New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary

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A 2016 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers map showing New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary's drainage divide and drainage basin
Harrisse/LOC copy of the Manatus Map of 1639
An 1866 map of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary
A 2011 NASA image of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary
Population density and elevation above sea level in the New York City metropolitan area as of 2010
An aerial view of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary

The New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary, also known as the Hudson-Raritan Estuary, is in the northeastern states of New Jersey and New York on the East Coast of the United States. The system of waterways of the Port of New York and New Jersey forms one of the most intricate natural harbors in the world<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and one of the busiest ports of the United States. The harbor opens onto the New York Bight in the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast and Long Island Sound to the northeast.

Although the overall form of the estuary remains unchanged from the time of Giovanni da Verrazzano's visit in 1524, all parts have changed at least a little, and some parts, such as Hell Gate and Ellis Island, have been almost completely altered. In the greatest hidden change, the navigational channels have been deepened from the natural Template:Convert depth to Template:Convert. In some places this required blasting of bedrock.<ref>http://www.harborestuary.org/watersweshare/pdfs/CRP/2_Existing_Conditions.pdf Template:Bare URL PDF</ref>

There is an extremely complex system of tides and currents. Both the Bight and the Sound are essentially marine bodies with tides and saltwater, but the Sound compared to the Atlantic is about 20–30% less saline (as an estuary), and the tide is about 3 hours later with as much as 70% more variation. Rivers add a fresher, non-tidal inflow although the tide and brackishness extend well up rivers<ref>NOAA Tides and Current web site FAQ page. See discussion of hydraulic currents.</ref> throughout the extended hydrologic system from Albany to Montauk Point to the Hudson Canyon region of the New York Bight. The New York Harbor Observing and Prediction System (NYHOPS)<ref>NYHOPS</ref> utilizes information from sensors, weather forecasts, and environment models to provide real-time forecasts of meteorological and oceanographic conditions in the area.

Since the Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962 beaches along the shores of the East Coast have been regularly replenished with sand pumped in from off-shore.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) coordinates the projects.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2016, USACE and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey produced a comprehensive restoration plan for the New York Harbor region, with proposals to mitigate the effects of sea level rise through projects to restore natural areas.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> In September the USACE released the New York New Jersey Harbor and Tributaries Study (HATS).<ref>Template:Cite report</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Features of the harbor estuary

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12. Hudson Canyon
A. Manhattan
B. Brooklyn
C. Staten Island
D. Queens
E. The Bronx
F. Bayonne-Jersey City
G. Newark
H. Raritan Bayshore
i. Rockaway Point
j. Sandy Hook
(This is Template:Srlink.)

The lists below includes features of the Port of New York and New Jersey with a waterborne emphasis, starting with natural features. Where possible the list proceeds from the Lower Bay entrance approximately clockwise around the Harbor. The alternative sorting is by jurisdiction.

Official references are the NOAA Coastal pilot,<ref name="nyh_pilot">Chapter 11 Template:Webarchive, New York Harbor and Approaches, Coast Pilot 2 Template:Webarchive, 35th Edition, 2006, Office of Coast Survey, NOAA.</ref> NOAA nautical charts,<ref name="nyh_chart">NOAA nautical charts 12327 New York Harbor (1:40,000 scale), 12324 Sandy Hook to Little Egg, 12350 Jamaica Bay and Rockaway Inlet, 12402, 12401 New York Lower Bay, 12331 Raritan Bay and southern part of Arthur Kill, 12332 Raritan River, 12333 Kill van Kull and northern part of Arthur Kill, 12334 New York Harbor (Upper Bay and Narrows, 12337, 12335, 12338, 12341 Template:Webarchive, 12339 Template:Webarchive, 12366 Template:Webarchive Long Island Sound and East River, found on page Nautical charts Atlantic Coast charts online Template:Webarchive, Office of Coast Survey, NOAA.</ref> and USGS topographic maps.<ref name="usgs_topo"> USGS topographic maps, 1:24,000 scale, listed from west to east (in a row), then north to south:

  • Yonkers, Mount Vernon, Mamaroneck;
  • Orange, Weehawken, Central Park Flushing, Seacliff;
  • Elizabeth, Jersey City, Brooklyn, Jamaica, Lynbrook;
  • Perth Amboy, Arthur Kill The Narrows, Coney Island, Far Rockaway;
  • South Amboy, Keyport, Sandy Hook West, Sandy Hook East.</ref>

Many jurisdictional issues appear in U.S. law.<ref name="usc33">Title 33. Navigation and Navigable Waters Template:Webarchive USC. See Section 59.</ref>

Rivers and streams

Bi-state

New Jersey Template:Div col

Template:Div col end New York

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Tidal straits

Inter-state

New York Template:Div col

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Bays, inlets and coves

New York Bay

East River Template:Div col

Template:Div col end Long Island Sound Template:Div col

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Islands

Bi-state

  • Ellis Island—All of the landfill portion of Ellis Island beyond its 1834 waterfront is in Jersey City, New Jersey, as is all water surrounding Liberty and Ellis Islands. The original island is an exclave in New York State.<ref name="ellis_nj">All of the landfill portion of Ellis Island beyond its 1834 waterfront is in Hudson County, NJ. All water surrounding Liberty and Ellis Islands is in Hudson County.</ref>
  • Liberty Island, exclave of New York within surrounding waters of Jersey City
  • Shooters Island at head of Kill Van Kull in Newark Bay, part in New Jersey and part in New York

New Jersey

New York

Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break Bronx County

Template:Col-break Kings County

Jamaica Bay islands

New York County

Upper Bay islands

East River islands

Template:Col-break Queens County

Jamaica Bay islands

  • Rulers Bar Hassock

Richmond County

Westchester County

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Land features

New Jersey Template:Div col

Template:Div col end New York Template:Div col

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Banks and shoals

Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break Lower Bay

  • East Bank
  • False Hook
  • Flynns Knoll
  • Old Orchard Shoal
  • Romer Shoal
  • West Bank

Template:Col-break Upper Bay

  • Bay Ridge Flats
  • Dimond Reef
  • Gowanus Flats
  • Jersey Flats

Template:Col-break East River

  • College Point Reef
  • Hog Back
  • Holmes Rock
  • Lawrence Point Ledge
  • Mill Rock
  • Rhinelander Reef
  • South Brother Ledge
  • Ways Reef

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Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break Lower Bay

  • Ambrose Channel
  • Atlantic Highland Anchorage
  • Chapel Hill South Channel
  • Coney Island Channel
  • Gravesend Bay Anchorage
  • Raritan Bay East Reach
  • Rockaway Inlet
  • Sandy Hook Channel
  • Swash Channel
  • Terminal Channel

Raritan Bay

  • Red Bank Reach
  • Great Beds Reach
  • Raritan Bay West Reach
  • Raritan River Cutoff
    • Perth Amboy Anchorage
    • South Amboy Reach
  • Seguine Point Bend
  • Ward Point Bend (East & West)
  • Ward Point Secondary Channel

Jamaica Bay

  • Beach Channel
  • Island Channel
  • Runway Channel

Template:Col-break Arthur Kill

  • Fresh Kills Reach
  • Elizabeth Port Reach
  • Gulfport Reach
  • Outerbridge Reach
  • Port Reading Reach
  • Port Socony Reach
  • Pralls Island Reach
  • South of Shooters Island Reach
  • Tremley Point Reach

Newark Bay

  • Elizabeth Channel
  • Newark Bay Middle Reach
  • Newark Bay North Reach
  • Newark Bay South Reach
  • North of Shooters Island Reach
  • Port Newark Branch Channel
  • Port Newark Pierhead Channel
  • South Elizabeth Channel

Template:Col-break Kill van Kull

  • Bergen East Point Reach
  • Bergen West Point Reach
  • Constable Hook Reach

Upper Bay<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Anchorage Channel<ref name="anchorage:">Reports of Channel Conditions Template:Webarchive, USACE, Nov. 2004: "Partial Anchorage Channel: Starts approximately 3,990 Ft. seaward of Red Gas #2; Ends approximately 1,660 Ft. landward of Red Light & Bell #21. Authorized project: Width: 2000 ft, Length: 2.34 nmiles, Depth 45 ft.... Shoaling exists and begins approximately 2,230 Ft. seaward of Red Gas #2 and proceeds landward with a length of approximately 600 Ft. and a width of approximately 60 Ft."</ref><ref>Hearing Notice for Department of the Army Corps of Engineers, N.Y.S. Department of Environmental Conservation 21/1/2004.</ref><ref>Simplified map Bayonne Peninsula Chap. 6, CPIP Toolkit, PANYNJ.</ref>
  • Bayridge Channel
  • Buttermilk Channel
  • Claremont Terminal Channel
  • Port Jersey Channel
  • Greenville Channel
  • Pierhead Channel
  • Red Hook Channel
  • Red Hook Flats Anchorage

Hudson River

  • Weehawken Edgewater Channel

East River

  • East Channel
  • South Brother Channel
  • West Channel

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Port facilities

One of the many duties of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey is to develop trade interests in the New York-New Jersey area. The Port Authority operates most of the containerized port facilities listed here, and also collaborates with the Army Corps of Engineers to maintain shipping channels in the harbor.

New Jersey (numerous privately operated bulk facilities, especially petroleum, are not listed)

New York

Lights and lighthouses

For lists see<ref name="lights-nps">Inventory of Historic Light Stations: New Jersey Lighthouses and Inventory of Historic Light Stations: New York Lighthouses NPS lists.</ref> and.<ref name="lights-friends">New York Lighthouses and New York Lighthouses Lighthouse Friends 2001-2005.</ref> Active unless noted.

New Jersey Template:Div col

Template:Div col end New York Template:Div col

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Waterfront jurisdictions

Government and other agencies

State, county, municipal

New Jersey Template:Div col

Template:Div col end New York Template:Div col

  • New York City
    • Manhattan, New York County<ref name="ellis_nj"/><ref name="ny_county">Boundaries extend to mid-Hudson on the west, into the Upper Harbor south of Governors Island, to the far pierhead line of the East River, Harlem River and Spuyten Duyvil. The exceptions are the additional areas of Marble Hill section included north of the Harlem River (bounded approximately by Johnson Avenue, West 230 Street) and Liberty and Ellis Islands to their original 1834 waterfront. River</ref>
    • Brooklyn, Kings County
      • Floyd Bennett Field
      • Manhattan Beach
      • Brighton Beach
      • Coney Island
      • Gravesend
      • Bensonhurst
      • Fort Hamilton
      • Bath Beach
      • Bay Ridge
      • Red Hook
      • South Brooklyn
      • Brooklyn Heights
    • Queens, Queens County
      Lower Bay
      • Far Rockaway
      • Rockaway Point
      • Breezy Point
      East River
    • The Bronx, Bronx County
      • City Island
    • Staten Island, Richmond County
      • Port Richmond
      • Elm Park
      • Mariners Harbor
      • West New Brighton
      • Sailors Snug Harbor
      • New Brighton
      • Tottenville
      • Charleston
      • Port Socony
      • Travis
      • Chelsea
      • St. George
      • Tompkinsville

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See also

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References

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|CitationClass=web }} Video explaining formation of estuary

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