OpenDocument

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The Open Document Format for Office Applications (ODF), also known as OpenDocument, standardized as ISO 26300, is an open file format for word processing documents, spreadsheets, presentations and graphics and using ZIP-compressed<ref>Extract an odt file with unzip on Linux to see the actual resource hierarchy</ref> XML files. It was developed with the aim of providing an open, XML-based file format specification for office applications.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The standard is developed and maintained by a technical committee in the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) consortium.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was based on the Sun Microsystems specification for OpenOffice.org XML, the default format for OpenOffice.org and LibreOffice. It was originally developed for StarOffice "to provide an open standard for office documents."<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

In addition to being an OASIS standard, it is published as an ISO/IEC international standard ISO/IEC 26300Template:Snd Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument).<ref name="odf12-part1"/><ref name="odf12-part2"/><ref name="odf12-part3"/><ref name="odf10"/><ref name="iso.org">Template:Citation</ref><ref name="http">Template:Cite web</ref> From March 2024, the current version is 1.4.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Specifications

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The most common filename extensions used for OpenDocument documents are:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="hg flat opendocument">Template:Cite web</ref>

The original OpenDocument format consists of an XML document that has <document> as its root element. OpenDocument files can also take the format of a ZIP compressed archive containing a number of files and directories; these can contain binary content and benefit from ZIP's lossless compression to reduce file size. OpenDocument benefits from separation of concerns by separating the content, styles, metadata, and application settings into four separate XML files.

There is a comprehensive set of example documents in OpenDocument format available.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The whole test suite is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 license.

History

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Conception

The OpenDocument standard was developed by a Technical Committee (TC) under the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) industry consortium. The ODF-TC has members from a diverse set of companies and individuals. Active TC members have voting rights. Members associated with Sun and IBM have sometimes had a large voting influence.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The standardization process involved the developers of many office suites or related document systems.

The first official ODF-TC meeting to discuss the standard was 16 December 2002. OASIS approved OpenDocument as an OASIS standard on 1 May 2005. OASIS submitted the ODF specification to ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) on 16 November 2005, under Publicly Available Specification (PAS) rules. ISO/IEC standardization for an open document standard including text, spreadsheet and presentation was proposed for the first time in DKUUG 28 August 2001.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

After a six-month review period, on 3 May 2006, OpenDocument unanimously passed its six-month DIS (Draft International Standard) ballot in JTC 1 (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34), with broad participation,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> after which the OpenDocument specification was "approved for release as an ISO and IEC International Standard" under the name ISO/IEC 26300:2006.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

After responding to all written ballot comments, and a 30-day default ballot, the OpenDocument international standard went to publication in ISO, officially published 30 November 2006.

In 2006,<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> Garry Edwards, a member of OASIS TC since 2002,<ref name="Oasis_meeting">Template:Cite web</ref> along with Sam Hiser and Paul "Marbux" E. Merrell<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> founded the OpenDocument Foundation. The aim of this project was to be open-source representative of the format in OASIS.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The immediate aim of this project was to develop software that would convert legacy Microsoft Office documents to ODF. By October 2007 the project was a failure: Conversion of Microsoft Office documents could not be achieved.<ref name=":0" /> By this time, The foundation was convinced that ODF was not moving in a direction that they supported.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref> As a result, it announced the decision to abandon its namesake format in favor of W3C's Compound Document Format (CDF), which was in early stages of its development.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> The foundation, however, never acted on this decision and was soon dissolved. The CDF was never designed for this purpose either.<ref name="andy1">Template:Cite web</ref>

Further standardization

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Further standardization work with OpenDocument includes:

  • The OASIS Committee Specification OpenDocument 1.0 (second edition) corresponds to the published ISO/IEC 26300:2006 standard. The content of ISO/IEC 26300 and OASIS OpenDocument v1.0 2nd ed. is identical.<ref name="odf10">Template:Citation</ref> It includes the editorial changes made to address JTC1 ballot comments. It is available in ODF, HTML and PDF formats.
  • OpenDocument 1.1 includes additional features to address accessibility concerns.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was approved as an OASIS Standard on 2007-02-01 following a call for vote issued on 2007-01-16.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The public announcement was made on 2007-02-13.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This version was not initially submitted to ISO/IEC, because it is considered to be a minor update to ODF 1.0 only, and OASIS were working already on ODF 1.2 at the time ODF 1.1 was approved.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However it was later submitted to ISO/IEC and published in March 2012 as "ISO/IEC 26300:2006/Amd 1:2012 – Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) v1.1".<ref name="iso.org"/><ref name="http"/>
  • OpenDocument 1.2 includes additional accessibility features, RDF-based metadata,<ref name="register">Template:Cite web</ref> a spreadsheet formula specification based on OpenFormula,<ref name="register" /> support for digital signatures and some features suggested by the public. It consists of three parts: Part 1: OpenDocument Schema, Part 2: Recalculated Formula (OpenFormula) Format and Part 3: Packages. Version 1.2 of the specification was approved as an OASIS Standard on 29 September 2011.<ref name="odf12">Template:Citation</ref> It was submitted to the relevant ISO committee under the Publicly Available Specification (PAS) procedure in March 2014.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In October 2014, it was unanimously approved as a Draft International Standard. Some comments were raised in the process that needed to be addressed before OpenDocument 1.2 could proceed to become an International Standard.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> OpenDocument 1.2 was published as ISO/IEC standard on 17 June 2015.<ref name="odf12-part1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="odf12-part2">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="odf12-part3">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • OpenDocument 1.3 includes additional features for digital signatures, encryption, change-tracking and inter-operability. Version 1.3 of the OpenDocument specification was approved as an OASIS Standard April 2021. The specification was completed as the result of the COSM crowdfunding project seeded by The Document Foundation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Application support

Software

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The OpenDocument format is used in free software and in proprietary software. This includes office suites (both stand-alone and web-based) and individual applications such as word-processors, spreadsheets, presentation, and data management applications. Prominent text editors, word processors and office suites supporting OpenDocument fully or partially include:

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Various organizations have announced development of conversion software (including plugins and filters) to support OpenDocument on Microsoft's products.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:As of, there are nine packages of conversion software. Microsoft first released support for the OpenDocument Format in Office 2007 SP2.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, the implementation faced substantial criticism and the ODF Alliance and others claimed that the third party plugins provided better support.<ref name="sp2-fact-sheet">Template:Cite web</ref> Microsoft Office 2010 can open and save OpenDocument Format documents natively, although not all features are supported.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In July 2024, Microsoft announced early support for ODF 1.4 in Microsoft 365, starting with version 2404 for Windows and 16.84 for macOS.<ref name="ms-odf-1.4">Template:Cite web</ref>

Starting with Mac OS X 10.5, the TextEdit application and Quick Look preview feature support the OpenDocument Text format.

Accessibility

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Licensing

Public access to the standard

Versions of the OpenDocument Format approved by OASIS are available for free download and use.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The ITTF has added ISO/IEC 26300 to its "list of freely available standards"; anyone may download and use this standard free-of-charge under the terms of a click-through license.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Additional royalty-free licensing

Obligated members<ref>office members</ref> of the OASIS ODF TC have agreed to make deliverables available to implementors under the OASIS Royalty Free with Limited Terms policy.

Key contributor Sun Microsystems made an irrevocable intellectual property covenant, providing all implementers with the guarantee that Sun will not seek to enforce any of its enforceable U.S. or foreign patents against any implementation of the OpenDocument specification in which development Sun participates to the point of incurring an obligation.<ref name="SunOpenDocumentPatentStatement">Template:Cite web</ref>

A second contributor to ODF development, IBM – which, for instance, has contributed Lotus spreadsheet documentation<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> – has made their patent rights available through their Interoperability Specifications Pledge in which "IBM irrevocably covenants to you that it will not assert any Necessary Claims against you for your making, using, importing, selling, or offering for sale Covered Implementations."<ref name="IBM-ISP-list">Template:Cite web</ref>

The Software Freedom Law Center has examined whether there are any legal barriers to the use of the OpenDocument Format (ODF) in free and open source software arising from the standardization process. In their opinion ODF is free of legal encumbrances that would prevent its use in free and open source software, as distributed under licenses authored by Apache and the FSF.Template:Citation needed

Response

Support for OpenDocument

Several governments, companies, organizations and software products support the OpenDocument format. For example:

On 4 November 2005, IBM and Sun Microsystems convened the "OpenDocument (ODF) Summit" in Armonk, New York, to discuss how to boost OpenDocument adoption. The ODF Summit brought together representatives from several industry groups and technology companies, including Oracle, Google, Adobe, Novell, Red Hat, Computer Associates, Corel, Nokia, Intel, and Linux e-mail company Scalix (LaMonica, 10 November 2005). The providers committed resources to technically improve OpenDocument through existing standards bodies and to promote its usage in the marketplace, possibly through a stand-alone foundation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Scholars have suggested that the "OpenDocument standard is the wedge that can hold open the door for competition, particularly with regard to the specific concerns of the public sector."<ref name="papers.ssrn.com">Template:Cite book</ref> Indeed, adoption by the public sector has risen considerably since the promulgation of the OpenDocument format initiated the 2005/2006 time period.<ref name="papers.ssrn.com" />

  • Different applications using ODF as a standard document format have different methods of providing macro/scripting capabilities. There is no macro language specified in ODF. Users and developers differ on whether inclusion of a standard scripting language would be desirable.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The ODF specification for tracked changes is limited and does not fully specify all cases, resulting in implementation-specific behaviors.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In addition, OpenDocument does not support change tracking in elements like tables or MathML.<ref name="doyourmath">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • It is not permitted to use generic ODF formatting style elements (like font information) for the MathML elements.<ref name="doyourmath"/>

Adoption

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One objective of open formats like OpenDocument is to guarantee long-term access to data without legal or technical barriers, and some governments have come to view open formats as a public policy issue. Several governments around the world have introduced policies of partial or complete adoption.<ref name="papers.ssrn.com"/> What this means varies from case to case; in some cases, it means that the ODF standard has a national standard identifier; in some cases, it means that the ODF standard is permitted to be used where national regulation says that non-proprietary formats must be used, and in still other cases, it means that some government body has actually decided that ODF will be used in some specific context. The following is an incomplete list:

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Subnational

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See also

Notes

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References

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