North Sentinel Island

Template:Short description Template:Use Indian English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox islands North Sentinel Island is one of the Andaman Islands, an Indian archipelago in the Bay of Bengal which also includes South Sentinel Island.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A protected area of India, it is home to the Sentinelese, an indigenous tribe in voluntary isolation who have defended—often with force—their protected isolation from the outside world. The island is about Template:Convert long and Template:Convert wide, and its area is approximately Template:Convert.

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands Protection of Aboriginal Tribes Regulation 1956<ref name="Times of India">Template:Cite news</ref> prohibits travel to the island and any approach closer than Template:Convert, in order to protect the remaining tribal community from "mainland" infectious diseases against which they likely have no acquired immunity. The area is patrolled by the Indian Navy.<ref name="cnn.com">Template:Cite news</ref>

Nominally, the island belongs to the South Andaman administrative district, part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.<ref name="census">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In practice, Indian authorities recognise the islanders' desire to be left alone, restricting outsiders to remote monitoring (by boat and sometimes air) from a reasonably safe distance; the Government of India will not prosecute the Sentinelese for killing people in the event that an outsider ventures ashore.<ref name="Foster 2006">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="offmap">Template:Cite book</ref> In 2018, the Government of India excluded 29 islands—including North Sentinel—from the Restricted Area Permit (RAP) regime, in a major effort to boost tourism.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In November 2018, the government's home ministry stated that the relaxation of the prohibition on visitations was intended to allow researchers and anthropologists (with pre-approved clearance) to finally visit the Sentinel islands.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The Sentinelese have repeatedly attacked approaching vessels, whether the boats were intentionally visiting the island or simply ran aground on the surrounding coral reef. The islanders have been observed shooting arrows at boats, as well as at low-flying helicopters. Such attacks have resulted in injury and death. In 2006, islanders killed two fishermen whose boat had drifted ashore, and in 2018 an American Christian missionary, 26-year-old John Allen Chau, was killed after he illegally attempted to make contact with the islanders three separate times to spread Christianity to them by paying local fishermen to transport him to the island.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="reuters">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

History

The Onge, one of the other indigenous peoples of the Andamans, were aware of North Sentinel Island's existence; their traditional name for the island is Chia daaKwokweyeh.<ref name="andaman.org" /><ref name=UPA2/>Template:Rp They also have strong cultural similarities with what little has been remotely observed amongst the Sentinelese. However, Onges brought to North Sentinel Island by the British during the 19th century could not understand the language spoken by the North Sentinelese; as such, a significant period of separation is likely.<ref name="andaman.org" /><ref name=UPA2/>Template:Rp

British visits

British surveyor John Ritchie observed "a multitude of lights" from an East India Company hydrographic survey vessel, the Diligent, as it passed by the island in 1771.<ref name="andaman.org" /><ref name=UPA2/>Template:Rp<ref name="Goodheart">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Homfray, an administrator, travelled to the island in March 1867.<ref name="Befriending">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

Towards the end of the same year's summer monsoon season, Nineveh, an Indian merchant ship, was wrecked on a reef near the island. The 106 surviving passengers and crewmen landed on the beach in the ship's boat and fended off attacks by the Sentinelese. They were eventually found by a Royal Navy rescue party.<ref name=UPA2/>Template:Rp

Portman's expeditions

An expedition led by Maurice Vidal Portman, a government administrator who hoped to research the natives and their customs, landed on North Sentinel Island in January 1880. The group found a network of pathways and several small, abandoned villages. After several days, six Sentinelese – an elderly couple and four children – were taken to Port Blair. The colonial officer in charge of the operation wrote that the entire group

"sickened rapidly, and the old man and his wife died, so the four children were sent back to their home with quantities of presents".<ref name="andaman.org" /><ref name="Goodheart" /><ref name="Befriending" />Template:Rp

A second landing was made by Portman on 27 August 1883 after the eruption of Krakatoa was mistaken for gunfire and interpreted as the distress signal of a ship. A search party landed on the island and left gifts before returning to Port Blair.<ref name="andaman.org" /><ref name="Befriending" />Template:Rp Portman visited the island several more times between January 1885 and January 1887.<ref name="Befriending" />Template:Rp

After Indian independence

Early landings

File:North Sentinel Island 1732160137 dff5236475 o.jpg

Landsat map

Indian exploratory parties under orders to establish friendly relations with the Sentinelese made brief landings on the island every few years beginning in 1967.<ref name="andaman.org" /> In 1975, Leopold III of Belgium, on a tour of the Andamans, was taken by local dignitaries for an overnight cruise to the waters off North Sentinel Island.<ref name="Goodheart" />

Shipwrecks

The cargo ship MV Rusley ran aground on coastal reefs in mid-1977, and the MV Primrose did so on 2 August 1981. After the Primrose grounded on the North Sentinel Island reef, crewmen several days later noticed that some men carrying spears and arrows were building boats on the beach. The captain of Primrose radioed for an urgent drop of firearms so his crew could defend themselves. They did not receive any because a large storm stopped other ships from reaching them, but the heavy seas also prevented the islanders from approaching the ship. A week later, the crewmen were rescued by a helicopter under contract to the Indian Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Sentinelese are known to have scavenged both shipwrecks for iron. Settlers from Port Blair also visited the sites to recover the cargo. In 1991, salvage operators were authorised to dismantle the ships.<ref name="UPA2">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

First peaceful contact

The first peaceful contact with the Sentinelese was made by Triloknath Pandit, a director of the Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI), and his colleagues on 4 January 1991.<ref name=Befriending/>Template:Rp<ref name="McGirk 1993">Template:Cite news</ref> Although Pandit and his colleagues were able to make repeated friendly contact, dropping coconuts and other gifts to the Sentinelese, no progress was made in understanding the Sentinelese language, and the Sentinelese repeatedly warned them off if they stayed too long. Indian visits to the island ceased in 1997.<ref name="andaman.org" />

Anthropologist Anstice Justin, who is himself from a Nicobarese tribe, made seven visits to the island starting in 1986.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On these gift dropping missions, he and his team exchanged bananas and coconuts with the Sentinelese people. Despite having no common language the groups communicated and planted coconut saplings together. The expeditions stopped due to ethical concerns for the cultural and physical well being of the tribespeople, as well as changes in Indian government policies.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Indian Ocean earthquake and later hostile contacts

The Sentinelese survived the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and its after-effects, including the tsunami and the uplifting of the island. Three days after the earthquake, an Indian government helicopter observed several islanders, who shot arrows and threw spears and stones at the helicopter.<ref name="andaman.org" /><ref name=UPA2/>Template:Rp<ref name="NZ_Herald_10624531">Template:Cite news</ref> Although the tsunami disturbed the tribal fishing grounds, the Sentinelese appear to have adapted.<ref name="webertsu" />

In January 2006, two Indian fishermen, Sunder Raj and Pandit Tiwari, were fishing illegally in prohibited waters and were killed by the Sentinelese when their boat drifted too close to the island. There were no prosecutions.<ref name="Foster 2006" />

In November 2018, a 26-year old American Christian missionary named John Allen Chau,<ref name="Wapo21NovGod">Template:Cite news</ref> who was trained and sent by Missouri-based All Nations,<ref name="trained_news.au">Template:Cite news</ref> was killed during an illegal trip to the restricted island where he planned to preach Christianity to the Sentinelese.<ref name="BBC_missionary">Template:Cite news</ref> The 2023 documentary film The Mission discusses the incident. Seven individuals were taken into custody by Indian police on suspicion of abetting Chau's illegal access to the island.<ref name="trained_news.au" /> Entering a radius of Template:Convert around the island is illegal under Indian law.<ref name="Wapo21NovGod" /> The fishermen who illegally ferried Chau to North Sentinel said they saw tribesmen drag his body along a beach and bury it.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Despite efforts by Indian authorities, which involved a tense encounter with the tribe, Chau's body was not recovered.<ref name="trained_news.au" /> Indian officials made several attempts to recover the body but eventually abandoned those efforts. An anthropologist involved in the case told The Guardian that the risk of a dangerous clash between investigators and the islanders was too great to justify any further attempts.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In March 2025, another US citizen made an unauthorised landing on the island. He illegally left behind Diet Coke and coconuts, collected sand samples and recorded a video before returning.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref> He was subsequently arrested by the Indian Police Service and presented before the local court.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Following his arrest, he referred to himself as a "thrill seeker".<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Police have claimed that he attempted to conduct reconnaissance of North Sentinel Island in October 2024, and that he had explored other archipelago islands in January 2025 where he illegally recorded video footage of members of the protected Jarawa tribe.<ref name=":2" />

Geography

North Sentinel lies Template:Cvt west of the village of Wandoor in South Andaman Island,<ref name="andaman.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Convert west of Port Blair, and Template:Cvt north of its counterpart South Sentinel Island. It has an area of about Template:Convert and a roughly square outline.<ref name="cit" />

North Sentinel is surrounded by coral reefs, and lacks natural harbours. The entire island, other than the shore, is forested.<ref name="andaman2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There is a narrow, white-sand beach encircling the island, behind which the ground rises Template:Convert, and then gradually to between Template:Convert<ref name="nga" /><ref name="Pilot1887">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp near the centre. Reefs extend around the island to between Template:Cvt from the shore.<ref name="nga" /> A forested islet, Constance Island, also "Constance Islet",<ref name="nga" /> was located about Template:Convert off the southeast coastline, at the edge of the reef.

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake tilted the tectonic plate under the island, lifting it by Template:Nowrap. Large tracts of the surrounding coral reefs were exposed and became permanently dry land or shallow lagoons, extending all the island's boundaries – by as much as Template:Convert on the west and south sides – and uniting Constance Islet with the main island.<ref name=UPA2/>Template:Rp<ref name="webertsu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Flora and fauna

The island is largely covered in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest. Due to the lack of surveys, the exact composition of the terrestrial flora and fauna remains unknown. In his 1880 expedition to the island, Maurice Vidal Portman reported an open, "park-like" jungle with numerous groves of bulletwood (Manilkara littoralis) trees, as well as huge, buttressed specimens of Malabar silk-cotton tree (Bombax ceiba).<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Indian boar (Sus scrofa cristatus) are apparently found on the island. The boar are a major food source for the Sentinelese, with reports by Portman referring to a "huge heap" of pig skulls near a Sentinelese village.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> The IUCN Red List lists North Sentinel as being an important habitat for coconut crabs (Birgus latro), which have been otherwise extirpated from most of the other Andaman Islands except from South Sentinel and Little Andaman.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> North Sentinel Island, along with South Sentinel, is also considered a globally Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International, as despite the lack of surveys, the pristine habitat likely supports a diversity of birdlife.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The marine ecosystem surrounding the island remains poorly surveyed. A substantial coral reef is known to encircle the island, and mangroves are present along its shores. A Template:Circa report by divers indicated that the reefs experienced significant bleaching during the 1998 El Niño, but have since shown evidence of coral regeneration. Sightings of sharks have also been reported in the surrounding waters. Sea turtles are believed to inhabit the area, as noted by Portman, who described them as an important food source for the Sentinelese; one individual was observed during the 1999 survey. Dolphins were also recorded during the same expedition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Demographics

North Sentinel Island is inhabited by the Sentinelese, indigenous people who defend their voluntary isolation by force. Their population was estimated to be between 50 and 400 people in a 2012 report.<ref name="andaman.org" /> India's 2011 census indicates 15 residents<ref>census, archive.org; accessed 2 April 2017.</ref> in 10 households, but that too was merely an estimate, described as a "wild guess" by The Times of India.<ref name="Times of India" /> The official census numbers are merely a count of people that have been sighted by circumnavigating the island, and thus likely represents only a small part of the population.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Like the Jarawas whose numbers have been decreasing, the Sentinelese population would face the potential threats of infectious diseases to which they have no immunity, as well as violence from intruders. The Indian government has declared the entire island and its surrounding waters extending Template:Convert from the island to be an exclusion zone to protect them from outside interference.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Political status

Template:Wikisource/outer core{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|showblankpositional=1|unknown=|1|2|3|diagnose|has|italic|italics|lang|nocat|position|title|wislink|works|wslink}} The Andaman and Nicobar (Protection of Aboriginal Tribes) Regulation, 1956 provides protection to the Sentinelese and other native tribes in the region.<ref name="Express_DND">Template:Cite news</ref> The Andaman and Nicobar Administration stated in 2005 that they have no intention to interfere with the lifestyle or habitat of the Sentinelese and are not interested in pursuing any further contact with them or governing the island.<ref name="thewe">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Although North Sentinel Island is not legally an autonomous administrative division of India, scholars have referred to it and its people as effectively autonomous,<ref name="Rao">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or de facto sovereign.<ref name="Rao" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

External links

• The Sentinelese People – history of the Sentinelese and of the island
• Brief factsheet about the indigenous people of the Andaman Islands by the Andaman & Nicobar Administration (archived 10 April 2009)
• "The Andaman Tribes: Victims of Development"
• Video clip from Survival International
• Photographs of the 1981 Primrose rescue