Ngāti Porou

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:Use New Zealand English Template:Infobox Iwi

Ngāti Porou is a Māori iwi traditionally located in the East Cape and Gisborne regions of the North Island of New Zealand. It has the second-largest affiliation of any iwi, behind Ngāpuhi, with an estimated 102,480 people according to the 2023 census.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The traditional rohe or tribal area of Ngāti Porou extends from Pōtikirua and Lottin Point in the north to Te Toka-a-Taiau (a rock that used to sit in the mouth of Gisborne harbour) in the south.<ref name="tkm">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Ngāti Porou iwi comprises 58 hapū (sub-tribes) and 48 mārae (meeting grounds).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Mount Hikurangi features prominently in Ngāti Porou traditions as a symbol of endurance and strength, and holds tapu status. In these traditions, Hikurangi is often personified. Ngāti Porou traditions indicate that Hikurangi was the first point to surface when Māui fished up the North Island from beneath the ocean. His canoe, the Nuku-tai-memeha, is said to have been wrecked there. The Waiapu River also features in Ngāti Porou traditions.<ref name="mahuika">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="reedy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

History

File:Paepae.jpg
Ngāti Porou paepae pātaka (threshold of a storehouse) in the Waiapu Valley
File:Maori-rafters-in-house.jpg
Wharenui (meeting house) in Waiomatatini, 1896, named Porourangi after the ancestor Ngāti Porou derive their name from.<ref name="TeAraPorourangiWhare">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Pre-European history

Ngāti Porou takes its name from the ancestor Porourangi, also known as Porou Ariki.<ref name="ngata">Template:Cite book</ref> He was a direct descendant of Toi-kai-rākau, Māui (accredited in oral tradition with raising the North Island from the sea), and Paikea the whale rider.<ref name="mahuika"/><ref name="reedy"/>

Although Ngāti Porou claim the Nukutaimemeha as their foundation canoe, many Ngāti Porou ancestors arrived on different canoes, including Horouta, Tākitimu and Tereanini. The descendants of Porourangi and Toi formed groups that spread across the East Cape through conquest and through strategic marriage alliances.<ref name="mahuika"/><ref name="reedy"/>

Genealogical associations with other iwi also arise through direct descent from Ngāti Porou ancestors:

  • Kahungunu, descending from Ueroa (the second son of Porourangi), is the founding ancestor of Ngāti Kahungunu.
  • Taua, descended from Kahungunu, is a prominent ancestor in Te Whānau-ā-Apanui genealogy.
  • Ngāti Raukawa and the Tainui iwi have association through Porourangi's daughter Rongomaianiwaniwa and through the marriage of the ancestress Māhinaarangi to Tūrongo.
  • Tahupōtiki, younger-brother to the Porourangi, is Ngāi Tahu's founding ancestor.<ref name="mahuika"/><ref name="reedy"/>

Colonial history

Ngāti Porou sustained heavy losses over the course of the Musket Wars, a period of heightened warfare between iwi unleashed by the adoption of firearms and resulting power imbalances. The iwi's first experience of musket warfare came in 1819, when a raid by Ngāpuhi rangatira Te Morenga led to the capture and killing of many members, including two rangatira.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> That same year a second attack by Hongi Hika of Ngāpuhi and Te Haupa of Ngāti Maru targeted the iwi’s pā at Wharekahika Bay, but Te Haupa was slain and the raid was repelled at the cost of heavy casualties.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Heavy defeats came at the hands of a raiding party led by the Ngāpuhi rangatira Pōmare I and Te Wera Hauraki, who through force and guile sacked the pā of Okauwharetoa and Te Whetumatarau near Te Araroa. Te Wera Hauraki’s forces would then move on to sack additional pā in the area of Waiapu River and Whareponga Bay.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A final defeat at the hands of Ngāpuhi took place in 1823, when a preemptive attack by a large army of Ngāti Porou warriors on Pōmare’s trespassing forces in Te Araroa was cut down in open field by musket fire. The rangatira Taotaoriri was then able to negotiate a favorable peace between the two iwi, a deal sealed by his marriage to the Ngāti Porou noblewoman Hikupoto and the return of Rangi-i-paea, who had been abducted and married to Pōmare in a previous raid.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This peace was to have important religious consequences, as a number of Ngāti Porou rangatira freed by Ngāpuhi in later negotiations would go on to spread the Christianity they had adopted from European missionaries during the course of their captivity.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

A second wave of violence rocked Ngāti Porou starting in 1829, when the presence of Ngāti Porou passengers on the ship where the Ngāti Awa rangatira Ngarara was assassinated by Ngāpuhi marked the iwi as a target for retribution.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Minor raids by Ngāti Awa and their allies Whakatōhea and Te Whānau-ā-Apanui in 1829 and 1831 resulted in the deaths of some Ngāti Porou, which triggered retaliatory action from the iwi.<ref name=":0" /> In 1832 Ngāti Porou joined forces with Ngāpuhi, Rongowhakaata, and Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki to seize Kekeparaoa pā and expel the four hundred Whakatōhea members who had come to occupy it after being unilaterally invited to do so by a Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki hapū.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A second 1832 raid, this time against Te Whānau-ā-Apanui, did not meet with the same success, as the defenders of Wharekura pā rebuffed the attackers and slew two Ngāti Porou rangatira.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> Two years later, a retaliatory raid by Te Whānau-ā-Apanui was in turn rebuffed by forces under the rangatira Kakatarau, whose father Pakura was killed at Wharekura.<ref name=":1" /> Ngāti Porou then joined forces with Te Wera’s Ngāpuhi and Te Kani-a-Takirau’s Rongowhakaata to attack Te Whānau-ā-Apanui at Te Kaha Point’s formidable Toka a Kuku pā. After six months of siege and heavy fighting, including the defeat of numerous sorties and the routing of a relief force of fourteen hundred warriors from Whakatōhea, Ngāi Tai, and Ngāti Awa, the attackers eventually proved unable to seize the pā and returned home.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The extraordinary battlefield feats of the Christian Ngāti Porou rangatira Piripi Taumata-a-Kura lent him enormous prestige, which he soon leveraged to convert other Ngāti Porou rangatira and lead Te Whānau-ā-Apanui and Ngāti Porou to a peace accord in 1837.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The waning of the Musket Wars and the unifying influence of Christianity ushered in a period of relative calm and cultural development. Ngāti Porou chiefs were also signatories to the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. Ngāti Porou experienced substantial economic growth during the 1850s.<ref name="mahuika"/><ref name="reedy"/>

During the 1860s, the Pai Mārire religious movement spread through the North Island, and eventually came into conflict with the New Zealand Government. From 1865–1870, a civil war emerged within Ngāti Porou between Pai Mārire converts seeking the creation of an independent Māori state (supported by Pai Mārire from other regions) and other Ngāti Porou advocating tribal sovereignty and independence. This conflict is generally viewed as part of the East Cape War.<ref name="mahuika"/><ref name="reedy"/>

Modern history

Ngāti Porou once again enjoyed peace and economic prosperity during the late 19th century. The 1890s saw the emergence of Sir Āpirana Ngata, who contributed greatly to the revitalisation of the Māori people. During the early 20th century, the population of Ngāti Porou increased substantially. They were active in their participation in both World Wars.<ref name="mahuika"/><ref name="reedy"/>

After World War II, large numbers of Ngāti Porou began emigrating from traditional tribal lands and moving into larger urban areas, in a trend reflected throughout New Zealand. A large portion of the tribal population now lives in Auckland and Wellington.<ref name="mahuika"/><ref name="reedy"/>

Hapū and marae

Name<ref name="tkm" /> Rohe (tribal area)<ref name="tkm" /> Marae (meeting grounds)<ref name="tkm" /> Location<ref name="tkm" />
Template:AnchorNgāi Taharora Waiapu ki Tawhiti Taharora Waipiro Bay
Template:AnchorNgāi Tamakoro Potikirua ki Waiapu Tutua Te Araroa
Template:AnchorNgāi Tangihaere Waiapu ki Tawhiti Kariaka, Ruataupare, Whareponga Ruatoria
Template:AnchorNgāi Tāne Potikirua ki Waiapu Hinepare, Ōhinewaiapu Rangitukia
Template:AnchorNgāi Tutekohi Tawhiti ki Rototahe Hauiti Tolaga Bay
Template:AnchorNgāti Hau Tawhiti ki Rototahe Hinetamatea Anaura Bay
Template:AnchorNgāti Hokopū Potikirua ki Waiapu Hinepare, Ōhinewaiapu Rangitukia
Template:AnchorNgāti Horowai Waiapu ki Tawhiti Te Horo Port Awanui
Template:AnchorNgāti Ira Tawhiti ki Rototahe Ōkurī, Tuatini Tolaga Bay, Tokomaru Bay
Template:AnchorNgāti Kahu Potikirua ki Waiapu Punaruku Hicks Bay
Template:AnchorNgāti Kahukuranui Tawhiti ki Rototahe Hauiti, Hinemaurea ki Mangatuna, Ōkurī Tolaga Bay
Template:AnchorNgāti Kōnohi Rototahe ki Te Toka a Taiau Te Poho o Rawiri, Whāngārā Kaitī, Whāngārā
Template:AnchorNgāti Nua Potikirua ki Waiapu Hinepare, Ōhinewaiapu Rangitukia
Template:AnchorNgāti Oneone Rototahe ki Te Toka a Taiau Te Poho o Rawiri Kaitī
Template:AnchorNgāti Patu Whare Tawhiti ki Rototahe Te Rawheoro Tolaga Bay
Template:AnchorNgāti Putaanga Potikirua ki Waiapu Kaiwaka, Putaanga Tikitiki
Template:AnchorNgāti Rangi Waiapu ki Tawhiti Reporua Ruatoria
Template:AnchorNgāti Tuere Potikirua ki Waiapu Hinemaurea ki Wharekahika, Hinerupe, Tutua Rangitukia, Hicks Bay
Template:AnchorNgāti Uepōhatu Waiapu ki Tawhiti Mangahanea Marae, Uepōhatu, Umuariki Ruatoria, Tūpāroa
Template:AnchorNgāti Wakarara Tawhiti ki Rototahe Hinetamatea Tokomaru Bay
Template:AnchorTe Aitanga a Hauiti Tawhiti ki Rototahe Hauiti, Te Rawheoro Tolaga Bay
Template:AnchorTe Aitanga a Materoa Waiapu ki Tawhiti Hiruhārama, Penu Marae, Rongohaere, Whareponga Ruatoria
Template:AnchorTe Aowera Waiapu ki Tawhiti Hiruhārama, Te Aowera Ruatoria
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Hineauta Waiapu ki Tawhiti Tikapa Tikapa
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Hinekehu Waiapu ki Tawhiti Kariaka, Rauru Ruatoria
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Hinepare Potikirua ki Waiapu Hinepare, Awatere, Hinerupe, Hurae, Kaiwaka, Rāhui Rangitukia, Te Araroa, Tikitiki
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Hinetāpora Waiapu ki Tawhiti Mangahanea Marae, Te Heapera Ruatoria
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Hunaara Potikirua ki Waiapu Matahī o Te Tau, Ōhinewaiapu Horoera, Rangitukia
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Iritekura Waiapu ki Tawhiti Iritekura Waipiro Bay
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Karuwai Potikirua ki Waiapu Hinerupe, Karuwai, Waiomatatini Te Araroa, Tikitiki, Ruatoria
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Mahaki Waiapu ki Tawhiti Te Horo Port Awanui
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Pōkai Waiapu ki Tawhiti Tikapa Tikapa
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Rākaihoea Waiapu ki Tawhiti Kākāriki Waiomatatini
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Rākaimataura Potikirua ki Waiapu Rāhui Tikitiki
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Rākairoa Waiapu ki Tawhiti Akuaku, Kie Kie Waipiro Bay, Ruatoria
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Rerewa Potikirua ki Waiapu Hinepare, Ōhinewaiapu Rangitukia
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Ruataupare ki Tokomaru Tawhiti ki Rototahe Pakirikiri, Tuatini, Waiparapara, Ruatepupuke II Tokomaru Bay
Template:AnchorTe Whanau a Ruataupare ki Tuparoa Waiapu ki Tawhiti Tūpāroa Tūpāroa
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Takimoana Potikirua ki Waiapu Ōhinewaiapu Rangitukia
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Tapuaeururangi Potikirua ki Waiapu Pōtaka Pōtaka
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Tāpuhi Potikirua ki Waiapu Taumata o Tapuhi Rangitukia
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Te Aotakī Potikirua ki Waiapu Hinemaurea ki Wharekahika Hicks Bay
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Te Aotawarirangi Tawhiti ki Rototahe Te Ariuru Tokomaru Bay
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Te Haemata Waiapu ki Tawhiti Kie Kie Waipiro Bay
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Te Rangipureora Tawhiti ki Rototahe Puketawai Marae Tolaga Bay
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Te Uruahi Potikirua ki Waiapu Tinātoka Marae Tikitiki
Template:AnchorTe Whanau a Tinatoka Potikirua ki Waiapu Te Poho o Tinatoka Tikitiki
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Tuwhakairiora Potikirua ki Waiapu Hinemaurea ki Wharekahika, Hinerupe Hicks Bay, Te Araroa
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Umuariki Waiapu ki Tawhiti Umuariki Tūpāroa
Template:AnchorTe Whānau a Uruhonea Waiapu ki Tawhiti Te Horo Port Awanui

Governance

Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou was established in 1987 to be the tribal authority of the iwi. It is organised into a whānau and hapū development branch, economic development branch, and a corporate services branch, and aims to maintain the financial, physical and spiritual assets of the tribe.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The common law trust is overseen by a board, with two representatives from each of the seven ancestral zones. As of 2022, the Rūnanga is based in Gisborne, and is chaired by Selwyn Parata, with George Reedy as the chief executive.

The trust administers Treaty of Waitangi settlements under the Ngati Porou Claims Settlement Act, represents the iwi under the Māori Fisheries Act, and is the official iwi authority for resource consent consultation under the Resource Management Act. Its rohe is contained within the territory of Gisborne District Council, which is both a regional and district council.<ref name="tkm"/>

Media

Radio Ngāti Porou is the official station of Ngāti Porou. It is based in Ruatoria and broadcasts on Template:Frequency in Tikitiki, Template:Frequency at Tolaga Bay, Template:Frequency in Gisborne, Template:Frequency in Ruatoria, and Template:Frequency at Hicks Bay.<ref name=radiongatiporou>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=maorimedia>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Notable people

Template:Main category There are many notable people who are affiliated to Ngāti Porou. This is a list of some of them. Template:Columns-list

References

Template:Reflist

Template:Iwi Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Ngāti_Porou&oldid=546172"