National anthem of Ukraine
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The State Anthem of Ukraine,<ref name="constitution"/>Template:Efn also known by its incipit "Template:Translit"<ref name="law 2003"/>Template:Efn and its original title "Template:Translit",Template:RefnTemplate:Efn is the national anthem of Ukraine.
The lyrics are a slightly modified version of the first verse and chorus of the patriotic song "Template:Translit", written in 1862 by Pavlo Chubynskyi, an ethnographer from Kyiv. In 1863, Mykhailo Verbytskyi, a composer and Catholic priest, composed the music to accompany Chubynskyi's lyrics. The first choral public performance of the piece was in 1864 at the Ruska Besida Theatre in Lviv.Template:Sfn
In 1865, the song was performed in the Polish city of Przemyśl (then part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austrian Empire) during a commemoration of the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko. This historic moment later became the foundation for Ukraine’s National Anthem Day, which is celebrated yearly on March 10.<ref>https://www.unian.ua/lite/holidays/10-bereznya-vidznachayetsya-den-gimnu-ukrajini-istoriya-ta-cikavi-fakti-12938226.html#:~:text=%D0%A3%201862%2D1863%20%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80,%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%20%D0%94%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%20%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%83%20%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8 Template:Webarchive.</ref>
In the first half of the 20th century, during unsuccessful attempts to gain independence and create a state from the territories of the Russian Empire, Poland, and Austria-Hungary, the song was the national anthem of the Ukrainian People's Republic, the West Ukrainian People's Republic, and Carpatho-Ukraine. A competition was held for a national anthem following Ukraine's secession from the Soviet Union, with one of the songs being "Template:Transliteration" by the Ukrainian writer and actor Mykola Voronyi. "Template:Translit" was officially adopted by Ukraine's parliament on 15 January 1992.<ref name="decree 1992"/> The official lyrics were adopted on 6 March 2003 by the Law on the State anthem of Ukraine (Template:Langx).<ref name="law 2003"/>
History
Template:Multiple image Template:External media Template:Music of Ukraine
Background
The Ukrainian national anthem can be traced back to one of the parties of the Ukrainian ethnographer Pavlo Chubynskyi that occurred during the autumn of 1862. Scholars think that the Polish patriotic song "Poland Is Not Yet Lost", which dates back to 1797 and later became the national anthem of Poland and the Polish Legions, also influenced Chubynskyi's lyrics.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Polish patriotic song was popular among the nations of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that were at that time fighting for their independence; the January Uprising started a few months after Chubynskyi wrote his lyrics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to a memoirist who was present, Chubynskyi wrote the lyrics spontaneously after listening to Serbian students singing Svetozar Miletić's "Template:Lang" (Template:Literally)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> during a gathering of Serbian and Ukrainian students in an apartment in Kyiv.Template:Sfn
Chubynskyi's words were rapidly taken up by the earliest Ukrainophiles. In 1862, the head gendarme, Prince Vasily Dolgorukov, exiled Chubynskyi to Arkhangelsk Governorate for the "dangerous influence on the minds of commoners".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The poem was first officially published in 1863 when it appeared in the fourth issue of the Lviv-based journal Template:Translit;<ref name="Meta">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the journal mistakenly attributed the poem to Taras Shevchenko.Template:Sfn It became popular in the territories that now form part of Western Ukraine and came to the attention of a member of the Ukrainian clergy, Mykhailo Verbytskyi of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Inspired by Chubynskyi's lyrics, Verbytskyi, then a prominent composer in Ukraine, decided to set it to music.Template:Sfn The lyrics were first published with Verbytskyi's sheet music in 1865.Template:Sfn The first choral public performance of the piece was in 1864 at the Ruska Besida Theatre in Lviv.Template:Sfn
One of the first recordings of this anthem (then spelled "Template:Translit") in Ukrainian was released on a gramophone record by Columbia Phonograph Company during World War I in 1916.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As a folk song, it was performed by a Ukrainian emigrant from Lviv and New York resident Mykhailo Zazuliak in 1915.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Early use
"Shche ne vmerla Ukraina" was not used as a state anthem until 1917 when it was adopted by the Ukrainian People's Republic as its national anthem.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Still, even between 1917 and 1921, the song was not legislatively adopted as an exclusive state anthem as other anthems were also used at the time.
During the Soviet period
Template:See also In 1922, the Ukrainian SSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR with the Russian SFSR, Transcaucasian SFSR, and Byelorussian SSR, which created the Soviet Union. Following the signing of the treaty, "Template:Translit" was banned by the Soviet regime.Template:Citation needed The authorities later decided that each separate Soviet republic could have its anthem, but "Template:Translit" was rejected in an attempt to help to suppress separatist sentiments held by Ukrainian nationalists. In 1939, "Template:Translit" was adopted as the official state anthem of Carpatho-Ukraine.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
After Joseph Stalin ordered that "The Internationale" be replaced with the State Anthem of the Soviet Union in 1944, all the constituent republics of the union were forced to produce each of their representative regional anthem as well. The Ukrainian government established a commission on the anthem on 23 February 1944.Template:Sfn Soviet authorities, after a period of struggle, successfully persuaded public intellectuals to create an anthem with lyrics fitting their political interests and music sterile of any Ukrainian national elements.Template:Sfn On 23 February, the Ukrainian chairman Mykhailo Hrechukha started a meeting by reading a synopsis of the anthem-to-be in front of musicians and litterateurs: the Ukrainian nation's union with the Soviets were envisaged for the first stanza; the Ukrainian people, their struggles, and "freedom" under Lenin and Stalin were envisaged for the second stanza; Ukraine's economic and political "flourishing" in the union were envisaged for the third stanza. The refrain was conceived to be used after each stanza, which was considered as a paean to the union of the Soviet peoples and the reunited Ukraine following the Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia.Template:Sfn
Composers worked on the score before the decision on the lyrics; by February 1945, 11 composers were selected as finalists.Template:Sfn Anton Lebedynets' score won with an overwhelming majority vote,Template:Sfn and the score was adopted as the music of the new Soviet anthem in November 1949.Template:Sfn Earlier in January 1948, the lyrics of Pavlo Tychyna and co-author Mykola Bazhan won; due to plagiarism of his text, Oleksa Novytskyi demanded to be listed as a co-author, but to no avail.Template:Sfn On 21 November 1949, the new anthem of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted.Template:Sfn Borys Yarovynskyi edited and reorchestrated the anthem in 1979.Template:Sfn
Post-independence
On 15 January 1992, "Template:Translit" was adopted by the Ukrainian Parliament, as the state anthemTemplate:Sfn and was later instituted in the Ukrainian Constitution. However, the lyrics for the anthem were not officially adopted until 6 March 2003, when the Verkhovna Rada passed a law on the state anthem of Ukraine (Template:Lang), proposed by then-president Leonid Kuchma. The law proposed Mykhailo Verbytskyi's music and Pavlo Chubynskyi's first stanza and refrain of his poem "Template:Translit". However, the first line of the lyrics was to be changed from Template:Translit to Template:Translit.Template:Efn The law was passed with an overwhelming majority of 334 votes out of 450, with only 46 MPs opposing. Only the members of the Socialist Party of Ukraine and the Communist Party of Ukraine refrained from voting. The national anthem that up until then had only officially consisted of Mykhailo Verbytskyi's music, would henceforth also include the modified lyrics of Pavlo Chubynskyi.
The popularity of the Ukrainian anthem has become particularly high in the wake of the Orange Revolution protests of 2004 and Euromaidan of 2013. Ukrainian composer Valentyn Sylvestrov, who participated in Ukrainian protests in Kyiv, characterized the Ukrainian anthem thus:<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Since Euromaidan and the Russo-Ukrainian War
File:ЄвроМайдан - Euromaydan - Гімн України. Новий Рік 2014.webm
During the Euromaidan protests of 2013, the anthem became a revolutionary song for the protesters. In the early weeks of the protests, they sang the national anthem once an hour, led by singer Ruslana.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In World Affairs, Nadia Diuk argues that the national anthem was used as "the clarion call of the 'revolutionTemplate:' " during Euromaidan, which added weight to protests that previous ones, such as the Orange Revolution, lacked.<ref name="Dui">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Sfn In a 2014 survey, after being asked "How has your attitude toward the following changed for the last year?", the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found that the attitude towards the Ukrainian national anthem had "improved a lot" in 25.3% of Ukrainians,Template:Sfn especially after the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
After the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, several orchestras in Europe and North America performed the Ukrainian national anthem in order to show their solidarity with Ukraine.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Lyrics
The incipit "Template:Translit" reminds Ukrainians about their struggle for national self-identity and independence.Template:Sfn It was sung as the de facto national anthem at the inauguration of Leonid Kravchuk, the first Ukrainian president, on 5 December 1991, but it was not until 6 March 2003 that Chubynskyi's lyrics officially became a part of the national anthem. The Constitution of Ukraine designated Verbytskyi's music for the national anthem on 28 June 1996:<ref name="constitution">Template:Cite web</ref>
On 6 March 2003, the Parliament of Ukraine officially adopted the anthem's lyrics,<ref name="law 2003"/> opting to use only the first stanza and refrain from Chubynskyi's original poem, while slightly modifying the first stanza.
Current official lyrics
| Ukrainian original<ref name="law 2003"/><ref name="Ver">Template:Cite web</ref> | English translation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyrillic script | Latin scriptTemplate:Efn | IPA transcriptionTemplate:Efn | |
| <poem>Template:Lang</poem> | <poem>Template:Translit</poem> | ]
[ʃt͡ʃɛ nɑm ˈbɾɑ.tʲːɐ mo.ɫo.ˈdi.ji | ʊs.mix.ˈnɛ.t͡sʲːɐ ˈdɔ.lʲɐ ‖] [ˈzɦɪ.nʊtʲ ˈnɑ.ʃi wo.ɾi.ˈʒɛnʲ.kɪ | jɑk ro.ˈsɑ nɑ ˈsɔn.t͡si |] [zɐ.pɐ.ˈnu.jem i mɪ ˈbɾɑ.tʲːɐ | u swo.ˈjij sto.ˈɾɔn.t͡si ‖] 𝄆 [ˈdu.ʃʊ‿j ˈti.ɫo mɪ po.ˈɫɔ.ʒɪm | zɑ ˈnɑ.ʃʊ swo.ˈbɔ.dʊ |] [i po.ˈkɑ.ʒem ʃt͡ʃɔ mɪ ˈbɾɑ.tʲːɐ | ko.ˈzɑt͡sʲ.ko.ɦo ˈrɔ.dʊ ‖] 𝄇</poem> |
<poem>The glory and will of Ukraine has not yet perished,
And yet still upon us, brothers, fate shall smile once more. Our enemies shall melt away, like the dew in the sun. And we too shall rule, O brethen, the homeland of our own. 𝄆 Soul and body shall we lay down for our liberty, And we'll show, O brethen, that we're a Cossack family! 𝄇</poem> |
Full modern lyrics
The first verse and chorus of the following lyrics constitute a more popular (commonly performed) version of the anthem. Differences from the official lyrics are italicized.
| Ukrainian original<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | English translation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyrillic script | Latin scriptTemplate:Efn | IPA transcriptionTemplate:Efn | |
| <poem>Template:Lang</poem> | <poem>Template:Translit</poem> | <poem>Template:IPA</poem> | <poem>I
The glory and will of Ukraine has not yet perished, And yet upon us, Ukrainians, fate shall smile once more. Our enemies shall melt away, like the dew in the sun. And we too shall rule, O brethen, the homeland of our own. 𝄆 Soul and body shall we lay down for our liberty, And we'll show, O brethen, that we're a Cossack family! 𝄇 II Brethren, let's join in a bloody fight, from the Sian to the Don Ne'er shall we allow others to rule in our native land. The Black Sea will smile, and grandfather Dnipro will rejoice, For in our own Ukraine fortune shall flourish once again. III Our persistence and our sincere toils will be rewarded, And freedom's song will resound throughout all of Ukraine. Echoing off the Carpathians, and rumbling across the steppes, Ukraine's fame and glory shall be known among all nations. 𝄆 Template:Yesitalic 𝄇</poem> |
Original lyrics (1862)
The first stanza of Chubynskyi's original poem is somewhat similar to the first stanza of national anthems of Poland and Yugoslavia and "Hatikvah", the national anthem of Israel.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Ukrainian original<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | English translation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyrillic script Template:Small |
Latin scriptTemplate:Efn | IPA transcriptionTemplate:Efn | |
| <poem>Template:Lang</poem> | <poem>Template:Translit</poem> | <poem>Template:IPA</poem> | <poem>I
The glory and will of Ukraine has not yet perished, And yet upon us, Ukrainians, fate shall smile once more. Our enemies shall melt away, like the dew in the sun. And we too shall rule, O brethen, the homeland of our own. Template:Small 𝄆 Soul and body shall we lay down for our liberty, And we'll show, O brethen, that we're a Cossack family! 𝄇 Hey, hey, dearest brothers, onward, take to battle Hey, hey, it's time to rise, time to gain liberty! II Nalyvaiko, Zalizniak and Taras Triasylo Call us from the grave beyond to the battle holy. Recall the famous death of the Chivalrous Cossacks So that we do not lose our youth vainly. III O Bohdan, O Bohdan, our glorious hetman For what didst thou give Ukraine to those wretched Moskals?! In returning her honor, we all lay our heads And we all shall call ourselves Ukraine's faithful sons! IV Our Slavic brethen have already taken up arms So that no one will come attack us behind out backs. Let us all unite together, O Slavic brethen: So that enemies perish, and that freedom cometh! Template:Yesitalic</poem> |
Adaptations
The song "Template:Transliteration", written as a "song of resistance" during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, is inspired by the opening motif of the Ukrainian national anthem.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Notable arrangements and performances
- "Ukraine has not perished!". Mykhailo Zazulyak. Columbia Studio, U.S., 1915;<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- "Ukraine has already risen!" (Вже воскресла Україна!) (1926 year) by Mykhailo Zazulyak;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- National anthem of Ukraine (Rock Version) by Nicky Rubchenko;<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- Anthem of Ukraine performed by 14 nationalities of Ukraine;<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- Anthem of Ukraine in orchestral and instrumental arrangement by Anatoly Avdievskyi;<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- National anthem of Ukraine performed by Apocalyptica;<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- National anthem of Ukraine performed by Dzidzio;<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- National anthem of Ukraine performed by Tina Karol;<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- National anthem of Ukraine performed by Jamala<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- National anthem of Ukraine performed by Oleksandr Ponomaryov<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- National anthem of Ukraine performed by Vopli Vidopliassova<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
- "Prayer for Ukraine"
- "Zaporizhian March"
- "Oi u luzi chervona kalyna"
- "March of Ukrainian Nationalists"
- "Za Ukrainu"
- Slava Ukraini
- "Slava Ukraini!"
Notes
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References
Sources
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