Oostvaardersplassen

The Oostvaardersplassen (Template:IPA) is a nature reserve in Flevoland, the Netherlands, managed by the Staatsbosbeheer (state forestry service). Covering about Template:Convert in the province of Flevoland, it is an experiment<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> in rewilding.<ref name=Monbiot>Oostvaardersplassen is discussed, for example, in George Monbiot's book Feral: searching for enchantment on the frontiers of rewilding (2013). While being in favour of rewilding, Monbiot has doubts about this site's lack of tree cover and of predators.</ref> It is in a polder created in 1968; by 1989, its ecological interest had resulted in its being declared a Ramsar wetland.<ref name="Important Bird Areas factsheet">Template:Cite web</ref> It became part of Nieuw Land National Park when that was established in 2018.

Geography

The Oostvaardersplassen is located in the municipality of Lelystad, between the towns of Lelystad and Almere, in the province of Flevoland in the Netherlands. The area of Template:Convert is situated on the shore of the Markermeer in the center of the Flevopolder. The Oostvaardersplassen can be divided into a wet area in the northwest and a dry area in the southeast.Template:Cn

Wet and dry areas

In the wet area along the Markermeer, there are large reedbeds on clay, where greylag geese often feed. Oostvaardersplassen is also a Special Protection Area for birdlife, such as the great cormorant, common spoonbill, great egret, white-tailed eagle, Eurasian bittern, common kingfisher, grey heron, common raven, barnacle goose, little egret, Savi's warbler, and bearded reedling, among many other animals, such as the European red fox, and Nicrophorus vespillo burying beetle.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Before the establishment of the reserve, the dry area was a nursery for willow trees, and in the first year hundreds of seedlings could be found on each square metre. This led to concern that a dense woodland would develop, significantly reducing the value of the habitat for water birds. To avoid this, the park's managers brought in a number of large herbivores to keep the area more open, including Konik horses, red deer and Heck cattle.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> These large grazing animals are kept out in the open all year round without supplemental feeding for the winter and early spring, and are allowed to behave as wild animals (without, for example, for now, castrating males). The ecosystem developing under their influence is thought to resemble those that would have existed on European river banks and deltas before human disturbance. However, there is some controversy about how natural the ecosystem is because it is a fenced in area with limited space, there are currently no wildlife corridors to connect the reserve to other places, it has a pumping station to control and prevent floods, and the area lacks large predators to keep the large numbers of herbivores in check, such as the Eurasian wolf, Eurasian brown bear and Eurasian lynx.<ref name=Monbiot />

Large herbivores

File:Heckrund1.JPG

Heck cattle

Before they were driven to extinction, large herbivores in this part of Europe included the tarpan (wild horse), wisent (European bison), red deer and aurochs (wild cattle). The tarpan and aurochs are extinct, but Konik ponies and Heck cattle are able to act as functional equivalents, occupying a similar ecological niche. The only native large herbivores now missing from Oostvaardersplassen are the elk (Alces alces), the roe deer "formerly present in the park", the wild boar and the wisent.Template:Citation needed There is a chance that the wild boar will find its way naturally from the Veluwe.Template:Cn

Head count	2010<ref name="managementplan 2011-2015">Template:Cite web</ref>	2011<ref name="Seizoensbericht najaar 2011">Template:Cite web</ref>
Red deer	2,200–2,800	3,300
Konik ponies	1,090	1,150
Heck cattle	320	350
Roe deer	30–40	n/a

File:OP dood hert 2.jpg

Carcass of deer that had been shot because it was too weak to survive the winter

Management

The reserve is the subject of decades of management reports<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and protests<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="omroepflevoland.nl">Template:Cite web</ref> against the large reported number of grazers dying by starvation or shot to death,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> while the animals are kept behind a fence and cannot migrate.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> During a particularly harsh winter in 2005, many animals in the Oostvaardersplassen died of starvation, leading to public outcry against alleged animal cruelty and leading to the culling strategy.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> In the winter of 2017–2018, almost 3,300 deer, horses and cattle starved to death<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> dividing the Dutch public<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and leading to demonstrations and individuals feeding hay to the animals despite police arrests.<ref name="omroepflevoland.nl" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Province asked the Van Geel Commission<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to write a policy which was presented in April<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and approved on 11 July 2018. This Van Geel report advised to manage the terrain instead of rewilding. The consequence is a reduction of the numbers of remaining animals either by replacing or shooting<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which led to another outburst of protests and court cases.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref>

Mass mortalities were likely also caused by failure to connect the reserve to the Veluwe nearby due to conflicts with farmers and a lack of political support, abandonment of Template:Ill due to political transition,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and failure to introduce large predators.<ref>Steph Yin, 2019, The Netherlands' grand rewilding experiment, gone haywire Template:Webarchive</ref>

Further development

In many ways the Oostvaardersplassen is an isolated area; it is in a polder and there are currently no wildlife corridors connecting it to other nature reserves. The "Ecological Main Structure" plan proposes connections between nature reserves in the Netherlands, calling for a corridor to be created toward the nearby Template:Interlanguage link multi forest near Zeewolde. The resulting network, called Oostvaardersland, would be part of Natura 2000, the European-wide network of habitats to which Oostvaardersplassen belongs.<ref>Template:In lang Natura 2000 'Oostvaardersplassen' Template:Webarchive</ref> The creation of Oostvaardersland will allow seasonal small scale migration and take some strain off the big grazers in winter. In the summer, Oostvaardersplassen will offer rich grazing and the sea winds will keep biting insects at bay, in the winter, the Horsterwold will offer protection from cold winds and supply browse. Oostvaardersland will comprise a total area of Template:Convert. Furthermore, there is an option for a connection to the Veluwe forest. Eventually this could allow wild animals to move to and from Germany.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Oostvaardersland was expected to be finished by 2014. However, the project ran into financial and political troubles. In 2012 the creation of Template:Interlanguage link multi, the Template:Convert connecting corridor between Oostvaardersplassen and the Horsterwold, was stopped, and four members of the regional parliament resigned.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The government then planned to sell back the property to the previous owners for less money than it originally paid for the property; according to European nature laws it would then have to turn other lands into wilderness areas to compensate for the loss of the OostvaardersWold nature area.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

As above-mentioned, the plan to connect to the De Hoge Veluwe National Park in Gelderland also failed.Template:Cn

• Konik ponies
  Konik ponies
• A Heck bull amongst a herd of Konik ponies
  A Heck bull amongst a herd of Konik ponies
• Young Heck cow with calves
  Young Heck cow with calves
• A red deer
  A red deer

See also

• De Nieuwe Wildernis, a 2013 Dutch natural history documentary film
• Pleistocene Park
• Wood-pasture hypothesis

External links

• Template:In lang Oostvaardersplassen at the website of Staatsbosbeheer