List of states with nuclear weapons

Map of states with nuclear weapons by status in the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 2025: Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend

There are currently nine sovereign states that are generally understood to possess nuclear weapons, though only eight formally acknowledge possessing them.<ref name="nuclearweapons1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="v982">Template:Cite journal</ref> In order of first successful nuclear test, the world's nine nuclear-armed states are the United States (1945), Russia (1949), the United Kingdom (1952), France (1960), China (1964), India (1974), Pakistan (1998), and North Korea (2006); Israel is believed to have acquired nuclear weapons around 1967, but has never openly tested or formally acknowledged having them.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Under the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and China are recognized "nuclear-weapons states" (NWS). They are also the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Israel, India, and Pakistan never signed the NPT, while North Korea acceded to it in 1985 before announcing withdrawal in 2003.Template:Efn<ref>United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs Treaty Database</ref>

South Africa developed nuclear weapons by 1982 but dismantled them around 1989 and joined the NPT in 1991.<ref>Arms Control and Global Security, Paul R. Viotti – 2010, p 312</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the former Soviet republics of Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Belarus had nuclear weapons deployed on their territories, but agreed to transfer them to Russia (which inherited the Soviet Union's international rights and obligations) and join the NPT as non-nuclear-weapon states.

There are six states that do not possess nuclear weapons, but have nuclear weapons deployed on their territory. U.S. nuclear weapons are based in Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Turkey. Russian nuclear weapons are deployed in Belarus. During the Cold War, at least 23 states were known hosts of U.S., British, or Soviet nuclear weapons.<ref name="r092">Template:Cite journal</ref>

According to the Federation of American Scientists (FAS), there are 12,331 nuclear warheads in the world and approximately 3,904 of these are active, Template:As of.<ref name="status-world-nuclear-forces" /> In 2024, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) estimated that the total number of nuclear warheads had reached 12,121.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Approximately 9,585 nuclear warheads are kept with military stockpiles. About 3,904 warheads are deployed with operational forces. 2,100 warheads, which are primarily from Russia and the United States, are maintained for high operational alerts.

Statistics and force configuration

Template:Sidebar The following is a list of states that have acknowledged the possession of nuclear weapons or are presumed to possess them, the approximate number of warheads under their control, and the year they tested their first weapon and their force configuration. This list is informally known in global politics as the "Nuclear Club".<ref>"Nuclear club", Oxford English Dictionary: "nuclear club n. the nations that possess nuclear weapons." The term's first cited usage is from 1957.</ref><ref>Jane Onyanga-Omara, "The Nuclear Club: Who are the 9 members?" Template:Webarchive, USA TODAY, 6 January 2016</ref> With the exception of Russia and the United States (which have subjected their nuclear forces to independent verification under various treaties) these figures are estimates, in some cases quite unreliable estimates. In particular, under the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty thousands of Russian and US nuclear warheads are inactive in stockpiles awaiting processing. The fissile material contained in the warheads can then be recycled for use in nuclear reactors.

From a high of 70,300 active weapons in 1986, Template:As of there are approximately 3,880 active nuclear warheads and 12,119 total nuclear warheads in the world.<ref name="status-world-nuclear-forces"/> Many of the decommissioned weapons were simply stored or partially dismantled, not destroyed.<ref>Webster, Paul (July/August 2003). "Nuclear weapons: how many are there in 2009 and who has them? Template:Webarchive" The Guardian, 6 September 2009.</ref>

Additionally, since the dawn of the Atomic Age, the delivery methods of most states with nuclear weapons have evolved—with four acquiring a nuclear triad, while others have consolidated away from land and air deterrents to submarine-based forces.

Overview of nuclear states and their capacities

Country	Template:Longitem		First test		Thermo-nuclear power?<ref name="n520">Template:Cite web</ref>	Template:Longitem	Template:Longitem	Delivery method				Template:Longitem
	Total<ref name="role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now">Template:Cite web</ref>	Deployed<ref name="role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now" />	Date	Site				Sea	Air	Land	Notes
Template:Flagicon image United States<ref name="status-world-nuclear-forces">Template:Cite journal</ref>	3,700	1,770	16 July 1945 (Trinity)	Alamogordo, New Mexico		Party	Signatory				US triad<ref name="IISS 2012, pp. 54–55">IISS 2012, pp. 54–55</ref>	1,030
Template:Flagicon image Russian Federation<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	4,309	1,718	29 August 1949 (RDS-1)Template:Efn	Semipalatinsk, Kazakh SSR		Party	Signatory (ratified, but later revoked ratification)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>				Russian triad<ref name="IISS 2012, pp. 54–55"/>	715
Template:Nowrap<ref name="nuclearweapons1" /><ref name="status-world-nuclear-forces"/><ref name="aca">Template:Cite web</ref>	225	120	3 October 1952 (Hurricane)	Monte Bello Islands, Australia		Party	Ratifier				Trident submarines<ref>IISS 2012, p. 169</ref>Template:Efn	45
Template:Flagicon image France<ref name="nuclearweapons1" /><ref name="status-world-nuclear-forces" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	290	280	13 February 1960 (Gerboise Bleue)	Reggane, French Algeria		Party	Ratifier				Triomphant submarines, air capability<ref>IISS 2012, p. 111</ref>Template:Efn	210
Template:Flagicon image China<ref name="nuclearweapons1" /><ref name="status-world-nuclear-forces" /><ref name="aca" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	600	24	16 October 1964 (596)	Lop Nur, Xinjiang		Party	Signatory				Chinese triad<ref>The Long Shadow: Nuclear Weapons and Security in 21st Century Asia by Muthiah Alagappa (NUS Press, 2009), page 169: "China has developed strategic nuclear forces made up of land-based missiles, submarine-launched missiles, and bombers. Within this triad, China has also developed weapons of different ranges, capabilities, and survivability."</ref><ref>IISS 2012, pp. 223–224</ref>	45
Template:Flagicon image India<ref name="nuclearweapons1" /><ref name="status-world-nuclear-forces" /><ref name="aca" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	180	0	18 May 1974 (Smiling Buddha)	Pokhran, Rajasthan		Non-party	Non-signatory				Indian triad<ref>IISS 2012, p. 243</ref><ref name="Now, India has a nuclear triad">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	6
Template:Flagicon image Pakistan<ref name="nuclearweapons1" /><ref name="aca" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="status-world-nuclear-forces"/>	170	0	28 May 1998 (Chagai-1)	Ras Koh Hills, Balochistan		Non-party	Non-signatory				Air capability, Missile delivery system <ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	2
Template:Flagicon image Israel<ref name="nuclearweapons1" /><ref name="aca"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	90	0	1960–1979<ref>Farr, Warner D (September 1999), The Third Temple's holy of holies: Israel's nuclear weapons, The Counterproliferation Papers, Future Warfare Series 2, USAF Counterproliferation Center, Air War College, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, retrieved 2 July 2006.</ref>Template:Efn	Unknown		Non-party	Signatory				Suspected Israeli triad<ref>An Atlas of Middle Eastern Affairs By Ewan W. Anderson, Liam D. Anderson, (Routledge 2013), page 233: "In terms of delivery systems, there is strong evidence that Israel now possesses all three elements of the nuclear triad."</ref><ref>IISS 2012, p. 328</ref>	Unknown
Template:Flagicon image North Korea<ref name="nuclearweapons1" /><ref name="status-world-nuclear-forces" /><ref name="aca" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	50	0	9 October 2006<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>	Kilju, North Hamgyong		Announced withdrawal<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Non-signatory				North Korean delivery systems<ref>CSIS 2022</ref>	6

Nuclear forces comparison

The table uses the following identifiers:

• — This country has a nuclear mission assigned to this delivery system.
• — This country does not have a nuclear mission assigned to this delivery system.
• — It is unclear if this country has a nuclear mission assigned to this delivery system.
• — This country is developing this delivery system with a nuclear mission envisioned.

Many countries formerly operated a wider range of strategic and especially tactical systems, especially during the Cold War. While most of these are no longer operational, Russia is the only country as of 2025 believed to operate nuclear-armed anti-ballistic missiles, surface-to-air missiles, anti-ship missiles anti-submarine weapons, depth bombs, and torpedoes.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Nuclear weapons delivery by countryTemplate:Pie chart

Recognized nuclear-weapon states

Template:See also These five states are known to have detonated a nuclear explosive before 1 January 1967 and are thus nuclear weapons states under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. They also happen to be the UN Security Council's (UNSC) permanent members with veto power on UNSC resolutions.

United States

File:Trinity Test Fireball 16ms.jpg

An early stage in the "Trinity" fireball, the first man-made nuclear explosion, 1945

The United States developed the first nuclear weapons during World War II in cooperation with the United Kingdom and Canada as part of the Manhattan Project, out of the apprehension that Nazi Germany would develop them first. It tested the first nuclear weapon on 16 July 1945 ("Trinity") at 5:30 am, and remains the only country to have used nuclear weapons in war, having bombed the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the closing stages of World War II. The project expenditure through 1 October 1945 was reportedly $1.845–$2Template:Spacesbillion, in nominal terms,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="ej19450807">Template:Cite news</ref> roughly 0.8 percent of the US GDP in 1945 and equivalent to about $Template:InflationTemplate:Spacesbillion today.Template:Inflation-fn

The United States was the first nation to develop the hydrogen bomb, testing an experimental prototype in 1952 ("Ivy Mike") and a deployable weapon in 1954 ("Castle Bravo"). Throughout the Cold War it continued to modernize and enlarge its nuclear arsenal, but from 1992 on has been involved primarily in a program of stockpile stewardship.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Stephen I. Schwartz, ed., Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998).</ref><ref name="Gross">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The US nuclear arsenal contained 31,175 warheads at its Cold War height (in 1966).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During the Cold War, the United States built more nuclear weapons than all other nations at approximately 70,000 warheads.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="NorrisKristensenGlobal">Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen, "Global nuclear stockpiles, 1945–2006," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 62, no. 4 (July/August 2006), 64–66...</ref>

Russia (successor to the Soviet Union)

File:US and USSR nuclear stockpiles.svg

US and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945–2014

The Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon ("RDS-1") in 1949. This crash project was developed partially with information obtained via the atomic spies at the United States' Manhattan Project during and after World War II. The Soviet Union was the second nation to have developed and tested a nuclear weapon. It tested its first megaton-range hydrogen bomb ("RDS-37") in 1955. The Soviet Union also tested the most powerful explosive ever detonated by humans, ("Tsar Bomba"), with a theoretical yield of 100 megatons, reduced to 50 when detonated. After its dissolution in 1991, the Soviet weapons entered officially into the possession of its successor state, the Russian Federation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Soviet nuclear arsenal contained some 45,000 warheads at its peak (in 1986), more than any other nation had possessed at any point in history; the Soviet Union built about 55,000 nuclear warheads since 1949.<ref name="NorrisKristensenGlobal" />

United Kingdom

File:Trident II missile image.jpg

A Trident missile launched from a Royal Navy Template:Sclass ballistic missile submarine

The United Kingdom tested its first nuclear weapon ("Hurricane") in 1952. The UK had provided considerable impetus and initial research for the early conception of the atomic bomb, aided by Austrian, German and Polish physicists working at British universities who had either fled or decided not to return to Nazi Germany or Nazi-controlled territories. The UK collaborated closely with the United States and Canada during the Manhattan Project, but had to develop its own method for manufacturing and detonating a bomb as US secrecy grew after 1945. The United Kingdom was the third country in the world, after the United States and the Soviet Union, to develop and test a nuclear weapon. Its programme was motivated to have an independent deterrent against the Soviet Union, while also maintaining its status as a great power. It tested its first hydrogen bomb in 1957 (Operation Grapple), making it the third country to do so after the United States and Soviet Union.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The British Armed Forces maintained a fleet of V bomber strategic bombers and ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) equipped with nuclear weapons during the Cold War. The Royal Navy currently maintains a fleet of four Template:Sclass ballistic missile submarines equipped with Trident II missiles. In 2016, the UK House of Commons voted to renew the British nuclear weapons system with the Template:Sclass, without setting a date for the commencement of service of a replacement to the current system.

At the 2025 NATO summit, the UK announced it would purchase 12 US-made F-35A jets which are expected to carry US-made atomic bombs—expanding UK nuclear capability to include airborne delivery systems.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

France

File:USS Enterprise FS Charles de Gaulle.jpg

American nuclear-powered carrier USS Enterprise (left) and French nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle (right), each of which carries nuclear-capable warplanes

France tested its first nuclear weapon in 1960 ("Gerboise Bleue"), based mostly on its own research. It was motivated by the Suez Crisis diplomatic tension in relation to both the Soviet Union and its allies, the United States and United Kingdom. It was also relevant to retain great power status, alongside the United Kingdom, during the post-colonial Cold War (see: Force de frappe). France tested its first hydrogen bomb in 1968 ("Opération Canopus"). After the Cold War, France has disarmed 175 warheads with the reduction and modernization of its arsenal that has now evolved to a dual system based on submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) and medium-range air-to-surface missiles (Rafale fighter-bombers). However, new nuclear weapons are in development and reformed nuclear squadrons were trained during Enduring Freedom operations in Afghanistan.Template:Citation needed

France acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992.<ref name="NPTsignatories">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Template:Webarchive, United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs.</ref> In January 2006, President Jacques Chirac stated a terrorist act or the use of weapons of mass destruction against France would result in a nuclear counterattack.<ref>France 'would use nuclear arms' Template:Webarchive (BBC, January 2006)</ref> In February 2015, President François Hollande stressed the need for a nuclear deterrent in "a dangerous world". He also detailed the French deterrent as "fewer than 300" nuclear warheads, three sets of 16 submarine-launched ballistic missiles and 54 medium-range air-to-surface missiles and urged other states to show similar transparency.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

China

File:1965-01 1964年 首次原子弹爆炸2.jpg

Mushroom cloud from China's first nuclear test, Project 596

China tested its first nuclear weapon device ("596") in 1964 at the Lop Nur test site. The weapon was developed as a deterrent against both the United States and the Soviet Union. Two years later, China had a fission bomb capable of being put onto a nuclear missile. It tested its first hydrogen bomb ("Test No. 6") in 1967, 32 months after testing its first nuclear weapon (the shortest fission-to-fusion development known in history).<ref>John Wilson Lewis and Xue Litai, China Builds the Bomb (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1988). Template:ISBN</ref> China is the only NPT nuclear-weapon state to give an unqualified negative security assurance with its "no first use" policy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="S/1995/265">Template:Cite report</ref> China acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992.<ref name="NPTsignatories" /> As of 2016, China fielded SLBMs onboard its JL-2 submarines.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> As of February 2024, China had an estimated total inventory of approximately 500 warheads.<ref>Chinese Nuclear Forces, 2024: A “Significant Expansion”, Federation of American Scientists, January 16, 2024.</ref>

According to Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), China is in the middle of a significant modernization and expansion of its nuclear arsenal. Its nuclear stockpile is expected to continue growing over the coming decade and some projections suggest that it will deploy at least as many intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) as either Russia or the US in that period. However, China's overall nuclear warhead stockpile is still expected to remain smaller than that of either of those states.<ref name="yearbook202307">Kristensen, Hans M; Korda, Matt. (2023). "World Nuclear Forces 2023". In SIPRI Yearbook 2023: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security.Oxford University Press.</ref> The Yearbook published by SIPRI in 2024 revealed that China's nuclear warheads stockpile increased by 90 in 2023, reaching 500 warheads.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

US Department of Defense officials estimate that the Chinese had more than 600 operational nuclear warheads as of December 2024, and it was on track to possess 1,000 nuclear weapons by the year 2030.<ref name=":8">Template:Cite news</ref>

States declaring possession of nuclear weapons

India

File:Agni-V during its first test flight.jpg

Agni-V during its first test flight on 19 April 2012

India is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Indian officials rejected the NPT in the 1960s on the grounds that it created a world of nuclear "haves" and "have-nots", arguing that it unnecessarily restricted "peaceful activity" (including "peaceful nuclear explosives"), and that India would not accede to international control of their nuclear facilities unless all other countries engaged in unilateral disarmament of their own nuclear weapons. The Indian position has also asserted that the NPT is in many ways a neo-colonial regime designed to deny security to post-colonial powers.<ref>George Perkovich, India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 120–121, and 7.</ref>

The country tested what is called a "peaceful nuclear explosive" in 1974 (which became known as "Smiling Buddha"). The test was the first test developed after the creation of the NPT, and created new questions about how civilian nuclear technology could be diverted secretly to weapons purposes (dual-use technology). India's secret development caused great concern and anger particularly from nations that had supplied its nuclear reactors for peaceful and power generating needs, such as Canada.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After its 1974 test, India maintained that its nuclear capability was primarily "peaceful", but between 1988 and 1990 it apparently weaponized two dozen nuclear weapons for delivery by air.<ref>George Perkovich, India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 293–297.</ref> In 1998 India tested weaponized nuclear warheads ("Operation Shakti"), including a thermonuclear device, and declared itself as a nuclear state.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> India adopted a "no first use" policy in 1998.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In July 2005, US President George W. Bush and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh announced a civil nuclear cooperation initiative<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> that included plans to conclude an Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement. This initiative came to fruition through a series of steps that included India's announced plan to separate its civil and military nuclear programs in March 2006,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the passage of the India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement by the US Congress in December 2006, the conclusion of a US–India nuclear cooperation agreement in July 2007,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> approval by the IAEA of an India-specific safeguards agreement,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> agreement by the Nuclear Suppliers Group to a waiver of export restrictions for India,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> approval by the US Congress<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and culminating in the signature of US–India agreement for civil nuclear cooperation<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> in October 2008. The US State Department said it made it "very clear that we will not recognize India as a nuclear-weapon state".<ref>Interview With Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Robert Joseph Template:Webarchive, Arms Control Today, May 2006.</ref> The United States is bound by the Hyde Act with India and may cease all cooperation with India if India detonates a nuclear explosive device. The US had further said it is not its intention to assist India in the design, construction or operation of sensitive nuclear technologies through the transfer of dual-use items.<ref>Was India misled by America on nuclear deal? Template:Webarchive, Indian Express.</ref> In establishing an exemption for India, the Nuclear Suppliers Group reserved the right to consult on any future issues which might trouble it.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of June 2024, India was estimated to have a stockpile of 172 warheads.<ref name="role-nuclear-weapons-grows-geopolitical-relations-deteriorate-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="status-world-nuclear-forces" />

Pakistan

File:Chagaiatomictests.jpg

Debris erupts from a mountain during an underground nuclear weapon detonation carried out as part of Pakistan's Chaghai-I series of tests.

Pakistan is also not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Pakistan covertly developed nuclear weapons over decades, beginning in the late 1970s. Pakistan first delved into nuclear power after the establishment of its first nuclear power plant near Karachi with equipment and materials supplied mainly by western nations in the early 1970s. Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto promised in 1971 that if India could build nuclear weapons then Pakistan would too, according to him: "We will develop Nuclear stockpiles, even if we have to eat grass."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

It is believed that Pakistan has possessed nuclear weapons since the mid-1980s.<ref>NTI Pakistan Profile Template:Webarchive, retrieved 22 April 2012.</ref> The United States continued to certify that Pakistan did not possess such weapons until 1990, when sanctions were imposed under the Pressler Amendment, requiring a cutoff of US economic and military assistance to Pakistan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1998, Pakistan conducted its first six nuclear tests at the Ras Koh Hills in response to the five tests conducted by India a few weeks before.

In 2004, the Pakistani metallurgist Abdul Qadeer Khan, a key figure in Pakistan's nuclear weapons program, confessed to heading an international black market ring involved in selling nuclear weapons technology. In particular, Khan had been selling gas centrifuge technology to North Korea, Iran, and Libya. Khan denied complicity by the Pakistani government or Army, but this has been called into question by journalists and IAEA officials, and was later contradicted by statements from Khan himself.<ref>See A.Q. Khan: Investigation, dismissal, confession, pardon and aftermath, for citations and details.</ref>

As of early 2013, Pakistan was estimated to have had a stockpile of around 140 warheads,<ref name="NucDec2017">Template:Cite web</ref> and in November 2014 it was projected that by 2020 Pakistan would have enough fissile material for 200 warheads.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As of 2024, SIPRI estimated that Pakistan had a stockpile of around 170 warheads.<ref name="yearbook202307" />

On 27 April 2025, in a fiery response to India's declared suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty in retaliation for the 2025 Pahalgam attack,Template:Citation needed Hanif Abbasi, the Pakistani minister of railways warned that any attempt to cut off Pakistan's water supply could lead to full-scale war and stated Pakistan's nuclear stockpile of 130 warheads was aimed towards India.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

North Korea

North Korea was a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but announced a withdrawal on 10 January 2003, after the United States accused it of having a secret uranium enrichment program and cut off energy assistance under the 1994 Agreed Framework. In February 2005, North Korea claimed to possess functional nuclear weapons, though their lack of a test at the time led many experts to doubt the claim. In October 2006, North Korea stated that, in response to growing intimidation by the United States, it would conduct a nuclear test to confirm its nuclear status. North Korea reported a successful nuclear test on 9 October 2006 (see 2006 North Korean nuclear test). Most US intelligence officials believed that the test was probably only partially successful with a yield of less than a kiloton.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> North Korea conducted a second, higher-yield test on 25 May 2009 (see 2009 North Korean nuclear test) and a third test with still-higher yield on 12 February 2013 (see 2013 North Korean nuclear test).

North Korea claimed to have conducted its first hydrogen-bomb test on 5 January 2016, though measurements of seismic disturbances indicate that the detonation was not consistent with a hydrogen bomb.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 3 September 2017, North Korea detonated a device, which caused a magnitude 6.1 tremor, consistent with a low-powered thermonuclear detonation; NORSAR estimates the yield at 250 kilotons<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> of TNT. In 2018, North Korea announced a halt in nuclear weapons tests and made a conditional commitment to denuclearisation of the Korean Peninsula;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> however, in December 2019, it indicated it no longer considered itself bound by the moratorium.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Kim Jong Un officially declared North Korea a nuclear weapons state during a speech on 9 September 2022, the country's foundation day.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), North Korea's military nuclear programme remains central to its national security strategy and it may have assembled up to 30 nuclear weapons and could produce more. North Korea conducted more than 90 ballistic missile tests during 2022, the highest number it has ever undertaken in a single year.<ref name="yearbook202307" />

States believed to possess nuclear weapons

Israel

Israel is generally understood to have been the sixth country to develop nuclear weapons, but does not acknowledge it. It had "rudimentary, but deliverable," nuclear weapons available as early as 1966.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="NTI">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>My Promised Land, by Ari Shavit, (London 2014), page 188</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="israelnuke">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="NTIIsrael">NTI Israel Profile Template:Webarchive Retrieved 12 July 2007.</ref>Template:Excessive citations inline Israel is not a party to the NPT. Israel engages in strategic ambiguity, saying it would not be the first country to "introduce" nuclear weapons to the Middle East without confirming or denying that it has a nuclear weapons program or arsenal. This policy of "nuclear opacity" has been interpreted as an attempt to get the benefits of deterrence with a minimal political cost.<ref name="NTIIsrael" /><ref name="CohenIsrael">Template:Cite book</ref> As of 2006, some analysts believe that, due to a US ban on funding countries that proliferate weapons of mass destruction, Israel could lose around $2 billion a year in military and other aid from the US if it admitted to possessing nuclear weapons.<ref name="guardian121206">Template:Cite news</ref>

According to the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Federation of American Scientists, Israel likely possesses around 80–400 nuclear weapons.<ref name="israelcohen">There are a wide range of estimates as to the size of the Israeli nuclear arsenal. For a compiled list of estimates, see Avner Cohen, The Worst-Kept Secret: Israel's bargain with the Bomb (Columbia University Press, 2010), Table 1, page xxvii and page 82.</ref><ref name="israelnuke"/> Former US President Jimmy Carter stated in 2008 that Israel has over 150 nuclear weapons.<ref>Israel has at least 150 atomic weapons: Carter, Reuters, May 26, 2008.</ref> The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute estimates that Israel has approximately 90 intact nuclear weapons, of which 50 are thought to be assigned for delivery by land-based Jericho ballistic missiles and 30 are gravity bombs for delivery by F-16I or F-15 aircraft. SIPRI also reports that Israel operates five German-built Dolphin-class (Dolphin-I and Dolphin-II) diesel–electric submarines. The submarines are based at Haifa on the Mediterranean coast. There are unconfirmed reports that all or some of the submarines have been equipped to launch an indigenously produced nuclear-armed sea-launched variant of the Popeye cruise missile, giving Israel a sea-based nuclear strike capability.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

On 7 November 2023, during the Gaza war, Heritage Minister Amihai Eliyahu said during a radio interview that a nuclear strike would be "one way" to deal with Gaza, which commentators and diplomats interpreted as a tacit admission that Israel possesses such a capability. His remarks were criticized by the United States and Russia, and Eliyahu was subsequently suspended from the Israeli cabinet.<ref name="AJ IL Nuclear">Template:Cite web</ref>

Launch authority

The decision to use nuclear weapons is always restricted to a single person or small group of people. The United States and France require their respective presidents to approve the use of nuclear weapons. In the US, the Presidential Emergency Satchel is always handled by a nearby aide unless the President is near a command center. The decision rests with the Prime Minister in the United Kingdom. Information from China is unclear, but "the launch of nuclear weapons is commonly believed to rest with the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party."Template:Citation needed Russia grants such power to the President but may also require approval from the Minister of Defence and the Chief of the General Staff. The Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces has authority in North Korea. India, Pakistan and Israel have committees for such a decision.<ref name = "UCS Launch Authority">Template:Cite web</ref>

Some countries are known to have delegated launch authority to military personnel in the event that the usual launch authority is incapacitated; whether or not the 'pre-delegated' authority exists at any particular time is kept secret.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the United States, some military commanders have been delegated authority to launch nuclear weapons "when the urgency of time and circumstances clearly does not permit a specific decision by the President."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Russia has a semi automated Dead Hand system which may allow military commanders to act based on certain pre-defined criteria. British nuclear-armed submarine commanders are issued with "letters of last resort" written by the Prime Minister containing secret instructions which may or may not give them delegated launch authority.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Launch authority of nuclear states

Country	Authority	Notes
Template:Flagicon United States	President of the United States	See the Presidential Emergency Satchel.<ref name="UCS Launch Authority" /><ref name="UCS Whose Finger">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flagicon Russia	President of Russia	Briefcases may also be issued to the Minister of Defence and the Chief of the General Staff.<ref name="UCS Launch Authority" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="UCS Whose Finger" />
Template:Flagicon United Kingdom	Prime Minister of the United Kingdom	The Prime Minister and a secretly designated 'second' may order a launch, but this may be challenged by Parliament.<ref name="UCS Launch Authority" /><ref name="UCS Whose Finger" />
Template:Flagicon France	President of France	The Chief of the Military Staff of the President of the Republic and the Chief of the Defence Staff may also be involved in decisions.<ref name="UCS Launch Authority" /><ref name="UCS Whose Finger" />
Template:Flagicon China	Central Military Commission	The Chairman of the Central Military Commission is the Supreme Military Commander and is held by the CCP general secretary.<ref name="UCS Launch Authority" /><ref name="UCS Whose Finger" />
Template:Flagicon India	Prime Minister of India	Nuclear Command Authority includes an Executive Council and a Political Council.<ref name="UCS Launch Authority" /><ref name="UCS Whose Finger" />
Template:Flagicon Pakistan	National Command Authority	Approval from National Command Authority and requires a consensus of the council's members.<ref name="UCS Launch Authority" /><ref name="UCS Whose Finger" />
Template:Flagicon North Korea	President of the State Affairs	The President of the State Affairs is the ultimate decisionmaker in regards to North Korea's nuclear arsenal. The position is held by the WPK general secretary and serves as the supreme leader of North Korea.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flagicon Israel	Prime Minister of Israel	Requires agreement of the Minister of Defense and Chief of the General Staff.<ref name="UCS Launch Authority" />

Nuclear weapons sharing

Nuclear weapons shared by the United States

Weapons provided for nuclear sharing (2019)<ref name=":0">Template:Cite Q</ref>

Country	Base	Estimated
Template:BEL	Kleine Brogel	20
Template:DEU	Büchel	20
Template:ITA	Aviano	20
Template:ITA	Ghedi
Template:NLD	Volkel	20
Template:TUR	Incirlik	20
		100

Under NATO nuclear weapons sharing, the United States has provided nuclear weapons for Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Turkey to deploy and store.<ref name=NATOSharing>Template:Cite web</ref> This involves pilots and other staff of the "non-nuclear" NATO states practicing, handling, and delivering the US nuclear bombs, and adapting non-US warplanes to deliver US nuclear bombs. However, since all US nuclear weapons are protected with Permissive Action Links, the host states cannot easily arm the bombs without authorization codes from the US Department of Defense.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Former Italian President Francesco Cossiga acknowledged the presence of US nuclear weapons in Italy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> US nuclear weapons were also deployed in Canada as well as Greece from 1963. However, the United States withdrew three of the four nuclear-capable weapons systems from Canada by 1972, the fourth by 1984, and all nuclear-capable weapons systems from Greece by 2001.<ref>Weapons of Mass Debate - Greece: a Key Security Player for both Europe and NATO, Institut Montaigne, 7 December 2001]</ref><ref name="nrdc-euro">Template:Cite report</ref> Template:As of, the United States maintained around 100 nuclear weapons in Europe, as reflected in the accompanying table.<ref name=":0" />

Nuclear weapons shared by Russia

Russian nuclear weapons in host countries

Country	Air base	Warheads
Template:BLR	Probably Lida<ref name="FAS_BLR"/>	~130

Template:As of,<ref name="FAS_BLR">Template:Cite web</ref> the leaders of Russia and Belarus have claimed that a "number of"<ref name="claimed_transfer">Template:Cite web</ref> nuclear weapons are located on Belarusian territory while remaining in Russian possession.<ref name="FAS_BLR"/> Sources hostile to these countries have confirmed that nuclear warheads have been delivered to Belarus, but claim that the first transfers were instead made in August 2023.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Russia's stated intention is to provide Belarus with two delivery systems: dual-capable Iskander-M missile systems and necessary training and modifications for Belarusian Su-25 aircraft to carry nuclear weapons.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The deployment of Russian weapons to Belarus was framed by Russian President Vladimir Putin as being equivalent to the deployments of American nuclear weapons to NATO countries in Europe under international law.<ref name="claimed_transfer"/>

Criticism of nuclear weapons sharing

Members of the Non-Aligned Movement have called on all countries to "refrain from nuclear sharing for military purposes under any kind of security arrangements."<ref>Statement on behalf of the non-aligned state parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 2 May 2005</ref> The Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad (ISSI) has criticized the arrangement for allegedly violating Articles I and II of the NPT, arguing that "these Articles do not permit the NWS to delegate the control of their nuclear weapons directly or indirectly to others."<ref>ISSI – NPT in 2000: Challenges ahead, Zafar Nawaz Jaspal, The Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad Template:Webarchive</ref> NATO has argued that the weapons' sharing is compliant with the NPT because "the US nuclear weapons based in Europe are in the sole possession and under constant and complete custody and control of the United States."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

States formerly possessing nuclear weapons

Nuclear weapons have been present in many nations, often as staging grounds under control of other powers. However, in only one instance has a nation given up nuclear weapons after being in full control of them. The fall of the Soviet Union left several former Soviet republics in physical possession of nuclear weapons, although not operational control which was dependent on Russian-controlled electronic Permissive Action Links and the Russian command and control system.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="pikayev-1994">Template:Cite journal</ref> Of these, Kazakhstan and Ukraine continue to have neither their own nuclear weapons nor another state's nuclear weapons stationed in their territory whereas Belarus does again claim to have Russian-owned nuclear weapons stationed on its territory since 2023.

South Africa

File:South African nuclear bomb casings.jpg

Alleged spare bomb casings from South Africa's nuclear weapon programme. Their purpose is disputed.<ref name=lewisSA>Template:Cite web</ref>

South Africa produced six nuclear weapons, obtaining its first in 1982, but dismantled them in the early 1990s.

In 1979, there was a detection of a putative covert nuclear test in the Indian Ocean, called the Vela incident. It has long been speculated that it was a test by Israel, in collaboration with and with the support of South Africa, though this has never been confirmed. South Africa could not have constructed such a nuclear bomb by itself until November 1979, two months after the "double flash" incident.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

South Africa acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991.<ref>Nuclear Weapons Program (South Africa) Template:Webarchive, Federation of American Scientists (29 May 2000).</ref><ref>Von Wielligh, N. & von Wielligh-Steyn, L. (2015). The Bomb – South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Programme. Pretoria: Litera.</ref>

Former Soviet republics

• Kazakhstan had 1,400 Soviet-era nuclear weapons on its territory and transferred them all to Russia by 1995, after Kazakhstan acceded to the NPT.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Ukraine had an estimated 1,700 nuclear weapons deployed on its territory when it became independent from the Soviet Union in 1991, equivalent to the third-largest nuclear arsenal in the world.<ref name="kyiv-post-day-in-history">Template:Cite news</ref> At the time Ukraine acceded to the NPT in December 1994, Ukraine had agreed to dispose of all nuclear weapons within its territory. The warheads were removed from Ukraine by 1996 and disassembled in Russia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Despite Russia's subsequent and internationally disputed annexation of Crimea in 2014, Ukraine reaffirmed its 1994 decision to accede to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear-weapon state.<ref>Joint Statement by the United States and Ukraine Template:Webarchive, 25 March 2014.</ref>
• Belarus, which since 2023 has resumed hosting Russian nuclear weapons, also had single warhead missiles stationed on its territory into the 1990s while a constituent of the Soviet Union. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, 81 single warhead missiles were stationed on newly Belarusian territory, but were all transferred to Russia by 1996. Belarus was a member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) from May 1992<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> through February 2022, when it held a constitutional referendum resulting in the cessation of its non-nuclear status.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In connection with their accession to the NPT, all three countries received assurances that their sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity would be respected, as stated in the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances. These assurances have been flouted by Russia since the Russo-Ukrainian War began in 2014, during which Russia claimed to annex Crimea, occupied Eastern Ukraine, and in 2022, launched a full-scale invasion, with limited responses by the other signatories.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Stationed countries

Up until the 1990s the US had stationed nuclear weapons outside of its territories and sharing countries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Philippines

During the Cold War, specifically during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos from 1965 to 1986, American nuclear warheads were secretly stockpiled in the Philippines.<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Taiwan

Taiwan was developing capacities to construct nuclear weapons up until 1988.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>"ROC Chief of the General Staff, General Hau Pei-tsun, met the director of American Institute in Taiwan, David Dean in his office after Colonel Chang's defection in 1988. Dean questioned him with the US satellite imagery detecting a minimized nuclear explosion at the Jioupeng military test field in Pingtung in 1986. Hao answered that, after nearly 20 years of research, ROC had successfully produced a controlled nuclear reaction. Hau recorded the statement in his diary and published on the Issue 1 (2000), but was removed from the later re-issues." Template:Cite book</ref> Before 1974, the United States stationed some of its arsenal in Taiwan.<ref name=nsaebb>Template:Cite news</ref>

Japan

After World War II the US had nuclear weapons stationed in Japan until the 1970s.

Canada

The US stationed nuclear weapons at CFB Goose Bay in Labrador between 1964 and 1984.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Greece

The US stationed nuclear weapons in Greece until they were removed in 2001.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

• Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
• Doomsday Clock
• Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country
• Humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons
• International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
• No first use
• Nuclear disarmament
• Nuclear latency
• Nuclear power
• Nuclear program of Iran
• Nuclear proliferation
• Nuclear terrorism
• Nuclear warfare
• Nuclear-weapon-free zone

Bibliography

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Citation.
• Philipp C. Bleek, “When Did (and Didn’t) States Proliferate? Chronicling the Spread of Nuclear Weapons,” Discussion Paper (Cambridge, MA: Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, June 2017).

External links

• The Nuclear Weapon Archive
• Nuclear Notebook from Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
• U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe: A review of post-Cold War policy, force levels, and war planning NRDC, February 2005
• Tracking Nuclear Proliferation Online NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
• Stockholm International Peace Research Institute's data on world nuclear forces
• Nuclear Proliferation International History Project For more on the history of nuclear proliferation see the Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project website.
• Proliferation Watch: US Intelligence Assessments of Potential Nuclear Powers, 1977–2001