National Council of Resistance of Iran

Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Infobox political party The National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI; Template:Langx) is an Iranian political organization based in France and Albania.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was founded by Massoud Rajavi and Abolhassan Banisadr in 1981, and is currently led by Maryam Rajavi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The NCRI is a coalition of Iranian dissident groups, led by the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK), which advocates for the overthrow of the Islamic Republic of Iran.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> It describes itself as an independent parliament-in-exile prepared to establish a democratic provisional government in Iran upon the fall of its current government.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The organization is often described by academics and journalists as the political or diplomatic wing of the MEK.<ref name="wing">For sources which identify the NCRI as such, see:Template:Bulleted list

</ref><ref name="Fayazmanesh">Sasan Fayazmanesh, The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment, Routledge, 2008 pp.79,81.</ref>

In 2002, the NCRI exposed the existence of an undisclosed uranium enrichment facility in Natanz, leading to concerns about Iran's nuclear program.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was listed by the U.S. government as a foreign terrorist organization in 1997, but was removed from this list in 2012, along with the MEK.<ref name="Katzman2012">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Shane">Template:Cite news</ref>

Platform's core concepts

• Elections founded on the concept of "universal suffrage".
• Fostering a diverse political system with "respect for individual freedoms", "freedom of expression", and "free assembly".
• Eradicating the death penalty.
• Separating religious institutions (mosques) from the state, while forbidding religious discrimination.
• Complete gender equality for women in Iran.
• Modernizing the justice system in Iran, abolishing Sharia law, and introducing reforms that provide new legal protections.
• Committing to the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" (and "autonomy for Iranian Kurdistan")
• Implementing measures that protect "investment and employment", "private property", and help bolster a market economy.
• Foreign policy grounded on the concept of "peaceful coexistence" with other nations.
• Rejecting the pursuit and development of nuclear weapons.
• Rejecting the possession and development of "weapons of mass destruction".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

History

Early years

President Abolhassan Banisadr was supportive of the MEK and believed the clerics should not govern Iran directly. Consequently, Ruhollah Khomeini removed Banisadr from his presidency, while also preventing Massoud Rajavi and MEK members from participating in the elections. In June 1981, the Majlis ousted president Abolhassan Banisadr through an impeachment. Both Massoud Rajavi and Banisdar escaped Iran in 1981 during a campaign by the Iranian government to eradicate the MEK from Iran. Rajavi and Banisadr exiled to Paris and founded the National Council of Resistance of Iran.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn The coalition was also joined by the National Democratic Front and the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran.Template:Sfn

The Foundation of the NCRI allowed Massoud Rajavi to "assume the position of chairman of the resistance to the Islamic Republic and provided an outlet for the Mojahedin to codify its ideological models for a future government to replace that of the mullahs."Template:Sfn Banisadr left the coalition in March 1983. In January 1983, Deputy Prime Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz and NCRI President Massoud Rajavi signed a peace plan "based on an agreement of mutual recognition of borders as defined by the 1975 Algiers Agreement." According to James Piazza, this peace initiative became the NCRI's first diplomatic act as a "true government in exile".Template:Sfn In 1983, elements united with NCRI began to depart the alliance because of conflicts with the MEK.<ref name="Terrornomics">Template:Citation</ref> On 24 March 1983, Banisadr officially left the council.<ref name="ic"/>Template:Sfn

In 1986, the French government closed down NCRI headquarters in Paris to improve relations with the Islamic Republic. Rajavi and the NCRI moved their main operations to Baghdad, Iraq.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Under Maryam Rajavi leadership

In 1993, Maryam Rajavi, the spouse of Massoud Rajavi and then General Secretary of the MEK, became president-elect of the NCRI.Template:Sfn

In 1993, NCRI representative Mohammad Hossein Naghdi was killed in Italy by assassins. As a result, the European Parliament issued a condemnation of political murder against the Islamic Republic of Iran.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Chicago Tribune wires, 'Iraq Denies Link with Death of Opposition Leader in Rome', Chicago Tribune (17 March 1993), p.4.</ref><ref>Safa Haeri, 'A bad month', Middle East International, No. 463 (19 November 1993), p.11.</ref>

In 2002 the NCRI exposed nuclear facilities in Natanz and Arak in Iran. Iran was then declared "in breach of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons", which began to limit the nuclear program in Iran.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2003, French police rounded up 167 PMOI sympathizers and placed 24 people under formal investigation, including the NCRI president Maryam Rajavi. In 2014, after an 11-year probe, the French courts dropped the charges.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The NCRI has in the past three decades recorded and reported human rights violations in Iran to UN Special Rapporteurs, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Amnesty International and other international human rights organisations.<ref name="publications.parliament.uk">UK House of Commons, Foreign Affairs Committee publication Template:Webarchive, 10 June 2013,</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In June 2020, a majority of members of the US House of Representatives backed a "bipartisan resolution" supporting Maryam Rajavi and the NCRI's "call for a secular, democratic Iran" while "condemning Iranian state-sponsored terrorism". The resolution, backed by 221 lawmakers (including Louie Gohmert and Sheila Jackson Lee), gave support to the Rajavi's 10-point plan for Iran's future (which include "a universal right to vote, market economy, and a non-nuclear Iran") while calling on the prevention of "malign activities of the Iranian regime's diplomatic missions." A NCRI representative said that "The fact that out of ten diplomats or agents of the Iranian regime expelled or jailed in Europe and the U.S. for terror plots over the past two years, eight of them were tied to operations against our movement, is a vivid testimony that the NCRI is the alternative to this regime." The resolution also called on the U.S. to stand "with the people of Iran who are continuing to hold legitimate and peaceful protests" against the Iranian government.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In February 2021 Belgian court in Antwerp sentenced Assadollah Assadi, who worked at the Iranian embassy in Vienna, to 20-year jail term for plotting to bomb a rally of NCRI outside Paris in June 2018. He was arrested in Germany in June 2018. A Belgian couple of Iranian origin was also arrested with explosives and a detonator. A fourth man, Belgian-Iranian poet Merhad Arefani, was arrested in Paris and accused of being an accomplice. All three were convicted in a Belgian court for taking part in the plot and given jail terms of 15 to 18 years.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Free Iran Summit

The NCRI holds annual rallies in support of its goals. The "Free Iran" summit in Paris, an annual gathering of over 1,000 former or current officials, dignitaries, and lawmakers, urges the adoption of "a more resolute policy" vis-a-vis Iran.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Guests who have attended the summit since 2020 include heads of government, including Janez Janša and Stephen Harper,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> prominent American and European ministers and secretaries, such as Mike Pompeo and Bernard Kouchner, and lawmakers including Íngrid Betancourt, Bob Menendez, Ted Cruz, Kevin McCarthy and Hakeem Jeffries.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Global reception

The NCRI has received support from US officials including Tom Ridge, Howard Dean, Michael Mukasey, Louis Freeh, Hugh Shelton, John Bolton, Bill Richardson, James L. Jones, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, Edward G. Rendell, Brian Binley, and Thomas McInerney.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some of its supporters have been paid to speak at NCRI events.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The group actively lobbies in the US Congress and the EU parliament,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> despite official denial.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The NCRI, along with the MEK is regarded by the governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Iraq as a terrorist organization,<ref name="United Nations Committee against Torture 2008">Template:Citation</ref> and was classified as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the United States, alleging that the NCRI "is not a separate organization, but is instead, and has been, an integral part of the MEK at all relevant times" and that the NCRI is "the political branch" of the MEK.<ref name="fasfbi">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On September 28, 2012, the US State Department formally removed MEK from its list of terrorist organizations in a decision made by then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, ahead of an October 1 deadline set by a US appeals court.<ref name="Shane" />

Dick Armey suggested that the State Department wrongly included MEK in the terrorist list from the beginning.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Alireza Jafarzadeh was its official representative in the US until the Washington office was closed by the US State Department in 2002 on the grounds that it was only a front group for the MEK by then listed as a terrorist organisation in the US.<ref name="glw22feb06">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It has been alleged that the inclusion of NCRI and MEK in the list was a token offered to the Iranian government rather than based on the facts of the matter. According to the Wall Street Journal<ref name="WSJ">Template:Citation</ref> "Senior diplomats in the Clinton administration say the MEK figured prominently as a bargaining chip in a bridge-building effort with Tehran." The Journal added that: In 1997, the State Department added the MEK to a list of global terrorist organizations as "a signal" of the US's desire for rapprochement with Tehran's reformists, said Martin Indyk, who at the time was assistant secretary of state for Near East Affairs. President Khatami's government "considered it a pretty big deal," Indyk said.

The European Union in May 2004 implied that NCRI is part of the People's Mujahedin of Iran and excluded the NCRI itself from a list of organisations considered to be terrorist organisations, including the People's Mujahedin of Iran "minus the National Council of Resistance of Iran" on its list of terrorist organisations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On January 26, 2009, EU Council of Ministers agreed to remove the MEK from the EU terror list. The group said it was the outcome of a "seven-year-long legal and political battle".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="euroncriterrorist">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The European Union had previously listed the MEK on its list but excluded the NCRI itself from the list of organizations considered to be terrorist organizations.<ref name=EUJournal>Template:Cite journal</ref> According to some sources, it has an active global network.<ref>Anthony H. Cordesman, Adam C. Seitz Iranian Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Birth of a Regional Nuclear Arms Race?. Praeger Security International Series ABC-CLIO, 2009 p.327.</ref>Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Clarify

The Middle East department of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in the United Kingdom stated in early 2006 that it is widely understood that "Iran's [nuclear] program, which was kept secret from the IAEA for 18 years, became public knowledge largely because of revelations of the NCRI, and this led to heightened international concern."<ref name=MediaLine>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At the same time Michael Axworthy, former head of the Iran section at the FCO, claimed that the NCRI is a "tightly disciplined front organization for the MEK" and deemed them unreliable.<ref name="axworthy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In a meeting at the Council of Europe in April 2006, Maryam Rajavi elaborated on the movement's vision for a future Iran and presented a Ten Point Plan for Future Iran, according to the organisation's website.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="publications.parliament.uk"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The plan has been supported by British MPs,<ref name="publications.parliament.uk"/> some arguing that it is a potential programme that "would transform Iran" since it calls for the abolition of the death penalty, the creation of a modern legal system and the independence of judges.<ref name="publications.parliament.uk"/> At a debate on the human rights situation in Iran in the House of Lords on December 8, 2016, Lord Alton of Liverpool said, "The manifesto says: Cruel and degrading punishments will have no place in the future Iran. Madam Rajavi would end Tehran's funding of Hamas, Hezbollah and other militant groups and is committed to peaceful coexistence, relations with all countries and respect for the United Nations charter."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

According to a RAND report, the NCRI styles itself as a parliament-in-exile<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> representing the Iranian opposition, with Maryam Rajavi serving as its president-elect and advocating for the creation of a democratic Islamic republic in Iran. Also according to the RAND report, the organization launched campaigns to highlight human rights abuses in the Islamic Republic and provided intelligence on state activities to Western governments. It communicated its positions through dedicated media outlets, including newspapers and a radio station.Template:Sfn

On 31 July 2025, Maryam Rajavi proposed the overthrow of the Islamic Republic and the establishment of a democratic, non-nuclear state during a rally in Rome organized by the National Council of Resistance of Iran. The event drew support from notable Western political figures.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See also

• Iranian opposition

Bibliography

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External links

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