Ngāi Tahu

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Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use New Zealand English Template:Infobox Iwi

Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, is the principal Māori Template:Lang (tribe) of the South Island. Its Template:Lang (tribal area) is the largest in New Zealand, and extends from the White Bluffs / Te Parinui o Whiti (southeast of Blenheim), Mount Māhanga and Kahurangi Point in the north to Stewart Island / Rakiura in the south. The Template:Lang comprises 18 Template:Lang (governance areas) corresponding to traditional settlements. According to the 2023 census an estimated 84,000 people affiliated with the Kāi Tahu iwi.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Ngāi Tahu originated in the Gisborne District of the North Island, along with Ngāti Porou and Ngāti Kahungunu, who all intermarried amongst the local Ngāti Ira.<ref name="TeKaraka1">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Over time, all but Ngāti Porou would migrate away from the district. Several Template:Lang were already occupying the South Island prior to Ngāi Tahu's arrival, with Kāti Māmoe only having arrived about a century earlier from the Hastings District, and already having conquered Waitaha, who themselves were a collection of ancient groups.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Iwi">Template:Cite web</ref> Other Template:Lang that Ngāi Tahu encountered while migrating through the South Island were Ngāi Tara, Rangitāne, Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri, and Ngāti Wairangi – all of which also migrated from the North Island at varying times. During the 19th century, hundreds of thousands of Europeans – mostly British – migrated to New Zealand. After European arrival, Ngāti Toa (allied with Ngāti Tama) and Ngāti Rārua invaded Ngāi Tahu's territory with muskets. Some European settlers intermingled with native Template:Lang populations, and today, most families who descend from Ngāi Tahu also have Ngāti Māmoe and British ancestry.

Template:Lang translates as "People of Tahu", referencing the name of the ancestor Tahupōtiki. Alongside the other Template:Lang that Ngāi Tahu absorbed, there are five primary Template:Lang (sub-tribes) of Ngāi Tahu, which are: Ngāti Kurī, Ngāti Irakehu, Kāti Huirapa, Ngāi Tūāhuriri, and Ngāi Te Ruahikihiki. A branch of Ngāi Tūāhuriri and Ngāti Kurī, Kāi Te Rakiāmoa, was one of the latest Template:Lang which the leading chiefs descended from.

History

Traditional origins

Template:More citations needed section Ngāi Tahu trace their traditional descent from Tahupōtiki (also Te Tuhi-māreikura-o-Oho-a-tama-wahine), and Tahumatua<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>), the younger brother of Porourangi. The brothers are said to be descended from Paikea as grandsons,<ref name=teara-paikea>Template:Cite web</ref> great-grandsons,<ref name="Tainui"/> or great-great-grandsons.Template:Citation needed Either way, Paikea himself is always Chief Uenuku's son. Some groups may even trace the brothers as great-grandsons of Uenuku's other son Ruatapu as well as with Paikea.<ref name="Tainui">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Whatever the case, Tahupōtiki was born in Whāngārā (a place associated with Paikea), around 1450CE. He was given command of the Template:Lang Template:Lang (canoe), and took it down to the South Island where he landed at the Arahura River on the West Coast – or at the Waiau River near Manapōuri. He stayed there for a time before travelling back to Whāngārā in a new canoe upon learning of the death of his brother.Template:Citation needed As according to ancient protocol, he took Porourangi's grieving wife Hamo-te-rangi as his own, by whom he had at least four sons: Ira-a-Tahu, Ira-(apa)-roa,<ref name=whakapapa/> Tahumuri-hape, and Karimoe.Template:Citation needed Some say his other sons were Ira-manawa-piko,<ref name=whakapapa>Template:Cite web</ref> Rakaroa, Rakahurumanu, Tūroto, Tahutīoro, and Ruanuku.Template:Citation needed

North Island coast, north of Gisborne. Ngāi Tahu originated in the Gisborne District

Tahupōtiki, Ira-a-Tahu, Iraroa, and Tahumuri-hape moved south towards Tūranga, then settled at Maraetaha at the northern end of the Wharerātā Range. Karimoe instead moved northwards and settled at the banks of the Mangaheia stream, inwards of Ūawanui-a-Ruamatua. The family later moved to Iwitea, where Tahupōtiki built the Taumatahīnaki Template:Lang. The ancestor Te Matuahanga (descendant of Tūroto and Rakaroa) is still known in the area around there. More Template:Lang were established further inland along the Tukemōkihi block.Template:Citation needed

16th century

Owing to growing tensions between the various Template:Lang inhabiting the surrounding area, many groups began their migration away from Waerenga-a-Hika in the Gisborne District. One of the earliest notable instances of tension was where Rākaihikuroa, grandson of Kahungunu, killed his own twin brothers out of jealousy, and was banished after his own son Tupurupuru was killed in revenge.<ref name="TeKaraka1"/>

Perhaps a more notable instance, is when Rākaihikuroa's other son Rākaipaaka was insulted by local Chief Tūtekohi who had invited him to his Template:Lang and then fed the prepared feast to his Template:Lang (dog) Kauerehuanui. The visitors showed no reaction at the time, but after leaving, Whaitiripoto instructed Whakaruru-a-Nuku to go back and eat the dog in revenge. This action resulted in war against the Takutaioterangi Template:Lang and their allies.<ref name="TeKaraka1"/>

A similar engagement occurred with Ngāi Tahu, involving Chief Rakawahakura (great-grandson of Ira-a-Tahu),<ref name="whakapapa"/> Whaitiripoto, and Whakaruru-a-Nuku. The fish and birds for this feast were actually cleverly carved chunks of wood, designed to give the impression of those foods being prepared in the storehouse. The later battle came to be known as Template:Lang because of this. The children began playing games, enticing the adults to join in as a distraction while the hosts began to form their attack, even killing the visitors' dogs. Tūtekohi ultimately won, and so Ngāi Tahu was forced to move further down the North Island.<ref name="TeKaraka1"/><ref name="TeKaraka2">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Rakawahakura was later killed near Waikato.<ref name="Murihiku">Template:Cite journal</ref>

17th century

Migration to Wellington

From Gisborne the Template:Lang had moved down the coast to the Heretaunga. The ancestress Tūhaitara, senior granddaughter of Rakawahakura, insulting her husband Chief Marukore of Ngāti Māmoe,<ref name="Tainui"/><ref name="Papanui">Template:Cite web</ref> or Te Kāhea,<ref name="Murihiku"/> and his ancestry, as well as various other exchanges are the reason for war between their two Template:Lang. Tūhaitara herself had some Ngāti Māmoe heritage,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but he was a local viewed as below her status. The pair had 11 children in total, including Tamaraeroa, Huirapa, Tahumatā, Pahirua and Hinehou.<ref name="TeKaraka2"/> Huirapa is the son who Kāti Huirapa descends from.

Tūhaitara's cousin through Rakawahakura, Kurī, also lived around this time. Just as Tūhaitara was the senior ancestress of Ngāi Tahu with her own Template:Lang named after her, Ngāi Tūhaitara,<ref name="whakapapa"/> Kurī is also the ancestor of the prominent Kāti Kurī Template:Lang.<ref name="TeKaraka1"/>

Tūhaitara instructed Tamaraeroa and Huirapa to kill Marukore at a place called Template:Lang.<ref name="Papanui"/> However, Marukore knew of their plan and defeated them in the Battle of Hūkete after which their sister Hinehou laid them on the floor of her Template:Lang for her grandchildren to see, and left her belongings with them before burning down the building in an incident now known as Template:Lang ("The Laying Down of Fighting Chiefs").<ref name="TeKaraka2"/> Alternatively, Marukore himself burned their bodies on a funeral pyre.<ref name="Papanui"/> Tamaraeroa's wife was killed as well, but they left a son named Te Aohuraki. Huirapa's son Marainaka also survived the fighting.<ref name="Murihiku"/>

Next the brothers Pahirua and Tahumatā sought out to defeat Marukore. As they were about to take advice from a local chief named Rākaimoari, his daughter Hinewai-a-tapu made a remark about Tahumatā which sparked the Battle of Te Pakiaka ("The Roots") that lasted for some days. It was named so because Tahumatā caught Hinewai-a-tapu hiding under some tree roots, and made her his wife.<ref name="TeKaraka2"/>

Eventually the Ngāti Māmoe chief Hikaororoa managed to trap Marukore's party in a Template:Lang. Hikaororoa asked for the 'chief of the long plume' to come to the door to be cannibalised. Marukore's younger cousin Rokopaekawa took Marukore's headdress (his sign of status) and was sacrificed instead. However he did not cook properly, and the headdress's plume was still visible in the dirt. This was considered a bad omen and so the body was discarded with the incident being called Template:Lang ("The Long Standing Feather Plumes").<ref name="TeKaraka2"/>

Marukore and Tūhaitara would both die in the Battle of Tapapanui,<ref name="TeKaraka2"/> at the hands of their son Pahirua who was very angry about the whole situation. In one telling of the series of battles, Hinehou and Pahirua built Template:Lang together, and burnt the bodies of all the slain there.<ref name="Murihiku"/> The remaining children of the warring parents would move down to a place called Template:Lang in Wairarapa where Hinehou was already living, and southward to Te Whanganui-a-Tara within a few generations.<ref name="TeKaraka2"/>

Migration to the South Island

A view of Wellington Harbour, Ngāi Tahu lived in this area before migrating to the South Island

In Wellington Te Aohikuraki, the senior chief, slept with Rākaitekura (a high ranking Ngāi Tahu woman) while her husband Tūmaro was away visiting his family. Of this Te Hikutawatawa (later named Template:Lang), the ancestor of Ngāi Tūāhuriri, was born illegitimate. Owing to Rākaitekura's high rank, Tūmaro was unable to kill her, so instead had her prepare herself for marriage with Te Aohikuraki. The stream where she did up her hair was called Template:Lang.<ref name="Tainui"/> Tūmaro gathered his family and departed for Waimea, near Nelson across the Cook Strait, leaving Rākaitekura and Te Hikutawatawa behind.<ref name="Tuahuriri">Template:Cite web</ref>

Curiosity burning in him since childhood, when the other children would pick fun on him for being illegitimate, Te Hikutawatawa left Kaiwhakawaru seeking out his step-father. Upon his arrival to Waimea, Tūmaro's father Kahukura-te-paku, not knowing who he was, had intended to cannibalise him, but later put a stop to the meal preparations when local children heard Te Hikutawatawa muttering of his origins. Kahukura-te-paku then asked Te Hikutawatawa to climb through a window to remove the breach on Template:Lang, where he and Tūmaro greeted him with open arms. Te Hikutawatawa was still outraged at his Template:Lang being defiled by Kahukura-te-paku, so he returned later to destroy the site and kill everyone who lived there. After this he was known as Template:Lang (Template:Lang meaning "sacred altar", Template:Lang meaning "to be angry").<ref name="Tuahuriri"/>

Late in the 17th century the Template:Lang began migrating to the northern part of the South Island under the leadership of the Ngāti Kurī chief Pūrahonui, with his sons Makō-ha-kirikiri and Marukaitātea, establishing the Kaihinu Template:Lang in the Tory Channel / Kura Te Au. After an incident in which a Ngāi Tahu Template:Lang had desecrated the bones of one of Ngāi Tara's ancestors, Pūrahonui was murdered in revenge early one morning when he went to relieve himself. This broke out into a series of battles between the two Template:Lang.<ref name="teara-ngaitahu-themovesouth">Template:Cite web</ref>

In the North Island, Hikaororoa, a prominent tribal member, attacked Te Mata-ki-kaipoinga Template:Lang after Tūāhuriri insulted him. Tūtekawa (Tūāhuriri's brother-in-law of senior Ngāti Kahungunu, Ngāti Porou, and Ngāti Māmoe connections) withdrew his men to attack at another angle after his younger relative recognised an insult from Hikaororoa. He sent the same relative to warn Tūāhuriri to escape, which he did into a nearby bush. For unknown reasons, when Tūtekawa entered the Template:Lang, he slew Tūāhuriri's wives Hinekaitaki and Tuarāwhati (Whākuku's sisters). After the battle, Tūtekawa fled down to Waikākahi on the shores of Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora where he lived amongst his fellow Ngāti Māmoe.<ref name="Tuahuriri"/> Tūtekawa's own wife Tūkōrero was a sister to Tūāhuriri's other wife Hinetewai (mother of Hāmua, Tūrakautahi, and Moki). He was also a first cousin to both the Ngāti Kurī chief Te Rakiwhakaputa, and to the Ngāti Māmoe leader Tukiauau.<ref name="Tutekawa">Template:Cite web</ref>

On one occasion when Ngāti Kurī fought with Rangitāne, Chief Tūteurutira had mistaken one of his captives, Hinerongo, as one of the enemy's women. She was in fact a member of Ngāti Māmoe who had already been taken captive by Rangitāne, and so he returned her to the Matariki Template:Lang near Waiau Toa. This struck a new alliance between their Template:Lang, after which they successfully attacked Rangitāne in the Wairau Valley. For this Ngāti Māmoe then ceded the east coast regions north of Waiau Toa to Ngāi Tahu, and Tūteurutira and Hinerongo married and settled at the Template:Lang.<ref name="teara-ngaitahu-themovesouth"/>

In the Battle of Ōpokihi against Ngāti Māmoe, Marukaitātea was rescued by his brothers Makō-ha-kirikiri and Kahupupuni. At the Pariwhakatau Template:Lang near the Conway area, Makō-ha-kirikiri was with his sisters Te Apai and Tokerau, Manawa-i-waho's wives, when Tukiauau sneaked in and killed Manawa. The former three were spared by the protection of the guardian, Te Hineumutahi. However, they were forced to leave the Template:Lang through her legs (she would have been a wooden figure or carving suspended in the air).<ref name="Mako">Template:Cite web</ref>

Kaikōura's coast, looking north from the train station. Ngāti Kurī is the local Template:Lang of the area

By the 1690s Ngāi Tahu had settled in Canterbury, including Ngāti Kurī conquering the east coast down to Kaikōura, and Ngāti Irakehu peaceably settling among Banks Peninsula's Ngāti Māmoe.<ref name="teara-ngaitahu-themovesouth"/> The last battle that was fought between the two Template:Lang up to that point was the Battle of Waipapa, before Ngāti Kurī took the Takahanga Template:Lang. Marukaitātea chose to stay here, while other chiefs continued to push south.<ref name="Maru">Template:Cite web</ref> Around this time, the ariki Tūteāhuka was moving the last of the tribe's members to the South Island through the Cook Strait. As a consequence for ignoring Chief Te Aweawe's advice to strap two canoes together for a safer passage, Tūāhuriri is said to have been left to drown along with Tūmaro while trying to leave Wellington. It is very likely that Tūāhuriri's eldest son Hāmua also drowned, otherwise he might have died in Kaikōura at a young age.<ref name="Tuahuriri"/>

18th century

After establishing dominance down to Kaikōura, many of Ngāi Tahu's leading chiefs were ready to expand further south into the island. One, Moki, another son of Tūāhuriri, had received reports from Kaiapu and Tamakino (brothers of Mārewa, Moki's wife) that his father's wife's killer, Tūtekawa, was living just further south at Te Waihora. He set off in his canoe, Template:Lang, and attacked various small villages including the Parakākāriki Template:Lang at Ōtanerito. Tūtekawa was ultimately killed by Whākuku instead of Moki, avenging the deaths of his sisters.<ref name="Moki">Template:Cite web</ref> Tūtekawa's son Te Rakitāmau returned to the home, where he found his wife Punahikoia and children unharmed, and the attackers sleeping near the fire. Te Rakitāmau did not avenge Tūtekawa, but instead left a sign that he spared the attackers' lives, and peace was eventually restored between their descendants.<ref name="Tutekawa"/>

Chief Te Rakiwhakaputa claimed the area of Whakaraupō, naming the beach Template:Lang. He destroyed Ngāti Māmoe's Template:Lang at Mānuka, across the hills at Tai Tapu, and prior to that also lived at Te Pā-o-Te Rakiwhakaputa on the Cam River / Ruataniwha for a time. His son Manuhiri drove Ngāti Māmoe out of Ōhinetahi and set up his base there, and his other son Te Wheke set up his own base on Avon River / Ōtākaro's estuary.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Makō-ha-kirikiri was given Little River and Wairewa, and Te Ruahikihiki of Kāti Kurī, ancestor of Ngāi Te Ruakihikihi, son of Manawaiwaho and Te Apai, was given Kaitōrete and Te Waihora. Chief Huikai also established himself at Koukourarata (named after the stream in Wellington where Rākaitekura prepared her hair), and his son Tautahi took Ōtautahi (the site of present-day Christchurch). Tūāhuriri's second eldest son Tūrakautahi, the famous chief of Ngāi Tūhaitara born with a club foot, established Te Kōhaka-a-kaikai-a-waro Template:Lang (now the Kaiapoi Template:Lang) at the Taerutu Lagoon near Woodend, and claimed the area around Banks Peninsula.<ref name="Moki"/><ref name="Turakautahi">Template:Cite web</ref>

Aoraki / Mount Cook, the tallest mountain of all his brothers. Aoraki was a divine ancestor who froze into stone in Ngāi Tahu myths. The South Island's earliest-known name is Template:Lang, in reference to his story

With the discovery of Nōti Raureka (Browning Pass) by its namesake Raureka, of the West Coast Template:Lang Ngāti Wairangi, Ngāi Tūhaitara quickly developed an interest in Te Tai Poutini for the pounamu that can be found there.<ref name="atlas">Template:Cite web</ref> It is said to have been Tūrakautahi's decision to learn the genealogies and traditions of Ngāti Wairangi and Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri, the former of which already shared a common ancestry with Ngāi Tahu through the ancestors Tura and Paikea,<ref name="teara-ngaitahu-spreadingsouthandwest">Template:Cite web</ref> and the latter being of the Template:Lang like Ngāti Māmoe,<ref name=theprow>Template:Cite web</ref> Ngāi Tara, and Rangitāne. A similar approach was also taken to learn Waitaha's genealogies and stories. Myths that Ngāi Tahu brought to the South Island themselves include those of the Takitimu Mountains (being the Template:Lang) and the Template:Lang.<ref name="teara-ngaitahu-ngaitahuandwaitaha">Template:Cite web</ref>

Tūrakautahi and one Te-ake narrowly escaped slaughter in Ngāti Wairangi territory after others had been slain for breaking sacred customs.<ref name="teara-ngaitahu-spreadingsouthandwest"/> Tūrakautahi's brother Tānetiki, and two relatives Tūtaemaro and Tūtepiriraki, had not been so fortunate however. The brothers' uncle Hikatūtae chopped off their heads and returned to the rest of the family at Kaikōura.<ref name="atlas"/> Makō-ha-kirikiri of Wairewa and Moki both avenged the deaths near where the bodies were found in the water, on the shores of Lake Mahinapua in the battle called Template:Lang. Moki was later cursed by two tohunga, Iriraki and Tautini, for insulting two women. He is said to be buried at Kaitukutuku, near the Waikūkū flaxmill.<ref name="Moki"/> After the battle, Makō-ha-kirikiri established the Ōhiri Template:Lang, at Little River.<ref name="Mako"/> Tūrakautahi further enlisted Te Rakitāmau's aid in overcoming Ngāti Wairangi, killing their rangatira Te Uekanuka near Lake Kaniere.<ref name="atlas"/>

Tūrakautahi's son Kaweriri with his father-in-law Te Ruahikihiki had settled Taumutu at the southern end of Te Waihora.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Kaweriri later travelled with a Template:Lang south to Lowther where he was slain by the Kāti Māmoe chief Tutemakohu around the year 1725 during the Battle of Waitaramea.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Tūrakautahi's other son by his wife Te Aowharepapa, Rakiāmoa, would continue the main lines of descent of Ngāi Tahu.<ref name="Turakautahi"/> Te Ruahikihiki's own son Taoka, by his wife Te Aotaurewa, would push further south to Ōtākou, where he engaged in some of the final battles with Ngāti Māmoe.

Over time, marriages were arranged between Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Māmoe to cement peace. Notably of Raki-ihia (Ngāti Māmoe) and Hinehākiri, the cousin of Ngāi Tahu's leading chief Te-hau-tapunui-o-Tū, and of Honekai, son of Te-hau-tapunui-o-Tū, with Raki-ihia's daughter Kohuwai. Despite this, occasional skirmishes still continued.<ref name="teara-ngaitahu-spreadingsouthandwest"/>

Tūhuru Kokare, a grandson of Tūrakautahi's son Waewae (thus chief of Ngāti Waewae), became an active member in the battles against Ngāti Wairangi around the turn of the century. He first defeated them at Lake Brunner, and then began a campaign that moved down from the Karamea district, fighting battles at Whanganui Inlet, Kawatiri, Māwhera, Taramakau, Arahura, Hokitika, Ōkārito, and finally at Makawhio, with the final defeat occurring in Te Paparoa ranges. After their victory, Tūhuru's party discussed at Rūnanga whether they should return home or stay in the area. A decision was not reached, so they discussed the matter again near Kaiata and Omotumotu after crossing Māwheranui, and made the decision to construct a Template:Lang at Māwhera. They became known as the Template:Lang.<ref name="atlas"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="DNZB Kokare">Template:DNZB</ref>

19th century

Kaihuānga feud

The Kaihuānga feud of the 1820s heavily involved the Template:Lang (paramount chief) Tamaiharanui, whose status was so spiritually superior within the Template:Lang that people of lower ranking would avert their gaze and avoid looking at him directly. If his shadow fell upon food, that food became Template:Lang and had to be destroyed. The Kaihuānga feud is an historical instance that highlights the importance of the Template:Lang's spiritual status, and the importance of Template:Lang. The feud sparked when a woman from the Waikakahi Template:Lang at Wairewa named Murihaka wore a dogskin cloak which belonged to Tamaiharanui, thus causing an insult to him. His followers then killed Rerewaka, a slave of one of Murihaka's relatives. The relatives then responded by killing another chief, Hape.<ref name="DNZB ">Template:DNZB</ref><ref name="tamai"/>

Hape's wife was a sister to two chiefs from the Taumutu Template:Lang at southern Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora. The people of Taumutu responded to Hape's death by attacking Waikakahi, and killing several people. Tamaiharanui led a Template:Lang against Taumutu, and sacking it. The Taumutu then asked the Template:Lang of Otago for assistance, to which Taiaroa and Te Whakataupuka led a Template:Lang, and along with warriors from Kaiapoi, all attacked Waikakahi. They found the Template:Lang empty however, as Taiaroa had warned their people that the attackers would arrive with muskets. It is thought that this was the first instance of firearms in Canterbury.<ref name="DNZB "/><ref name="tamai"/>

Since they had killed nobody at Waikakahi, the Kaiapoi warriors feared ridicule. They happened across the nephew of Chief Taununu, of Rīpapa Island, and killed him. In retaliation Taununu overran the Whakaepa Template:Lang, near Coalgate, killing the inhabitants. The Otago Template:Lang attacked Waikakahi again, and although Taiaroa had again warned them, they were pursued and killed. Two of Tamaiharanui's close kin, his sisters, were slaughtered.<ref name="tamai">Template:Cite web</ref> The Otago and Taumutu parties destroyed the Rīpapa Template:Lang before returning to Otago.<ref name="DNZB "/> Many settlements and communities along Banks Peninsula were abandoned in the series of retaliatory attacks.<ref name="tamai"/>

Tamaiharanui then went to Otago and persuaded the Taumutu people to come back home, assuring that the war was over. He however returned first and lay in wait for the Taumutu people with muskets. According to Hakopa Te Ata-o-Tu, a member of Tamaiharanui's party, Tamaiharanui became less enthusiastic about the attack when he realised the refugees had their own muskets. Nonetheless, he was convinced to attack, and the refugees were killed.<ref name="DNZB "/> The final act of the feud was the killing of Taununu, who was tomahawked to death along with his companion, near Ōtokitoki.<ref name="tamai"/>

Wars with Ngāti Toa

In 1827–1828 Ngāti Toa, under the leadership of Te Rauparaha and armed with muskets, successfully attacked Kāti Kurī at Kaikōura, who were already expecting the Tū-te-pākihi-rangi Template:Lang of Ngāti Kahungunu as friendly visitors. He named the battle Template:Lang ("Shark's Tooth") after a threat from Rerewaka, a local chief.<ref name="teara-ngaitahu-warswithngatitoa">Template:Cite web</ref> Ngāti Toa then visited Kaiapoi, ostensibly to trade. When Ngāti Toa attacked their hosts, the well-prepared Ngāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha who subsequently returned to his stronghold at Kapiti Island. During this time Ngati Tumatakokiri continued attacking the Poutini Ngāi Tahu from Kawatiri over land and hunting disputes, with Ngāti Rārua also attacking the Poutini Ngāi Tahu with muskets, seeking pounamu.<ref name="DNZB Kokare"/>

In November 1830 Te Rauparaha persuaded Captain John Stewart of the brig Elizabeth to carry him and his warriors in secret to Takapūneke near present-day Akaroa, where by subterfuge they captured Tamaiharanui and his wife and daughter. After destroying Takapūneke they embarked for Kapiti with their captives. Tamaiharanui strangled his daughter and threw her overboard to save her from slavery.<ref name="NZ history">Template:Cite web</ref> Ngāti Toa killed the remaining captives. John Stewart, though arrested and sent to trial in Sydney as an accomplice to murder, nevertheless escaped conviction.<ref name="teara-ngaitahu-warswithngatitoa"/> Another captive, Hōne Tīkao (Ngāi Te Kahukura, Ngāi Tūāhuriri) did survive and would later visit France.

In the summer of 1831–1832 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi Template:Lang. After a three-month siege, a fire in the Template:Lang allowed Ngāti Toa to overcome it. Ngāti Toa then attacked Ngāi Tahu on Banks Peninsula and took the Template:Lang at Onawe. In 1832–33 Ngāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of Tūhawaiki, Taiaroa, Karetai, and Haereroa, attacking Ngāti Toa at Lake Grassmere. Ngāi Tahu prevailed, and killed many Ngāti Toa, although Te Rauparaha again escaped.

In 1834 Chief Iwikau, brother of Te Maiharanui, led a war party into the Marlborough Sounds, though Ngāti Toa had hidden from them and could not be found. The campaign was known as Template:Lang or Template:Lang.<ref name="NZHistoryIwikau">Template:Cite web</ref>

Fighting continued for a year or so, with Ngāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. In 1836 Chief Te Pūoho of Ngāti Tama, allied to Ngāti Toa, led his Template:Lang from Whanganui Inlet down to the West Coast to the Haast River. From there he crossed the Haast Pass into central Otago and Southland. Tūhawaiki had by now learned of this oncoming attack, and led his own Template:Lang from Ruapuke Island to Tuturau, where he fought and killed Te Pūoho.<ref name="teara-ngaitahu-warswithngatitoa"/>

Ngāti Toa never again made a major incursion into Ngāi Tahu territory. By 1839 Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Toa established peace and Te Rauparaha released the Ngāi Tahu captives he held at Kapiti. Formal marriages between the leading families in the two tribes sealed the peace.<ref name="teara-ngaitahu-warswithngatitoa"/>

Treaty of Waitangi

Template:Main Template:See also In 1840 more than 500 chiefs from all over New Zealand signed the Treaty of Waitangi with representatives of the Crown. Only one sheet was used in the South Island – the Herald (Bunbury) sheet carried with Major Thomas Bunbury aboard Template:HMS which sailed from the Bay of Islands on 28 April.<ref name="NZHistoryBunbery">Template:Cite web</ref> The Cook Strait (Henry Williams) sheet was used at Arapaoa Island and Rangitoto ki te Tonga / D'Urville Island at the northern end of the South Island, but was not signed by Ngāi Tahu.<ref name="NZHistoryWilliams">Template:Cite web</ref>

The sheet's first four signatures came from Coromandel Harbour one week later on 4 May, and the next two were signed aboard HMS Herald just off the Mercury Islands on 7 May. These signatures were collectively from the Template:Lang Ngāti Whanaunga, Ngāti Pāoa, and Ngāti Maru.<ref name="NZHistoryBunbery"/>

The first Ngāi Tahu signatory was Chief Iwikau at Akaroa on 30 May, followed by Hone Tīkao signing as John Love.<ref name="NZHistoryBunbery"/> His nephew was Hone Taare Tikao.

The Blue Book: recording Ngāi Tahu Template:Lang alive in 1848

The third Ngāi Tahu signatory was Chief Tūhawaiki signing as John Touwaick aboard HMS Herald at Ruapuke Island on 10 June, who requested Kaikoura (possibly Kaikōura Whakatau) to sign on the same day, who was then followed by Taiaroa (or Tararoa; possibly Te Matenga Taiaroa).

The last Ngāi Tahu signatures were from Otago Heads on 13 June. The signatories were Hone Karetai (Ngāti Ruahikihiki, Ngāi Te Kahukura, Ngāi Tūāhuriri, Ngāti Hinekura) signing as John Karitai at Ōtākou, and one Korako (Ngāi Tūāhuriri, Ngāti Huirapa) whose identity is not known for certain, but could be either Hōne Wētere Kōrako, Kōrako Karetai, or Hoani Kōrako among others.<ref name="NZHistoryKorako">Template:Cite web</ref>

The last signatures mostly came from members of Ngāti Toa at Te Koko-o-Kupe / Cloudy Bay (17 June) and Mana Island (19 June) – including Te Rauparaha who had already signed the Cook Strait (Henry Williams) sheet on 14 May – and from three Ngāti Kahungunu members at Hawke's Bay on 24 June, amounting to a total of 27 signatures for the sheet.<ref name="NZHistoryBunbery"/>

20th century

Antarctica connection

At the very end of the 19th century a Ngāi Tahu man named William Timaru Joss (1844–1895), a Stewart Island whaler and captain of the mailboat Ulva,<ref name="SouthDict"/> was a member of the first confirmed landing party of the Antarctic on the continent of Antarctica at Cape Adare, along with Captain Kristensen, Bull, Borchgrevink, and Tunzelmann in January 1895,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> making Joss the first known Māori to get so close to the continent. Timaru William Joss (1905–1955), William Timaru's grandson, joined Admiral Richard E. Byrd's expedition to Antarctica in 1935.<ref name="SouthDict"/>

World War era

Sculpture of Tipene O'Regan, rangatira, Template:Lang, writer, orator, teacher, and principal negotiator of the Ngai Tahu settlement

Over 270 individuals of Ngāi Tahu connection served during World War I, including some who fought with the New Zealand (Māori) Pioneer Battalion. A handful of notable servicemen included: Turu Rakerawa Hiroti, Hoani Parata, James William Tepene, and John Charles Tamanuiarangi Tikao, all of whom held the rank of captain. One soldier born of chiefly ranking was Private Hohepa Teihoka of Kaiapoi, who was nearly 19 years old when he arrived in Dardanelles in July 1915.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

George Henry West (Kāi Te Rakiāmoa) was the first pilot of Māori-descent to join the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) in 1936. During a training flight on the night of 11 May 1939, his student accidentally undershot a landing exercise. West died of his injuries the following day.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> John Pohe was otherwise the first full-blooded Māori pilot to join the RNZAF in 1941.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>

Turu Rakerewa Hiroti and John Charles Tamanuiarangi Tikao would go on to serve during World War II. The former serving as a recruitment officer,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the latter serving as a captain with the Māori Battalion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Timaru William Joss also served with the United States Navy, in charge of a barge during the Normandy landings.<ref name="SouthDict">Template:Cite book</ref>

Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998

The New Zealand Parliament passed the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act in 1998 to record an apology from the Crown and to settle claims made under the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi. One of the Act's provisions covered the use of dual English and Māori names for geographical locations in the Ngāi Tahu tribal area. The recognised tribal authority, Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, is based in Christchurch and in Invercargill.<ref name="tkmentry" />

21st century

South Island rivers claim

In 2021, the iwi began legal proceedings against the New Zealand government, claiming "repeated failures over successive governments to protect the country's waterways" and further that "the crown must recognise their rangatiratanga — governing authority and self-determination — over waterways stretching across most of the South Island".<ref name="mcclure-2021"> Template:Cite news </ref> ATemplate:Nbspcore contributor to the degradation of water quality has been the growth of intensive dairy farming over three decades which has left many South Island rivers with deficient streamflows and problematic nitrateTemplate:Nbhyphbased eutrophication.<ref name="mcclure-2021"/> Between 1990 and 2020, the number of dairy cattle in the Canterbury region increased from 113,000 to over 1.2 million. Included in that number are Ngāi Tahu's own cattle; the business arm of the iwi has a substantial farming investment.<ref name="mcclure-2021"/><ref name="Chal2018">Template:Cite web</ref>

Dialect

Template:See also In the 19th century many Ngāi Tahu, particularly in the southernmost reaches of the South Island, spoke a distinct dialect of the Māori language, sometimes referred to as Southern Māori, which was so different from the northern version of the language that missionary Rev. James Watkin, based at Karitane found materials prepared by North Island missions could not be used in Otago.<ref name="harlow87">Harlow, R. (1987). A word-list of South Island Maori. Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand. Template:ISBN</ref> However, from the 20th century to the early 21st century, the dialect came close to extinction and was officially discouraged.<ref>Harlow, R.B. (1979). ""Regional Variation in Maori". New Zealand Journal of Archaeology, 1, 123–138.</ref>

Southern Māori contains almost all of the same phonemes as other Māori dialects (Template:IPA), along with the same diphthongs but lacks Template:IPA ("ng"), a sound that merged with Template:IPA in prehistoric times: Template:Lang becomes Template:Lang). The change did not occur in the northern part of the Ngāi Tahu area, and the possible presence of additional phonemes (Template:IPA) has been debated. Nonstandard consonants are sometimes identified in the spellings of South Island place names, such as g (as distinct from k, e.g., Katigi, Otago), v (e.g., Mavora), l instead of r (e.g., Little Akaloa, Kilmog, Waihola, Rakiula), and w or u instead of wh as reflecting dialect difference, but similar spellings and pronunciations also occur in the North Island (e.g. Tolaga Bay).<ref name="harlow87"/>

The apocope, the dropping of the final vowel of words, resulting from pronunciations like 'Wacky-white' for "Waikouaiti" has been identified with Southern Māori. However, the devoicing, rather than apocope, of final vowels occurs in the speech of native Māori-speakers throughout New Zealand, and the pronunciation of the names of North Island towns by locals often omits final vowels as well, like in the pronunciation of "Paraparam" or "Waiuk".<ref name="harlow87"/>

Governance

Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu (TRoNT) is the governance entity of Ngāi Tahu, following the Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the Template:Lang and the New Zealand Government under Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998.<ref>For example: Template:Cite web</ref> It is also a mandated Template:Lang organisation under the Māori Fisheries Act 2004, an Template:Lang aquaculture organisation under the Māori Commercial Aquaculture Claims Settlement Act 2004, an Template:Lang authority under the Resource Management Act 1991 and a Tūhono organisation. It also represents Ngāi Tahu Whānui, the collective of Template:Lang including Waitaha, Ngāti Māmoe, and Ngāi Tahu, including, Ngāti Kurī, Ngāti Irakehu, Ngāti Huirapa, Ngāi Tūāhuriri, and Ngāi Te Ruahikihiki, under Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu Act 1996.<ref name="papatipu">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="tkmentry">Template:Cite web</ref>

The interests of Ngāi Tahu cover a wide range of regions, including the territories of Tasman District Council, Marlborough District Council, West Coast Regional Council, Environment Canterbury, Otago Regional Council and Environment Southland, and the district councils which make up these regional councils.<ref name="tkmentry" />

Template:Lang/Template:Lang, as constituent areas of Ngāi Tahu, each have an elected board which then elect a representative to Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Ngāi Tahu has a very corporate structure, in part due to the death of an important Template:Lang (paramount chief), Te Maiharanui, at the time of the arrival of Europeans in New Zealand.Template:Why Under the Resource Management Act, both the trust and local Template:Lang should be consulted with about natural resource matters. The 18 representatives of Template:Lang oversee Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu as a charitable trust. The Template:Lang (chairperson) from 2016 was Lisa Tumahai, the chief executive officer is Arihia Bennett, the general counsel is Chris Ford, and the trust is based in Addington, Christchurch.<ref name="tkmentry" /> Justin Tipa, a board member, was appointed kaiwhakahaere in 2023.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2024 Bennett stepped down as chief executive after 12 years in the role.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Rūnanga and marae

Canterbury rūnanga

Ngāi Tahu has nine Template:Lang in Canterbury:

  • Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura centres on Takahanga and extends from Te Parinui o Whiti to the Hurunui River and inland to the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana.<ref name="decorder2001">Template:Cite web</ref> Takahanga marae in Kaikōura includes Maru Kaitatea meeting house.<ref name="tkmentry" />
  • Te Ngāi Tūāhuriri Rūnanga centres on Rūnanga Tuahiwi and extends from the Hurunui to Hakatere, sharing an interest with Arowhenua Runanga northwards to the Rakaia River, and thence inland to the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana.<ref name="decorder2001" /> The Tuahiwi marae of the Ngāi Tūāhuriri Template:Lang is located in Tuahiwi and includes Māhunui II meeting house.<ref name="tkmentry" />
  • Rapaki Rūnanga centres on Te Rāpaki-o-Te Rakiwhakaputa and includes the catchment of Whakaraupo and Te Kaituna.<ref name="decorder2001" /> Rāpaki Marae, also known as Te Wheke Marae, is located near Governors Bay.<ref name="tkmentry" />
  • Te Rūnanga o Koukourarata centres on Koukourarata and extends from the Pōhatu Template:Lang to the shores of Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora, including Te Kaituna.<ref name="decorder2001" /> Koukourarata Marae is located in Koukourarata, and includes Tūtehuarewa meeting house.<ref name="tkmentry" />
  • Wairewa Rūnanga centres on Wairewa and the catchment of Lake Te Wairewa and the hills and coast to the adjoining Template:Lang of Koukourarata, Onuku Rūnanga, and Taumutu Rūnanga.<ref name="decorder2001" /> Wairewa marae is located at Little River and includes Te Mako meeting house.<ref name="tkmentry" />
  • Te Rūnanga o Ōnuku centres on Ōnuku and the hills and coasts of Akaroa to the adjoining Template:Lang of Te Rūnanga o Koukourarata and Wairewa Runanga.<ref name="decorder2001" /> Ōnuku marae includes the Karaweko meeting house.<ref name="tkmentry" />
  • Taumutu Rūnanga centres on Taumutu and the waters of Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora and adjoining lands and shares a common interest with Te Ngāi Tūāhuriri Rūnanga and Te Rūnanga o Arowhenua in the area south to Hakatere.<ref name="decorder2001" /> The local marae, Ngāti Moki, is located in Taumutu.<ref name="tkmentry" />
  • Te Rūnanga o Arowhenua centres on Arowhenua, Temuka and extends from Rakaia to Waitaki, sharing interests with Ngāi Tūāhuriri ki Kaiapoi between Hakatere and Rakaia, and thence inland to Aoraki / Mount Cook and the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana.<ref name="decorder2001" /> The Ngati Huirapa (Template:Lang) Arowhenua, Te Hapa o Niu Tireni, Temuka.<ref name="tkmentry" />
  • Te Rūnanga o Waihao centres on Wainono, sharing interests with Te Rūnanga o Arowhenua to the Waitaki River, and extends inland to Omarama and the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana.<ref name="decorder2001" /> The Waihao marae is in Waimate.<ref name="tkmentry" />

Otago rūnanga

Ngāi Tahu has three Template:Lang in Otago:

  • Te Rūnanga o Moeraki centres on Moeraki and extends from Waitaki to Waihemo and inland to the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana.<ref name="decorder2001" /> Moeraki marae in located in Moeraki and includes Uenuku meeting house.<ref name="tkmentry" />
  • Kati Huirapa ki Puketeraki centres on Karitane and extends from Waihemo to Purehurehu and includes an interest in Ōtepoti and the greater harbour of Ōtākou. The Template:Lang extends inland to the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana, sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains to Whakatipu-Waitai with Rūnanga to the south.<ref name="decorder2001" /> The Huirapa Template:Lang have the Puketeraki marae in Karitāne.<ref name="tkmentry" />
  • Te Rūnanga o Otakou centres on Ōtākou and extends from Purehurehu to Te Matau and inland, sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains to the western coast with Rūnanga to the north and to the south (includes the city of Dunedin).<ref name="decorder2001" /> The Ōtākou marae is located at Otago Heads, and includes the Tamatea meeting house.<ref name="tkmentry" />

West Coast rūnanga

Ngāi Tahu has two Template:Lang in Westland:

  • Te Rūnanga o Makaawhio centres on Mahitahi and extends from the south bank of the Pouerua River to Piopiotahi and inland to the Main Divide, together with a shared interest with Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Waewae in the area situated between the north bank of the Pouerua River and the south bank of the Hokitika River.<ref name="decorder2001" /> Their marae, Te Tauraka Waka a Maui, at Mahitahi, officially opened on 23 January 2005. Southern Westland, only thinly settled by Māori, had — uniquely in the Template:Lang's region — lacked a marae for 140 years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The marae includes the Kaipo meeting house.<ref name="tkmentry" />
  • Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Waewae (sometimes Te Rūnaka o Kāti Waewae) centres on the Arahura River and Hokitika and extends from the north bank of the Hokitika River to Kahurangi Point and inland to the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana, together with a shared interest with Te Rūnanga o Makaawhio in the area situated between the north bank of the Pouerua River and the south bank of the Hokitika River. Ned Tauwhare is Template:As of chair of the Rūnanga.<ref name="decorder2001" /> Arahura marae, north of Hokitika, includes the Tūhuru meeting house.<ref name="tkmentry" />

Southland rūnanga

Ngāi Tahu has four Template:Lang in Southland:

  • Waihopai Rūnaka centres on Waihopai and extends northwards to Te Matau sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains to the western coast with other Murihiku Template:Lang and those located from Waihemo southwards.<ref name="decorder2001" /> The Murihiku marae and Te Rakitauneke meeting house are located in Invercargill.<ref name="tkmentry" />
  • Te Rūnanga o Awarua centres on Awarua and extends to the coasts and estuaries adjoining Waihopai sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains between Whakatipu-Waitai and Tawhititarere with other Murihiku rūnanga and those located from Waihemo southwards.<ref name="decorder2001" /> Its marae, Te Rau Aroha, is located at Bluff, and includes Tahu Potiki meeting house.<ref name="tkmentry" />
  • Te Rūnanga o Oraka Aparima centres on Colac Bay / Ōraka and extends from Waimatuku to Tawhititarere sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains from Whakatipu-Waitai to Tawhititarere with other Murihiku Runanga and those located from Waihemo southwards.<ref name="decorder2001" /> The rūnanga has a marae, Takutai o te Titi, in Riverton.<ref name="tkmentry" />
  • Hokonui Rūnanga centres on the Hokonui region and includes a shared interest in the lakes and mountains between Whakatipu-Waitai and Tawhitarere with other Murihiku rūnanga and those located from Waihemo southwards.<ref name="decorder2001" /> Its marae, O Te Ika Rama, is located in Gore.<ref name="tkmentry" />

Trading enterprise

Shotover Jet in Queenstown is one of several assets owned by Ngāi Tahu Holdings

Ngāi Tahu actively owns or invests in many businesses throughout the country. In the 2008 financial year, Ngāi Tahu Holdings had a net surplus of $80.4 million, of which $11.5 million was distributed to members of the Template:Lang via Template:Lang and Template:Lang.<ref>Te Runanga o Ngāi Tahu, Annual Report 2008, page 85</ref>

Tourism

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Primary industries

  • Ngāi Tahu Seafood
  • 31 forests totaling more than 100,000 hectares

Property and other investments

Ngāi Tahu Property currently has assets with a market value in excess of $550 million. Ngāi Tahu has an investment portfolio of prime properties including:<ref>Template:Cite web Template:Dead link</ref>

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  • Akaroa residential developments
  • Armstrong Prestige, Christchurch
  • Christchurch Civic Building
  • Christchurch Courts Complex
  • The former Christchurch Police Station site<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Christchurch Post Building (with Christchurch City Council)
  • Christchurch residential developments
  • Dunedin Police Station
  • Franz Josef Glacier Hot Pools
  • Governor's Bay residential developments
  • Iveagh Bay Terraces
  • Lincoln Farm subdivision (with Lincoln University)
  • Mahaanui Office (for Department of Conservation)
  • Building 4 (Queenstown Courts Building)
  • Queenstown Police Station
  • Pig and Whistle, Queenstown
  • Ryman Healthcare (40 million shares)
  • Sockburn Business Park, Blenheim Road
  • Tower Junction Village, Addington
  • Tower Junction Megacentre, Christchurch
  • Turners Car Auctions, Addington
  • Tumara Park
  • Wigram Air Base, Christchurch
  • Wigram National Trade Academy
  • Wigram Village<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

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Tahu FM

Template:Main Tahu FM is the Template:Lang's official radio station. It began as Christchurch's Template:Lang on 6 February 1991. Between 1996 and 2001, it formed a broadcasting partnership with Mai FM and began playing more urban contemporary music.<ref name=tahujoint>Template:Cite news</ref> It changed its name to Template:Lang FM in December 1997, and briefly changed its name to Template:Lang FM in 1999 before reverting to Template:Lang FM.<ref name=lisareedy>Template:Cite news</ref> It broadcasts in Christchurch on Template:Frequency. In 2000 it began broadcasting Kaikōura on Template:Frequency, Dunedin on Template:Frequency, Invercargill on Template:Frequency, and around the country on Template:Frequency.<ref name=christchurch>Template:Cite web</ref>

Tahu FM resumed broadcasting five days after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, with assistance from Te Upoko O Te Ika and other Template:Lang radio stations, and operated as the city's Māori language civil defence station.<ref name=hrc>Template:Cite news</ref> In December 2014 it was recognised as the country's highest-rating Māori radio station.<ref name=maorimedia>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=tahutomai>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Notable Ngāi Tahu

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References

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