Ontario Highway 6
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King's Highway 6, commonly referred to as Highway 6, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. It crosses a distance of Template:Convert between Port Dover, on the northern shore of Lake Erie, and Espanola, on the northern shore of Lake Huron, before ending at the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 17) in McKerrow.<ref>Template:Cite map</ref>
Highway 6 was one of several routes established when Ontario first introduced a highway network on February 26, 1920, following several pioneer wagon trails. The original designation, not numbered until 1925, connected Port Dover with Owen Sound via Hamilton and Guelph. When the Department of Highways (DHO) took over the Department of Northern Development (DND) in 1937, Highway 6 was extended north through the Bruce Peninsula to Tobermory. In 1980, the entire length of Highway 68 on Manitoulin Island and north to Highway 17 became a northern extension of Highway 6. Small modifications were made to the route of Highway 6 in 1997, but it was largely untouched by provincial downloading.
Highway 6 is one of two highways in Ontario (the other being Highway 33) broken into two segments by a ferry. The Chi-Cheemaun ferry serves automobile traffic, connecting Tobermory with South Baymouth between May and October.
Route description
Port Dover to Hamilton
Highway 6 begins at Saint Patrick Street in the community of Port Dover, and stretches northward as a two-lane, undivided highway. The road travels into Haldimand County, through communities such as Jarvis and Hagersville, and the traffic flow increases. At Caledonia, the road bypasses the former Highway 6 section (Argyle Street) that passes the town centre of Caledonia and is routed outside the urban area Caledonia. This Caledonia Bypass was opened in 1983, and is a two-lane undivided freeway. The bypass terminates at Green's Road on the north side of Caledonia and Highway 6 proceeds eastbound on Green's Road for approximately 500 metres to Argyle St. North. Highway 6 then turns north on a four-lane undivided alignment for 5 km. Much of the old alignment north to near Rymal Road remains provincially maintained as unsigned Highway 7273.
In Hamilton, Highway 6 now uses a new alignment from Highway 403 to south of the Hamilton Airport, connecting with the southerly leg to Caledonia and Port Dover. The new alignment opened as an undivided two-lane freeway in November 2004, with capacity to expand it to full 4-lane divided freeway, and to extend to past Caledonia, by some time in the 2010s. As Highway 6 meets Highway 403 at a trumpet interchange, there is a concurrency for Template:Convert within Hamilton. The concurrency ends at the Highway 6 junction directional-T interchange, at the Hamilton–Burlington boundary, near the Royal Botanical Gardens where Highway 6 turns northward towards Clappison's Corners.<ref name="2022 mapart">Template:Cite map</ref><ref name="gmaps" />
Hamilton to Guelph
The section of Highway 6 between Highway 403 in Hamilton and Clappison's Corners (the intersection at Highway 5 West / Dundas Street) was converted in 2009 to a freeway with an interchange at York Road. The interchange opened on May 23, 2009, and simultaneously, the intersection where Northcliffe/Plains Road met Highway 6 was closed permanently. A new service road was built on either side to connect Plains Road and various other residential streets to the York Road interchange. Previously a four lane arterial road with a centre turning lane, it is now a fully controlled-access expressway with two southbound lanes and three northbound lanes (the extra lane being for trucks climbing the steep escarpment) as well a concrete median barrier with high mast lighting.<ref name="2022 mapart" /><ref name="gmaps" />
North of Clappison's Corners, most of the route is four lanes for general traffic, plus one centre lane for left turns, allowing for high travel speeds as the typical flow varies between Template:Convert. However the section in Wellington County from Puslinch to Morriston (which is also known as Brock Road) has remained a two lane road since it runs through several small towns where it lacks sufficient right-of-way for widening. As this narrow segment suffers from significant congestion, a bypass is being considered which will connect to the Hanlon Expressway at Highway 401.
North of Morriston when Brock Road meets Highway 401 at a Parclo A2 interchange (the exits from Highway 401 are displayed as "Highway 6 South"), while through traffic on Brock Road continues as Wellington Road 46, the current Highway 6 designation is instead multiplexed with Highway 401 west of that junction. Although Wellington Road 46 (the previous alignment of Highway 6 prior to the opening of the Hanlon) does provide a more direct route to Guelph, the combination of Highway 401 and the Hanlon Expressway serves as an express bypass. The section where Highway 6 is concurrent with the Highway 401 freeway has the highest AADT (Annual Average Daily Traffic), at 85,000 automobiles per day in 2002. The Highway 6 routing splits from Highway 401 at a trumpet interchange with the Hanlon Expressway (the on-ramps from Highway 401 are signed as "Highway 6 North"). <ref name="2022 mapart" /><ref name="gmaps" />
In Guelph, the road travels along the full length of the Hanlon Expressway (also known as the Hanlon Parkway), a four lane divided highway with mostly signalized level intersections and a couple grade-separated interchanges. The Ministry of Transportation is presently investigating the possibility of upgrading it to 400-series freeway standards by removing the remaining intersections. For 4 km, Highway 6 is concurrent with Highway 7, from the Wellington Street interchange north to where the Hanlon Expressway ends at Woodlawn Road. At Woodlawn, Highway 7 turns west onto Woodlawn Road, while Highway 6 turns east onto Woodlawn Road. Following Woodlawn, Highway 6 then turns north onto Woolwich Street, leaving the city of Guelph.<ref name="2022 mapart" /><ref name="gmaps" />
Guelph to Owen Sound
As Highway 6 leaves Guelph and heads northwards through Wellington County, it narrows to two lanes and passes through farmland.Template:Cn The route meanders northward for Template:Convert before entering Fergus, where it meets County Road 18 and County Road 19. North of Fergus, Highway 6 winds northwest for another Template:Convert into Arthur meeting County Road 109 (former Highway 9) just south of the town. After exiting Arthur, the route continues northwest for Template:Convert before entering Mount Forest and meeting an intersection with Highway 89.<ref name="2022 mapart" /><ref name="gmaps" />
The route enters Grey County as it curves and meanders northward into farmland.Template:Cn It progresses north for another Template:Convert to Durham, where it intersects Highway 4. It continues for another Template:Convert to Chatsworth, where it meets Highway 10 and travels northward concurrent with Highway 10 for Template:Convert into Owen Sound. There it encounters an intersection, where Highway 10 ends; from here, Highway 26 continues runs north and then east to Collingwood and Barrie, while Ontario Highway 21 travels east and then south towards Sarnia. Highway 6 turns west onto Highway 21, forming the only wrong-way concurrency in Ontario (Highway 6 westbound traffic is labelled as going north, while Highway 21 westbound traffic is labelled as travelling south). The two routes pass through downtown Owen Sound and onwards into Springmount, where they disembark from one-another; Highway 21 continues west, while Highway 6 turns north into the Bruce Peninsula.<ref name="2022 mapart" /><ref name="gmaps" />
Owen Sound to Tobermory
At Springmount, Highway 6 ends its concurrency with HighwayTemplate:Nbsp21, and continues northwards into the Bruce Peninsula. The road remains as a two-lane highway for its full length up to Tobermory. HighwayTemplate:Nbsp6 spans Template:Convert across the peninsula. It passes through communities such as Shallow Lake, Hepworth, Wiarton, and Ferndale. It is named Berford Street in Wiarton, and 10th Street in Owen Sound. Along the road, Bruce Peninsula National Park can be found.<ref name="2022 mapart" /><ref name="gmaps" /> At Tobermory, the highway travels along Carlton Road and Front Street, where motorists must queue for the Chi-Cheemaun ferry to continue onwards to Manitoulin Island.Template:Cn The journey by ferry traverses waters of both Georgian Bay and Lake Huron, and takes approximately 1 hour and 45 minutes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The ferry service is not available from mid-October to early May.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
South Baymouth to McKerrow
The Chi-Cheemaun ferry docks at South Baymouth, and HighwayTemplate:Nbsp6 continues as a two-lane highway. HighwayTemplate:Nbsp6 is both the main means of connection between Manitoulin Island and the rest of Ontario and the major highway on Manitoulin Island. Highway 540 and Highway 542 on Manitoulin Island link back to HighwayTemplate:Nbsp6. The section from South Baymouth to the HighwayTemplate:Nbsp542 junction has the least traffic on a given day, with an average of 610Template:Nbspvehicles passing as measured in 2010.<ref name="km" /><ref name="2022 mapart" /><ref name="gmaps" />
Highway 6 continues north, passing through communities such as Manitowaning, Sheguiandah, and Little Current. At Little Current, HighwayTemplate:Nbsp6 crosses the North Channel by the Little Current Swing Bridge,<ref name="2022 mapart" /><ref name="gmaps" /> which swings open for 15Template:Nbspminutes of each daylight hour in the summer to allow boats to pass through the channel. As of 2021, studies by the MTO have proposed replacing the aging structure with a two-lane crossing.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
After crossing the North Channel, Highway 6 climbs through the La Cloche Mountains near Whitefish Falls. Eventually, it arrives in Baldwin, north of Espanola. The highway officially ends at the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 17) in the community of McKerrow, Template:Convert from South Baymouth.<ref name="km" /><ref name="2022 mapart" /><ref name="gmaps" />
History
Wagon trails
Prior to the establishment of Ontario's provincial highway network in 1920, the route that would become Highway 6 was composed of several early wagon trails created during the early settlement of what was then known as Upper Canada. These trails carved through an otherwise barren wilderness, connecting distant townsites: the Hamilton–Dover Plank Road between Port Dover and Hamilton, the Brock Road between Hamilton and Guelph, and the Garafraxa Road between Guelph and Sydenham (renamed to Owen Sound in 1851) — were opened in the 1830s and 1840s. Further north, the Southwest Diagonal and the Centre Road were built through the Bruce Peninsula in the 1840s and 1920s, respectively.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1837, Charles Rankin was hired by the Canada Company to survey a line between Guelph and a new town site on the southern shore of Georgian Bay known as Sydenham. The Canada Company was formed by several British investors to purchase, open, and settle the Huron Tract, a vast wilderness stretching from Guelph north to Georgian Bay and west to Lake Huron. Rankin's line crossed too many natural obstacles, a result of the tendency to build roads that were straight rather than following the natural topography. Consequently, a new line was surveyed in 1840 by the company's own surveyor, John McDonald, and construction along this new route began. Around the same time, the Van Norman Company constructed a plank road between Port Dover and Hamilton known as both the Hamilton Plank Road and the Dover Road.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> By 1848, the Template:Convert Garafraxa Road between Guelph and Sydenham was completed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The remaining section between Hamilton and Guelph, known as the Brock Road, was constructed between 1848 and 1850 over the Guelph and Dundas wagon road.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The wagon road, merely a trail through the forest, was cleared by the Canada Company in the 1820s to connect the fledgling town of Guelph with the established harbour at Hamilton, thus encouraging settlers to venture inland.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Further north, the Southwest Diagonal was surveyed in 1842 by Charles Rankin to provide a short route from the Sydenham townsite to the Hepworth townsite. This route passed through a large swamp and as a result remained an unimproved one lane trail into the 1920s. The Centre Road, the spine of the Bruce Peninsula, was built by the Department of Northern Development in the early 1920s, providing access to communities north of Wiarton. The route followed a telegraph line between Lion's Head and Tobermory and opened up a large area previously accessible only by water.
The latter two would not be incorporated into the original route of Highway 6.
Provincial highway
When Ontario's Department of Public Highways first established a network of provincial highways on February 26, 1920 to be eligible for federal funding, it included the Hamilton and Dover Plank Road, the Brock Road and the Garafraxa Road.<ref name="ftf">Template:Cite book</ref> These roads were assumed from the various counties that held jurisdiction over them – Norfolk, Haldimand, Wentworth, Wellington and Grey – throughout June, July and August 1920.<ref name="established">Template:Cite book</ref>
Within Wentworth County, the construction of the Clappison Cut through the Niagara Escarpment was underway by 1921, with the aim of bypassing the winding old route that is known today as Old Guelph Road.<ref name="Hamilton Highway">Template:Cite book</ref> The new route, which travelled straight along the boundary between East and West Flamboro, was assumed on JanuaryTemplate:Nbsp12, 1921.<ref name="1921 report">Template:Cite book</ref> The province and the City of Hamilton also constructed several new bridges across Cootes Paradise to create a new northwest entrance into Hamilton. The new entrance, connecting the Toronto–Hamilton Highway (later HighwayTemplate:Nbsp2) with the incomplete route up the escarpment to Clappison's Corners, was ceremonially opened by the Minister of Public Works and Highways, Frank Campbell Biggs, on AugustTemplate:Nbsp23, 1922.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Clappison Cut was completed and paved in 1924.<ref name="1925 report">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Clappison Cut construction, 1920–1924
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A set of rails were installed to remove excavated earth and rock
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Completed work
HighwayTemplate:Nbsp5 and HighwayTemplate:Nbsp6 travelled concurrently from HighwayTemplate:Nbsp8 (Main Street) in downtown Hamilton to Clappison's Corners when route numbers were assigned in 1925.<ref name="numbered">Template:Cite journal</ref> HighwayTemplate:Nbsp5 was Template:Convert long at this time. This situation was short lived however, as HighwayTemplate:Nbsp5 was redirected west from Clappison's Corners to Peters Corners to meet HighwayTemplate:Nbsp8 on MayTemplate:Nbsp25, 1927. HighwayTemplate:Nbsp6, in turn, assumed the route of HighwayTemplate:Nbsp5 south to Jarvis.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The route was extended further west in 1930, when the newly-renamed Department of Highways (DHO) assumed the road from HighwayTemplate:Nbsp8 at Peters Corners to HighwayTemplate:Nbsp24 west of St. George, as well as the Governor's Road between HighwayTemplate:Nbsp24 and HighwayTemplate:Nbsp2 at Paris. The Template:Convert road between HighwayTemplate:Nbsp8 and HighwayTemplate:Nbsp24, through Beverley and South Dumfries was designated on JuneTemplate:Nbsp18, while the Template:Convert section of the Governor's Road, along the boundary between South Dumfries and Brantford Township, was designated several months later on SeptemberTemplate:Nbsp24.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> These two segments were connected by a concurrency with HighwayTemplate:Nbsp24.<ref>Template:Cite map</ref> This brought the length of the route to Template:Convert, including the approximately Template:Convert of Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue between Jane Street and Sibley Avenue, within the Toronto city limits.<ref>Template:Google maps</ref> <ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Below the escarpment, the highway followed what is now the Old Guelph Road, meandering into Hamilton.<ref name="1927map">Template:Cite map</ref>
South of Hamilton, the road to Jarvis was numbered as Highway 5 when route numbers were assigned in the middle of 1925. Highway 5 and Highway 6 travelled concurrently from downtown Hamilton to Clappison's Corners.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, on May 25, 1927, several route numbers were revised, including Highways 5 and 6. Highway 5 was redirected west from Clappison's Corners to Peter's Corners to meet Highway 8. Highway 6, in turn, assumed the route of Highway 5 south to Jarvis. Exactly two weeks prior, on May 11, the Department of Public Highways had assumed the road between Jarvis and Port Dover; this also became a section of Highway 6, establishing its southern terminus for the next seven decades.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
North of the escarpment to Highway 401, Highway 6 follows the same route that it did in 1920, the Brock Road. North of Highway 401, which didn't exist before the 1950s, the route continued through Guelph along what is now Gordon Street, Norfolk Street and Woolwich Street. This section has since been replaced by the Hanlon Expressway, built throughout the 1970s.
North of Guelph to Owen Sound, the route also follows the same route as it did in 1920, with some small deviations. The section from Fergus north towards Arthur followed the route was of the old Fergus and Arthur Road Company. A "cheap attempt" at paving had been made in the 1920s. The section was straightened, widened and paved with asphalt-based "penetration pavement" in 1930.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On April 1, 1937, the Department of Northern Development was absorbed into the Department of Highways, which subsequently took over many development roads as provincial highways. Most of the northern sections of Highway 6 were included amongst these. Highway 68 was designated from Little Current north to Espanola on August 11, 1937. Two weeks later, on August 25, Highway 6 was designated in Bruce County, from Wiarton north to Tobermory. The section within Grey County was designated several months later on November 3.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The lone remaining section of what would eventually become today's Highway 6, across Manitoulin Island, was not designated until December 7, 1955.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The entirety of Highway 68 eventually became part of Highway 6 in the early to mid- 1980.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>
Expressways and bypasses
Longwoods Road extension
Under the leadership of Thomas B. McQuesten, who would soon introduce the freeway to Ontario, a new grand entrance to Hamilton was planned. It would cross the Desjardins Canal and terminate at a traffic circle, with Highway 2 continuing east and Highway 6 north. This new road, known as the Longwoods Road Extension, was built partially as a depression-relief project in the early 1930s. Upon completion in 1932, Highway 2 and Highway 6 were routed off the Old Guelph Road onto the new route into Hamilton. This configuration remained until the construction of Highway 403 during the early 1960s, which was built over the Longwoods Road Extension.
Mount Hope Bypass
Due to the narrow spacing of buildings in the village of Mount Hope, a bypass of the village was built in the mid- to late 1950s.<ref name="1957 report">Template:Cite book</ref> The original route is now known as Homestead Drive.<ref>Template:Google maps</ref> The bypass opened on April 26, 1957, at which point the old routing was decommissioned.<ref name="1957 report" /> It was subsequently bypassed, when the new Highway 6 opened to the southwest of John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport, on November 26, 2004.<ref name="Hwy6N" />
Hanlon Expressway
With the rapid suburban expansion of Guelph in the 1950s and 1960s, a revised transportation plan was conceived to handle the increasing traffic load. The Guelph Area Transportation Study was completed in 1967, and recommended a new controlled-access highway to allow through-traffic on Highway 6 to bypass the city. Route planning, engineering and design began on October 2, 1967 and was subsequently completed in 1969.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Construction began between Waterloo Avenue and Stone Road in 1970;<ref name="corridor study">Template:Cite book</ref> this section opened on June 28, 1972.<ref name="hanlon">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The next section, from Stone Road to Clair Road, opened in October 1973.<ref name="corridor study" /> Work on the northern section from Waterloo Avenue to Woodlawn Road began in August 1974.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It and the final section south to Highway 401 were opened on November 7, 1975.<ref name="completed">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Initially, the Template:Convert road featured no interchanges. However, the MTO has long-intended to upgrade the route to a freeway.<ref name="corridor study" /><ref name="wellington">Template:Cite news</ref> Construction of the Wellington Avenue interchange began in October 1998;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> it opened in July 2001.<ref name="wellington" /> On April 30, 2012, construction began on the Laird Road interchange.<ref name="Laird" /> It partially opened on the week of November 11, 2013,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was fully opened on November 29, 2013, in a public ceremony attended by local officials as well as Guelph MPP Liz Sandals.<ref name="Laird">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Caledonia Bypass
In 1976, a corridor study was completed on Highway 6 between Port Dover and Hamilton, indicating a need for a bypass of Caledonia due to the aging multi-span bridge over the Grand River, to improve capacity to the developing areas of Nanticoke near Lake Erie,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and to reduce the high-volume of truck traffic passing through the town.<ref name="Caledonia" /> Construction began in late 1979 on structures to cross the Grand River and to carry rail lines and three crossroads over the bypass.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The bypass was completed in the fall of 1983.<ref name="Caledonia">Template:Cite news</ref> The old route through Caledonia is now known as Argyle Street.<ref name="gmaps">Template:Google maps</ref>
Clappison Cut
In early 2002, it was announced that the section of Highway 6 north of Hamilton, from Highway 403 north to beyond Highway 5, would be widened to a five lane freeway, with the northbound carriageway featuring an additional truck-climbing lane.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This work began in 2006, widening and dividing the highway up the Clappison Cut. The York Road interchange opened on May 23, 2009, following completion of this work. The Plains Road/Northcliffe Avenue intersection was closed the night before and a new section of Plains Road opened on the same day as the interchange.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The project to upgrade this segment of Highway 6 was $34 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Downloading and changes to route
Template:Multiple image On April 1, 1997, Highway 6 was decommissioned south of Hepworth to Highway 21. The entire length of Highway 70 was subsequently renumbered Highway 6 to rectify the discontinuity. On the same day, the section between the southern terminus at former Highway 24 to the west side of the Lynn River.<ref name="decomm">Template:Cite book</ref> These reduced the length of Highway 6 from Template:Convert to Template:Convert.<ref name="km" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
A new Template:Convert segment of Highway 6 was opened to the southwest of John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport in 2004.<ref name="Hwy6N">Template:Cite news</ref> This building of this route had been planned since the construction of the Caledonia Bypass in 1983. However, concrete plans were not announced until January 1993. However, it had already drawn criticism due to an old-growth forest located in the path of the route. The planned highway would cost a projected $100 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, these plans never came to fruition, and by 1997 a new, shorter route was in the planning stages.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Construction of the $33 million route was announced on May 26, 2000 by Transportation Minister David Turnbull,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and began in July 2003.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The new route was opened on November 26, 2004.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The section through Hamilton at the time followed Upper James Street through the Claremont Access onto the one-way pairings of Wellington Street and Victoria Avenue then Main Street and King Street. It turned north on Dundurn Street and crossed Cootes Paradise via York Boulevard before turning onto Plains Road and meeting the current route at the now-closed intersection.<ref>Template:Cite map</ref> The responsibility for this routing was subsequently transferred to the City of Hamilton.<ref name="Hwy6N" />
Future
Three sections of HighwayTemplate:Nbsp6 are undergoing planning as of 2022.
- HighwayTemplate:Nbsp6 South from Upper James Street to HighwayTemplate:Nbsp403 is proposed to expand to four lanes, undergoing preliminary design as of FebruaryTemplate:Nbsp17, 2022<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>
- The Morriston Bypass (from Maddaugh Road, south of Puslinch, to HighwayTemplate:Nbsp401 west of Morriston) is a proposed new two or four lane alignment of HighwayTemplate:Nbsp6 currently in early works construction.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- The Hanlon Expressway Mid-Block Interchange project will result in a new interchange between Wellington County RoadTemplate:Nbsp34 and Maltby Road, as well as the removal of the existing intersections between the Hanlon Expressway and those two roads. A design–build contract for this work was awarded in February 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Major intersections
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