side and the Kikrüma (Naga) side; in the days after the battle, inter-ethnic warfare followed that led to more bloodshed. After that war, the British adopted a policy of caution and non-interference with Naga ethnic groups.<ref name="TOI">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Reddy">Template:Cite book</ref>
Despite this, colonists continued to move into Naga peoples' territory. Between 1851 and 1865, Naga ethnic groups continued to raid the British in Assam. The British India Government took over the holdings of the East Indian Company following the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The failings and atrocities of the East Indian Company led the British Crown to review its governance structure throughout South Asia including its northeastern region. In 1866, the British India administration established a post at Samaguting with the explicit goal of ending intertribal warfare and tribal raids on property and personnel.<ref name=cc1/><ref name=cc2/>
In 1869, Captain Butler was appointed to lead and consolidate the British presence in the Nagaland Hills. In 1878, the headquarters were transferred to Kohima — creating a city that remains an important center of administration, commerce, and culture for Nagaland.<ref name=undp/>
On 4 October 1879, British political agent G. H. Damant went to Khonoma with troops, where he was shot dead with 35 of his team.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Kohima was subsequently attacked and the stockade looted. This violence led to a determined effort by the British Raj to return and respond. The subsequent defeat of Khonoma marked the end of serious and persistent ultimatums in the Naga Hills.<ref name=undp/>
Between 1880 and 1922, the British administration consolidated their position over a large area of the Naga Hills and integrated it into its Assam operations. The British administration enforced the rupee as the currency for economic activity and a system of structured ethnic government that was very different from historic social governance practices.<ref name=cc1/>
In parallel, since the mid-19th century, Christian missionaries from the United States and Europe, stationed in India,<ref name="autogenerated1974">Gordon Pruett, Christianity, history, and culture in Nagaland, Indian Sociology January 1974 vol. 8 no. 1, pp. 51-65</ref> reached into Nagaland and neighbouring states, converting Nagaland's Naga ethnic groups from animism to Christianity.<ref name=cc1/><ref>Tezenlo Thong, "'Thy Kingdom Come': The Impact of Colonization and Proselytization on Religion among the Nagas," Journal of Asian and African Studies, no. 45, 6: 595–609</ref>
World War II
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Template:See also In 1944, during World War II, the Japanese Army, with the help of the Indian National Army led by Netaji Subhashchandra Bose, invaded through Burma and attempted to take India through Kohima. The population was evacuated. British India soldiers defended the area of Kohima and having lost many of their original force were relieved by British in June 1944. Together the British and Indian troops successfully repelled the Japanese troops.<ref>Bert Sim, Mosstodloch, Aberdeenshire, Scotland: Pipe Major of the Gordon Highlanders at Kohima: his home is named "Kohima." – RJWilliams, Slingerlands, NY/USA</ref> The battle was fought from 4 April to 22 June 1944 from the town of Kohima, coordinated with action at Imphal, Manipur.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Indian National Army lost half their numbers, many through starvation, and were forced to withdraw through Burma.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
There is the World War II Cemetery, and the War Museum, in honour of those who died during World War II during the fighting between the British Empire and Japanese troops. Nearly 4,000 British Empire troops died, along with 3,000 Japanese. Many of those who died were Naga people, particularly the Angami Nagas. Near the memorial is the Kohima Cathedral, on Aradura Hill, built with funds from the families and friends of deceased Japanese soldiers. Prayers are held in Kohima for peace and in memory of the fallen of both sides of the battle.<ref>The World War II Cemetery in Kohima, Nagaland: A Moving Experience Template:Webarchive Kunzum, Ajay Jain (2010)</ref><ref>Vibha Joshi, A Matter of Belief: Christian Conversion and Healing in North-East India; Template:ISBN, pg. 221.</ref>
Naga national awakening
In 1929, a memorandum was submitted to the Simon Statutory Commission, requesting that the Nagas be exempt from reforms and new taxes proposed in British India, and should be left alone to determine their own future.<ref>A.M. Toshi Jamir, 'A Handbook of General Knowledge on Nagaland' (2013, 10th Edition) pg. 10</ref>
The Naga Memorandum submitted by the Naga Club (which later became the Naga National Council) to the Simon Commission explicitly stated, 'to leave us alone to determine ourselves as in ancient times.'<ref name=sks>SK Sharma (2006), Naga Memorandum to the Simon Commission (1929) Template:Webarchive, Mittal Publications, New Delhi India</ref>
Post-independence history
After the independence of India in 1947, the area remained a part of the province of Assam. Nationalist activities arose among a section of the Nagas. Phizo-led Naga National Council demanded a political union of their ancestral and native groups. The movement led to a series of violent incidents, that damaged government and civil infrastructure, attacked government officials and civilians. The central government sent the Indian Army in 1955, to restore order. In 1957, an agreement was reached between Naga leaders and the Indian government, creating a single separate region of the Naga Hills. The Tuensang frontier was united with this single political region, Naga Hills Tuensang Area (NHTA),<ref name="Nagaland Legislative Assembly">Template:Cite news</ref> and it became an autonomous area under Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India. It was to be "administered by the Governor as the agent of the President but will be distinct from the North East Frontier Administration".<ref name="Nagaland Legislative Assembly"/>
This was not satisfactory to the Nagas, however, and agitation with violence increased across the state – including attacks on army and government institutions, banks, as well as non-payment of taxes. In July 1960, following discussion between Prime Minister Nehru and the leaders of the Naga People Convention (NPC), a 16-point agreement was arrived at whereby the Government of India recognised the formation of Nagaland as a full-fledged state within the Union of India.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Nagaland statehood and late 20th century
Accordingly, the territory was placed under the Nagaland Transitional Provisions Regulation, 1961<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> which provided for an Interim body consisting of 45 members to be elected by tribes according to the customs, traditions and usage of the respective tribes. Subsequently, Nagaland attained statehood with the enactment of the state of Nagaland Act in 1962<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> by the Parliament. The interim body was dissolved on 30 November 1963 and the state of Nagaland was formally inaugurated on 1 December 1963 and Kohima was declared as the state capital. After elections in January 1964, the first democratically elected Nagaland Legislative Assembly was constituted on 11 February 1964.<ref name="Nagaland Legislative Assembly"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The rebel activity continued in many Naga inhabited areas both in India and Burma. Ceasefires were announced and negotiations continued, but this did little to stop the violence. In March 1975, a direct presidential rule was imposed by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on the state. In November 1975, some leaders of the largest rebel groups agreed to lay down their arms and accept the Indian constitution, a small group did not agree and continued their insurgent activity.<ref>Nagaland, Encyclopædia Britannica (2011)</ref> The Nagaland Baptist Church Council played an important role by initiating peace efforts in the 1960s.<ref name="undp" />
21st century
In 2004, two powerful bombs were set off on the same day and struck the Dimapur Railway Station and the Hong Kong Market, resulting in 30 deaths and wounding over 100 others in the deadliest terrorist attack in Nagaland to date.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Over the 5-year period of 2009 to 2013, between 0 and 11 civilians died per year in Nagaland from rebellion related activity (or less than 1 death per 100,000 people), and between 3 and 55 militants died per year in inter-factional killings (or between 0 and 3 deaths per 100,000 people).<ref>Nagaland Violence Statistics, India Fatalities 1994-2014 Template:Webarchive SATP (2014)</ref>
In early 2017, Nagaland went into a state of civil unrest and protests in response to the announcement to implement 33% women's reservation in the Civic Elections.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On 4 December 2021, a unit of the 21st Para Special Forces of the Indian Army killed six civilian labourers near Oting Village in the Mon District of Nagaland. Eight more civilians and a soldier were killed in subsequent violence. The incident was widely condemned, with many calling out to repeal and revoke the Armed Forces Special Powers Act.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The most recent Nagaland Legislative Assembly election took place on 27 February 2023 to elect the Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in the 60 Assembly Constituencies in the state. A voter turnout of 87% was observed in the election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The election created history by electing two women candidates for the first time in Nagaland — Hekani Jakhalu Kense and Salhoutuonuo Kruse. Both candidates were from the ruling Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party (NDPP).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Salhoutuonuo Kruse later became the first woman minister of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Geography
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Twenty per cent of the total land area of the state is covered with wooded forest, a haven for flora and fauna. The evergreen tropical and subtropical forests are found in strategic pockets in the state.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Climate
Nagaland has a largely monsoon climate with high humidity levels. Annual rainfall averages around Template:Convert, concentrated in the months of May to September. Temperatures range from Template:Convert. In winter, temperatures do not generally drop below Template:Convert, but frost is common at high elevations. Summer is the shortest season in the state, lasting only a few months. The temperature during the summer season remains between Template:Convert. Winter often arrives early, with bitter cold and dry weather striking certain regions of the state. The maximum average temperature recorded in the winter season is Template:Convert. Strong northwest winds blow across the state during the months of February and March.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Flora and fauna
About one-sixth of Nagaland is covered by tropical and sub-tropical evergreen forests—including palms, bamboo, rattan as well as timber and mahogany forests. While some forest areas have been cleared for jhum cultivation, many scrub forests, rainforests, tall grassland, and reed-grass marshes remain. Ntangki National Park, Pulie Badze Wildlife Sanctuary, Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary and Rangapahar Reserve Forest are some natural reserves in Nagaland.
Some noteworthy mammals found in Nagaland include the slow loris, Assamese macaque, pig-tailed macaque, stump-tailed macaque, rhesus macaque, capped langur, hoolock gibbon, Himalayan black bear, few sun bear, dhole, occasional Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, clouded leopard, marbled cat, golden cat, Indian elephants, Indian rhinoceros, gaur, red serow, common and leaf muntjac, eastern hog deer, sambar, Chinese pangolin, Malayan porcupine, Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine, and Hoary bamboo rats.<ref name="Choudhury2013">Template:Cite book</ref>
Nagaland has a rich birdlife with more than 490 species.<ref name="Choudhury2003">.Template:Cite book</ref> The great Indian hornbill has a place in Naga culture. Blyth's tragopan, a vulnerable species of galliform, is the state bird of Nagaland. It is sighted in Mount Japfü and Dzüko Valley of Kohima District, Satoi range in Zünheboto District and Pfütsero in Phek District.<ref>Nagaland struggles to save state bird Template:Webarchive – The Telegraph Calcutta Monday, 5 July 2010</ref> The state is also known as the "falcon capital of the world"<ref name="amur2"/> thanks to the hundreds of thousands of Amur falcons that stop at Doyang Reservoir to feast on flying termites on their way from China and Siberia to Africa each year.
Mithun (a semi-domesticated gaur) is the state animal of Nagaland and has been adopted as the official seal of the Government of Nagaland. It is ritually the most valued species in the state. To conserve and protect this animal in the northeast, the National Research Centre on Mithun (NRCM) was established by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in 1988.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Nagaland is home to 396 species of orchids, belonging to 92 genera of which 54 having horticultural and medicinal economic importance.<ref name=crd>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Geology
Template:Annotated image Several preliminary studies indicate significant recoverable reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Limestone, marble and other decorative stone reserves are plentiful, and other as yet unexploited minerals include iron, nickel, chromium, and cobalt.<ref name=pn/>
Urbanisation
The Nagaland population is largely rural with 71.14% living in rural regions in 2011.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Census reports up to 1951 listed just one settlement in Nagaland as a town, the capital Kohima. The next two settlements, Dimapur and Mokokchung were listed as towns from 1961. Four more towns appeared in 1981: Tuensang, Wokha, Mon and Zünheboto.<ref name="Yadav">Template:Cite book</ref>
The relatively slow rate of urbanisation in Nagaland was described in the 1980s as being an effect of (a) the largely administrative roles of the towns, except for Dimapur which had a more diversified economy, and (b) a low level of mobility among the tribes of Nagaland, scheduled tribes constituting nearly 90% of the population.<ref name="Yadav"/>
Demographics
Population
Template:Historical population The population of Nagaland consists of almost 2.2 million people, consisting of 1.04 million males and 0.95 million females.<ref name=undp/> Among its districts, Kohima has the largest population (270,063) followed by Dimapur (170,000). The least populated district is Longleng (50,593). 75% of the population lives in the rural areas. As of 2013, about 10% of rural population is below the poverty line; among the people living in urban areas 4.3% of them are below the poverty line.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The state showed a population drop between the 2001 census and the 2011 census, the only state to show a population drop in the census. This has been attributed, by scholars,<ref>Agarwal and Kumar, An Investigation into Changes in Nagaland's Population between 1971 and 2011 Template:Webarchive Paper 316, Institute of Economic Growth (2012)</ref> to incorrect counting in past censuses; the 2011 census in Nagaland is considered most reliable so far.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The largest urban agglomerations are centred upon Dimapur (122,834) and Kohima (115,283). Other major towns (and 2011 census populations) are Tuensang (36,774), Mokokchung (35,913), Wokha (35,004), Mon (26,328), Chümoukedima (25,885), Zünheboto (22,633), Kiphire (16,487), Kuda (16,108), Kohima Village (15,734), Phek (14,204), Pfütsero (10,371) and Diphupar 'A' (10,246).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The life expectancy of Nagaland stands at 75.4 years, 79.9 years for females and 71.5 years for males (2019–21)<ref name="YadavLE">Template:Cite journal — Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S1.</ref> while the infant mortality rate amounts to 3 per 1,000 births (2019),<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> on par with the most developed countries. Both health indicators are the best among Indian states. The fertility rate of 1.7 children per woman (2019–21)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> lies below the population replacement level.
Ethnic groups
Template:Further The state is home to 15 major native Naga ethnic groups – Angami, Ao, Chakhesang, Chang, Khiamniungan, Konyak, Lotha, Phom, Pochury, Rengma, Sangtam, Sümi, Tikhir, Yimkhiung, Zeme-Liangmai (Zeliang) and two other ethnic groups namely Kuki and Kachari with decent number of community.<ref name=pn/><ref name=undp>Nagaland – State Human Development Report Template:Webarchive United Nations Development Programme (2005)</ref>
Some other recent minor tribes or subtribes that can found in the state are Garo, Karbi, Chirr, Makury, and Rongmei.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
There are also sizeable populations of non-native communities like Bengalis, Marwaris, Nepalis, Punjabis and others living mostly around Dimapur City.
Languages
Template:Pie chart Naga people form the majority of the population. According to the 2011 census there are 2 million people living in Nagaland. The Naga people number around 1.8 million in the state, constituting over 90% of the population. These belong mostly to the Sino-Tibetan language family.<ref>Matisoff, J. A. (1980). Stars, moon, and spirits: bright beings of the night in Sino-Tibetan, Gengo Kenkyu, 77(1), 45</ref> Shafer came up with his own classification system for languages found in and around Nagaland.<ref name=bbk>Braj Bihari Kumar (2005), Naga Identity, Template:ISBN, Chapter 6</ref>
In 1967, the Nagaland Assembly proclaimed Indian English as the official language of Nagaland and it is the medium for education in Nagaland.<ref name="langoff">Template:Cite web</ref> Other than English, Nagamese, a creole language based on Assamese, is widely spoken.<ref>Khubchandani, L. M. (1997), Bilingual education for indigenous people in India. In Encyclopedia of Language and Education Volume 5, pp 67-76, Springer Netherlands</ref>
The major languages spoken as per the 2011 census are Konyak (244,135), Ao (231,084), Lotha (177,488), Angami (151,883), Chokri (91,010), Sangtam (75,841), Bengali (74,753), Zeme (71,954; covering Zeliang, 60,399 and Zemi, 11,165), Yimkhiungrü (74,156), Chang (65,632), Khiamniungan (61,906), Rengma (61,537), Phom (53,674), Nepali (43,481), Kuzhami (34,218), Pochury (21,446), Kuki (18,391), Chakhesang (17,919), Assamese (17,201), Bodo (12,243; covering Bodo 7,372 and Dimasa 4,871), Manipuri (9,511), Sema (8,268), etc.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Religion
Christianity
The state's population is 1.978 million, out of which 88% are Christians.<ref name="Indian Census">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=vj>Vibha Joshia, The Birth of Christian Enthusiasm among the Angami of Nagaland, Journal of South Asian Studies, Volume 30, Issue 3, 2007, pages 541-557</ref> Nagaland is known as "the only predominantly Baptist State in the World" and "the most Baptist State in the World."<ref>Olson, C. Gordon. What in the World Is God Doing. Global Gospel Publishers: Cedar Knolls, NJ. 2003.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Christianity arrived in Nagaland in the early 19th century. The American Baptist Naga mission grew out of the Assam mission in 1836. Miles Bronson, Nathan Brown and other Christian missionaries working out of Jaipur to bring Christianity to the Indian subcontinent, saw the opportunity for gaining converts since many parts of India's northeast was principally animist and folk religion-driven. Along with other tribal regions of the northeast, the people of Nagaland converted to Christianity.<ref name="autogenerated1974"/>
Hinduism
Hinduism is the second largest religion in Nagaland. Hindus are concentrated mainly in the erstwhile Dimapur District (as per the 2011 Census of India, comprising the present districts of Dimapur, Niuland, and Chümoukedima)<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> (28.75%) and Kohima District (9.51%).<ref name="census2011" /> Dimapur Kalibari is a famous temple in Nagaland.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Islam
Islam<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> is the third practised religion and shares are ~2.5 per cent of the Nagaland population.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The highest concentration of Muslims in Dimapur District, while other districts have less than 2%.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Other religions
There are also folk religions practised by some Nagas, specially among the Zeliangrongs (Zemes, Liangmais and Rongmeis) but few among other Naga ethnic groups.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Government
Template:Further The governor is the constitutional head of state, representative of the President of India. He possesses largely ceremonial responsibilities apart from law and order responsibilities.
Elections
Template:See also The Democratic Alliance of Nagaland (DAN) is a state level coalition of political parties. It headed the government with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Janata Dal (United) (JDU). It was formed in 2003 after the Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, with the Naga People's Front (NPF), and the BJP.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The alliance was in power in Nagaland from 2003 to 2018.<ref name="India Today">Template:Cite news</ref>
The NDPP–BJP–NPF alliance led UDA government has won the majority in 2018 and 2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Administrative districts
Districts
The sixteen districts of Nagaland, and their headquarters, 2011 census populations,<ref name="2011census-A3">Template:Cite web</ref> areas and elevations (of the seat) are: Template:Srn Template:Mw-datatable
| District | Seat | Area (km2) |
Elevation (m) |
Population total |
Population rural |
Population urban |
Date created |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chümoukedima District | Chümoukedima | 610 | 171 | 125,400 | 81,884 | 43,516 | 2021 |
| Dimapur District | Dimapur | 70 | 145 | 170,000 | 0 | 170,000 | 1997 |
| Kiphire District | Kiphire | 1,130 | 896 | 74,004 | 57,517 | 16,487 | 2004 |
| Kohima District | Kohima | 1,207 | 1,444 | 267,988 | 146,900 | 121,088 | 1957 |
| Longleng District | Longleng | 885 | 1,100 | 50,484 | 42,871 | 7,613 | 2004 |
| Mokokchung District | Mokokchung | 1,719 | 1,325 | 194,622 | 138,897 | 55,725 | 1957 |
| Mon District | Mon | 1,786 | 655 | 250,260 | 215,816 | 34,444 | 1973 |
| Niuland District | Niuland | n/a | 154 | 11,876 | 11,876 | 0 | 2021 |
| Noklak District | Noklak | 1,152 | 59,300 | 59,300 | 0 | 2017 | |
| Peren District | Peren | 2,300 | 1,445 | 95,219 | 81,429 | 13,790 | 2004 |
| Phek District | Phek | 2,026 | 1,524 | 163,418 | 138,843 | 24,575 | 1973 |
| Shamator District | Shamator | n/a | n/a | 12,726 | n/a | n/a | 2022 |
| Tseminyü District | Tseminyü | 256 | 1,261 | 63,629 | 60,766 | 2863 | 2021 |
| Tuensang District | Tuensang | 2,536 | 1,371 | 137,296 | 100,522 | 36,774 | 1957 |
| Wokha District | Wokha | 1,628 | 1,313 | 166,343 | 131,339 | 35,004 | 1973 |
| Zünheboto District | Zunheboto | 1,255 | 1,852 | 140,757 | 113,160 | 27,597 | 1973 |
Economy
The Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Nagaland was about Template:INRConvert in 2011–12.<ref>State wise : Population, GSDP, Per Capita Income and Growth Rate Template:Webarchive Planning Commission, Govt of India; See third table 2011-2012 fiscal year, 19th row</ref> Nagaland's GSDP grew at 9.9% compounded annually for a decade, thus more than doubling the per capita income.<ref name=ibef>Nagaland Economy Report, 2011-2012 Template:Webarchive IBEF, India</ref>
Nagaland has a literacy rate of 80.1 per cent. The majority of the population in the state speaks English, which is the official language of the state. The state offers technical and medical education.<ref name=ibef/> Nevertheless, agriculture and forestry contribute a majority of Nagaland's Gross Domestic Product. The state is rich in mineral resources such as coal, limestone, iron, nickel, cobalt, chromium, and marble.<ref>Anowar Hussain, Economy of North Eastern Region of India, Vol.1, Issue XII / June 2012, pp.1-4</ref>
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Plantation crops such as premium coffee, cardamom, and tea are grown in hilly areas in small quantities with large growth potential. Most people cultivate rice as it is the main staple diet of the people. About 80% of the cropped area is dedicated to rice. Oilseeds is another, higher income crop gaining ground in Nagaland.
The farm productivity for all crops is low, compared to other Indian states, suggesting a significant opportunity for farmer income increase. Currently, the Jhum to Terraced cultivation ratio is 4:3; where Jhum is the local name for cut-and-burn shift farming. Jhum farming is ancient, causes a lot of pollution and soil damage, yet accounts for the majority of the farmed area. The state does not produce enough food and depends on the trade of food from other states of India.<ref name="pn">Purusottam Nayak, Some Facts and Figures on Development Attainments in Nagaland Template:Webarchive, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA Paper No. 51851, October 2013</ref>
Tourism has a lot of potentials but was largely limited due to insurgency and concern of terrorist violence over the last five decades. More recently, a number of Small Medium Enterprises and private sector companies have actively promoted Nagaland tourism, helping initiate a growing tourism market. Tourism experts contend that the state's uniqueness and strategic location in northeast India give Nagaland an advantage in tapping into the tourism sector for economic growth.<ref name="' A window to the northeast'">Template:Cite news</ref>
The state generates 87.98 MU compared to a demand for 242.88 MU. This deficit requires Nagaland to buy power. The state has significant hydroelectric potential, which if realised could make the state a power surplus state. In terms of power distribution, every village and town, and almost every household has an electricity connection; but, this infrastructure is not effective given the power shortage in the state.<ref name=pn/>
Natural resources
After a gap of almost 20 years, Nagaland state Chief Minister, T. R. Zeliang launched the resumption of oil exploration in Changpang and Tsori areas, under Wokha District in July 2014. The exploration will be carried out by the Metropolitan Oil & Gas Pvt. Ltd. Zeliang has alleged failures and disputed payments made to the statement made by the previous explorer, the state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).<ref>Oil exploration resumes in Nagaland, (21 July 2014) Accessed from http://www.morungexpress.com/frontpage/119064.html Template:Webarchive on 18 October 2014</ref>
Transportation
Nagaland's rugged and mountainous landscape presents a major challenge to the infrastructural development of transport. Roads are the backbone of Nagaland's transportation network. The state has over 15,000 km of surfaced roads, but these are not satisfactorily maintained given the weather damage. Yet, in terms of population served for each kilometre of surfaced road, Nagaland is the second best state in the region after Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name=pn/>
Roadways
International highways passing through Nagaland
National highways in Nagaland
- Template:Jct : Dibrugarh–Tuli–Changtongya–Mokokchung–Wokha–Tseminyü–Kohima–Viswema–Imphal
- Template:Jct : Dabaka–Dimapur–Chümoukedima–Kohima–Kigwema–Chizami–Jessami
- Template:Jct : Dimapur–Numaligarh
- Template:Jct : Dimapur–Rüzaphema–Pimla–Jalukie–Peren–Maram
- Template:Jct : Mokokchung–Tuensang–Meluri–Jessami–Imphal
- Template:Jct : Changtongya–Longleng–Mon–Tizit–Sapekhati
- Template:Jct : Longleng–Tuensang
Airways
Dimapur Airport is the sole airport in Nagaland, with scheduled commercial services to Kolkata, Guwahati, Imphal,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Dibrugarh. It is located Template:Convert from Dimapur, and Template:Convert from Kohima. The airport's asphalt runway is 2290 metre long, at an elevation of 487 feet.<ref>Template:Usurped World Aero Data (2012)</ref>
Culture
Festivals
Template:Multiple image Nagaland is known in India as the Land of Festivals.<ref>Nagaland Template:Webarchive Government of Nagaland (2009)</ref> The diversity of people and ethnic groups, each with their own culture and heritage, creates a year-long atmosphere of celebrations. In addition, the state celebrates all Christian festivities. Traditional ethnic-related festivals revolve round agriculture, as a vast majority of the population of Nagaland is directly dependent on agriculture. Some of the significant festivals for each major ethnic groups are:<ref name=undp/>
| Ethnic groups | Festival | Celebrated in |
|---|---|---|
| Angami | Sekrenyi | February |
| Ao | Moatsü, Tsüngremong | May, August |
| Chakhesang | Tsükhenyie, Sükhrünyie | April/May, January |
| Chang | Naknyulüm, Kundanglüm | April, July |
| Dimasa Kachari | Bushu Jiba, | January, April |
| Khiamniungan | Miu, Tsoküm | May, October |
| Konyak | Aoleang, Lao-ong Mo | April, September |
| Kuki | Mimkut, Chavang Kut | January, November |
| Lotha | Tokhü Emong | November |
| Phom | Monyiü, Moha, Bongvüm | April, May, October |
| Pochury | Yemshe | October |
| Rengma | Ngada | November |
| Sangtam | Mungmung | September |
| Rongmei | Gaan-ngai | January |
| Sümi | Ahuna, Tülüni | November, July |
| Yimkhiungrü | Metümnyo, Tsungkamniu | August, January |
| Zeliang | Hega, Langsimyi/Chaga Gadi and Mileinyi | February, October, March |
Hornbill Festival
The Hornbill Festival<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> was launched by the Government of Nagaland in December 2000 to encourage inter-ethnic interaction and to promote cultural heritage of the state.
It is held at the Kisama Heritage Village which is about 12 km south of Kohima. All the ethnic groups of Nagaland take part in this festival. The aim of the festival is to revive and protect the rich culture of Nagaland and display its history, culture and traditions.<ref>Hornbill Festival Template:Webarchive www.festivalsofindia.in</ref>
The festival is named after the hornbill bird, which is displayed in folklores in most of the state's ethnic groups. The week-long festival unites Nagaland and people enjoy the colourful performances, crafts, sports, food fairs, games, and ceremonies. Traditional arts which include paintings, wood carvings, and sculptures are on display. Festival highlights include traditional Naga Morungs exhibition and sale of arts and crafts, food stalls, herbal medicine stalls, shows and sales, cultural medley – songs and dances, fashion shows, beauty contest, traditional archery, naga wrestling, indigenous games, and musical concerts. Additional attractions include the Konyak fire eating demonstration, pork-fat eating competitions, the Hornbill Literature Festival (including the Hutton Lectures), Hornbill Global Film Fest, Hornbill Ball, Choral Panorama, North East India Drum Ensemble, Naga King Chilli eating competition, Hornbill National Rock Contest,<ref>Hornbill National Rock Contest Template:Webarchive official website</ref> Hornbill International Motor Rally and WW-II Vintage Car Rally.<ref>2 crore 7-day Hornbill Festival to enthrall Template:Webarchive nagalandpost.com Retrieved 3 December 2011</ref><ref>Hornbill International Motor Rally starts Template:Webarchive nagalandpost.com Retrieved 3 December 2011</ref>
Sports
Kene
Template:Further Kene or Naga wrestling is a folk wrestling style and traditional sport of the Nagas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Aki Kiti
Template:Further Aki Kiti or Sümi kick fighting is a traditional combat sport originating from and was practised by the Sümi Nagas. It is characterised by kicking and blocking solely using the soles of the feet. The sporting event served the purpose of righting wrongs, restoring honour, or "settling scores" between tribes and tribesmen without resorting to violence. It was practised during tribal ceremonies.<ref name="ChrisCrudelli">Template:Cite book</ref>
Cricket
Football
Cuisine
Historical rituals
Feasts of Merit
In Naga society, individuals were expected to find their place in the social hierarchy, and prestige was the key to maintaining or increasing social status. To achieve these goals a man, whatever his ascendancy, had to be a headhunter or great warrior, have many sexual conquests among women, or complete a series of merit feasts.<ref>Drouyer, A. Isabel, René Drouyer, THE NAGAS: MEMORIES OF HEADHUNTERS- Indo-Burmese Borderlands- Volume 1", White Lotus, 2016, p.168.</ref>
The Feasts of Merit reflected the splendor and celebration of Naga life.<ref name=cc1/> Only married men could give such Feasts, and his wife took a prominent and honoured place during the ritual which emphasised male-female co-operation and interdependence. His wife brewed the beer which he offered to the guests. The event displayed ceremonies and festivities organised by the sponsor. The Feast given by a wealthier community person would be more extravagant.<ref>C. R. Stonor (1950), The Feasts of Merit among the Northern Sangtam Tribe of Assam Template:Webarchive, Anthropos, Bd. 45, H. 1./3. (Jan.–Jun. 1950), pp. 1-12; Note: Nagaland was part of Assam before 1963; this paper was published in 1950.</ref> He would typically invite everyone from the ethnic group. This event bestowed honour to the couple from the community. After the Feast, the tribe would give the couple rights to ornaments equally.<ref name=cc1/><ref>Mills, J. P. (1935), The Effect of Ritual Upon Industries and Arts in the Naga Hills, Man, 132-135</ref>
Education
Template:See also Nagaland's schools are run by the state and central government or by a private organisation. Instruction is mainly in English — the official language of Nagaland. Under the 10+2+3 plan, after passing the Higher Secondary Examination (the grade 12 examination), students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.
Nagaland has three autonomous colleges:
- St. Joseph's College, Jakhama
- Kohima Science College, Jotsoma
- Patkai Christian College, Chümoukedima
Along with one central university—Nagaland University, one engineering college—National Institute of Technology, one medical college— Nagaland Institute of Medical Science and Research, one College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry in Jalukie<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and three private Universities—St. Joseph University,<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> Northeast Christian University (NECU)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University (ICFAI University).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Tourism
Tourism experts contend that the state's uniqueness and strategic location in northeast India give Nagaland an advantage in tapping into the tourism sector for economic growth.<ref name="' A window to the northeast'"/> The state has been extremely successful in promoting the great Hornbill Festival, which attracts Indian and foreign tourists alike. The key thrusts of Nagaland's tourism are its rich culture, showcasing of history and wildlife.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Tourism infrastructure is rapidly improving.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Local initiatives and tourism pioneers are now beginning to promote a socially responsible tourism model involving the participation of the councils, village elders, the church and the youth.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Notability
The Naga Mircha is a variety of chilli mainly grown in this state. They are one of the world's hottest chillies and an indigenous treasure of Nagaland, deeply rooted in the region's lifestyle since ancient times. For generations, farmers in Nagaland's chilli-growing areas have cultivated it relying on it as a primary source of income and livelihood. This iconic chilli is an integral part of Nagaland's culinary identity, inseparably linked to the local community as a staple ingredient.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Geographical indication
It was awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) status tag from the Geographical Indications Registry under the Union Government of India on 2 December 2008 (valid until 21 August 2027).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Secretary, Department of Horticulture & Agriculture, Government of Nagaland, from Kohima, proposed the GI registration of Naga Mircha. After filing the application in August 2007, the chilli was granted the GI tag in 2008 by the Geographical Indication Registry in Chennai, making the name "Naga Mircha" exclusive to the chilies grown in the region. It thus became the first chilli variety from Nagaland and the first type of goods from Nagaland to earn the GI tag.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
See also
- Naga Self-Administered Zone in Myanmar
- Outline of Nagaland
- Index of Nagaland-related articles
- Kohima
References
Sources
Further reading
- Drouyer, A. Isabel, René Drouyer, "THE NAGAS: MEMORIES OF HEADHUNTERS- Indo-Burmese Borderlands-vol. 1", White lotus, 2016, Template:ISBN.
- Glancey, Jonathan. 2011. Nagaland: a Journey to India's Forgotten Frontier. London: Faber
- Hattaway, Paul. 2006. 'From Head Hunters To Church Planters'. Authentic Publishing
- Hutton, J. 1986. 'Report on Naga Hills' Delhi: Mittal Publication.
- Kunz, Richard & Vibha Joshi. 2008. Naga – A Forgotten Mountain Region Rediscovered. Basel: Merian.
- Oppitz, Michael, Thomas Kaiser, Alban von Stockhausen & Marion Wettstein. 2008. Naga Identities: Changing Local Cultures in the Northeast of India. Gent: Snoeck Publishers.
- Stirn, Aglaja & Peter van Ham. The Hidden world of the Naga: Living Traditions in Northeast India. London: Prestel.
- von Stockhausen, Alban. 2014. Imag(in)ing the Nagas: The Pictorial Ethnography of Hans-Eberhard Kauffmann and Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf. Arnoldsche, Stuttgart, Template:ISBN.
External links
Template:Wikivoyage Template:Commons category Government
- Template:Official website
- Official tourism site of Nagaland
- Department of Power Nagaland Template:Webarchive
General information
- Nagaland Encyclopædia Britannica entry
- Template:OSM relation
Template:Geographic Location Template:Districts of Nagaland Template:North East India Template:States and territories of India Template:UNPO Template:Authority control