Ottoman Turkish

Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Infobox language Template:Contains special characters

Ottoman Turkish (Template:Langx, Template:IPA; Template:Langx) was the standardized register of the Turkish language in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extensively, in all aspects, from Arabic and Persian. It was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to rural Turks, who continued to use Template:Lang ("raw/vulgar Turkish"; compare Vulgar Latin and Demotic Greek), which used far fewer foreign loanwords and is the basis of the modern standard.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Tanzimât era (1839–1876) saw the application of the term "Ottoman" when referring to the language<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> (Template:Lang Template:Translit or Template:Lang Template:Translit); Modern Turkish uses the same terms when referring to the language of that era (Template:Lang and Template:Lang). More generically, the Turkish language was called Template:Lang Template:Translit or Template:Lang Template:Translit "Turkish".

History

Historically, Ottoman Turkish was transformed in three eras:

• Template:Translit Template:Lang (Old Ottoman Turkish): the version of Ottoman Turkish used until the 16th century. It was almost identical with the Turkish used by Seljuk empire and Anatolian beyliks and was often regarded as part of Template:Translit Template:Lang (Old Anatolian Turkish).
• Template:Translit Template:Lang (Middle Ottoman Turkish) or Template:Translit (Classical Ottoman Turkish): the language of poetry and administration from the 16th century until Tanzimat.
• Template:Translit Template:Lang (New Ottoman Turkish): the version shaped from the 1850s to the 20th century under the influence of journalism and Western-oriented literature.

Language reform

In 1928, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, widespread language reforms (a part in the greater framework of Atatürk's reforms) instituted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk saw the replacement of many Persian and Arabic origin loanwords in the language with their Turkish equivalents. One of the main supporters of the reform was the Turkish nationalist Ziya Gökalp.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It also saw the replacement of the Perso-Arabic script with the extended Latin alphabet. The changes were meant to encourage the growth of a new variety of written Turkish that more closely reflected the spoken vernacular and to foster a new variety of spoken Turkish that reinforced Turkey's new national identity as being a post-Ottoman state.Template:Citation needed

See the list of replaced loanwords in Turkish for more examples of Ottoman Turkish words and their modern Turkish counterparts. Two examples of Arabic and two of Persian loanwords are found below.

English	Ottoman	Modern Turkish
obligatory	Template:Lang Template:Translit	Template:Lang
hardship	Template:Lang Template:Translit	Template:Lang
city	Template:Lang Template:Translit	Template:Lang (also Template:Lang)
province	Template:Lang Template:Translit	Template:Lang
war	Template:Lang Template:Translit	Template:Lang

Legacy

Historically speaking, Ottoman Turkish is the predecessor of modern Turkish. However, the standard Turkish of today is essentially Template:Lang (Turkish of Turkey) as written in the Latin alphabet and with an abundance of neologisms added, which means there are now far fewer loan words from other languages, and Ottoman Turkish was not instantly transformed into the Turkish of today. At first, it was only the script that was changed, and while some households continued to use the Arabic system in private, most of the Turkish population was illiterate at the time, making the switch to the Latin alphabet much easier. Then, loan words were taken out, and new words fitting the growing amount of technology were introduced. Until the 1960s, Ottoman Turkish was at least partially intelligible with the Turkish of that day. One major difference between Ottoman Turkish and modern Turkish is the latter's abandonment of compound word formation according to Arabic and Persian grammar rules. The usage of such phrases still exists in modern Turkish but only to a very limited extent and usually in specialist contexts; for example, the Persian-derived genitive construction Template:Lang (Template:Translit) (which reads literally as "the preordaining of the divine" and translates as "divine dispensation" or "destiny") is used, as opposed to the normative modern Turkish construction, Template:Lang (literally, "divine preordaining").

In 2014, Turkey's Education Council decided that Ottoman Turkish should be taught in Islamic high schools and as an elective in other schools, a decision backed by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who said the language should be taught in schools so younger generations do not lose touch with their cultural heritage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Writing system

Calendar in Thessaloniki 1896, a cosmopolitan city; the first three lines in Ottoman script

Most Ottoman Turkish was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet (Template:Langx), a variant of the Perso-Arabic script. The Armenian, Greek and Rashi script of Hebrew were sometimes used by Armenians, Greeks and Jews. (See Karamanli Turkish, a dialect of Ottoman written in the Greek script; Armeno-Turkish alphabet)

Grammar

The actual grammar of Ottoman Turkish is not different from the grammar of modern Turkish. The focus of this section is on the Ottoman orthography; the conventions surrounding how the orthography interacted and dealt with grammatical morphemes related to conjugations, cases, pronouns, etc.

Cases

• Nominative and Indefinite accusative/objective: -∅, no suffix. Template:Lang Template:Lang 'the lake' 'a lake', Template:Lang Template:Translit 'soup', Template:Lang Template:Translit 'night'; Template:Lang Template:Translit 'he/she brought a rabbit'.
• Genitive: suffix Template:Lang Template:Translit. Template:Lang Template:Translit 'of the pasha'; Template:Lang Template:Translit 'of the book'.
• Definite accusative: suffix Template:Lang Template:Translit: Template:Lang Template:Translit 'he/she brought the rabbit'. The variant suffix Template:Translit does not occur in Ottoman Turkish orthography (unlike in Modern Turkish), although it's pronounced with the vowel harmony. Thus, Template:Lang Template:Translit 'the lake' vs. Modern Turkish Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Dative: suffix Template:Lang Template:Translit: Template:Lang Template:Translit 'to the house'.
• Locative: suffix Template:Lang Template:Translit: Template:Lang Template:Translit 'at school', Template:Lang Template:Translit 'in (the/a) cage', Template:Lang Template:Translit 'at a/the start', Template:Lang Template:Translit 'in town'. The variant suffix used in Modern Turkish (Template:Lang, Template:Lang) does not occur.
• Ablative: suffix Template:Lang Template:Translit: Template:Lang Template:Translit 'from the man'.
• Instrumental: suffix or postposition Template:Lang Template:Translit. Generally not counted as a grammatical case in modern grammars.

The table below lists nouns with a variety of phonological features that come into play when taking case suffixes; it includes a typical singular and plural noun, containing back and front vowels, words that end with the letter Template:Lang (Template:Translit or Template:Translit) (back and front vowels), words that end in a Template:Lang (Template:Translit) sound, and words that end in either Template:Lang or Template:Lang (Template:Translit). These words are to serve as references, to observe orthographic conventions:

• Which vowels are written using the 4 letters: Template:Lang Template:Lang, Template:Lang Template:Lang, Template:Lang Template:Lang, and Template:Lang Template:Lang, and which are not.
• When words or morphemes are connected to each other, and when they are separated with the use of Zero-width non-joiner.
• When a final letter is softened when followed by a vowel sound, and when not; both in Ottoman orthography and in modern Latin orthography.
• When harmony of vowel roundness exists in spoken pronunciation and modern Latin orthography, but not in Ottoman orthography.
• When the letters Template:Lang (Template:Translit) and Template:Lang (Template:Translit) are used.

Declension of nouns for case<ref name="redhouse-grammar">Template:Cite book</ref>

Case	Morpheme	Template:Lang		Template:Lang		Template:Lang		Template:Lang		Template:Lang		Template:Lang		Template:Lang		Template:Lang		Template:Lang		Template:Lang
		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss
Nom	—	Template:Lang	ok	Template:Lang	oklar	Template:Lang	ev	Template:Lang	evler	Template:Lang	kurt	Template:Lang	çartak	Template:Lang	ipek	Template:Lang	para	Template:Lang	pide	Template:Lang	köprü
Acc	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	oku	Template:Lang	okları	Template:Lang	evi	Template:Lang	evleri	Template:Lang	kurdu	Template:Lang	çartağı	Template:Lang	ipeği	Template:Lang	parayı	Template:Lang	pideyi	Template:Lang	köprüyü
	-ı -i -u -ü
Dat	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	oka	Template:Lang	oklara	Template:Lang	eve	Template:Lang	evlere	Template:Lang	kurda	Template:Lang	çartağa	Template:Lang	ipeğe	Template:Lang	paraya	Template:Lang	pideye	Template:Lang	köprüye
	-a -e
Loc	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	okta	Template:Lang	oklarda	Template:Lang	evde	Template:Lang	evlerde	Template:Lang	kurt'ta	Template:Lang	çartakta	Template:Lang	ipekde	Template:Lang	parada	Template:Lang	pidede	Template:Lang	köprüde
	-da -de -ta -te
Abl	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	oktan	Template:Lang	oklardan	Template:Lang	evden	Template:Lang	evlerden	Template:Lang	kurttan	Template:Lang	çartaktan	Template:Lang	ipekden	Template:Lang	paradan	Template:Lang	pideden	Template:Lang	köprüden
	-dan -den -tan -ten
Gen	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	okun	Template:Lang	okların	Template:Lang	evin	Template:Lang	evlerin	Template:Lang	kurdun	Template:Lang	çartağın	Template:Lang	ipeğin	Template:Lang	paranın	Template:Lang	pidenin	Template:Lang	köprünün
	-ın -in -un -ün
Inst	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	okla	Template:Lang	oklarla	Template:Lang	evle	Template:Lang	evlerle	Template:Lang	kurtla	Template:Lang	çartakla	Template:Lang	ipekle	Template:Lang	parala	Template:Lang	pidele	Template:Lang	köprülü
	-la -le -lu -lü

Possessives

Table below shows the suffixes for creating possessed nouns. Each of these possessed nouns, in turn, take case suffixes as shown above.

Declension of nouns for possession<ref name="redhouse-grammar"/>

Person	Morpheme	Template:Lang		Template:Lang		Template:Lang		Template:Lang		Template:Lang		Template:Lang		Template:Lang		Template:Lang		Template:Lang		Template:Lang
		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss		Template:Lang Template:Gloss
—	—	Template:Lang	ok	Template:Lang	oklar	Template:Lang	ev	Template:Lang	evler	Template:Lang	kurt	Template:Lang	çartak	Template:Lang	ipek	Template:Lang	para	Template:Lang	pide	Template:Lang	köprü
1st Person Sg.	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	okum	Template:Lang	oklarım	Template:Lang	evim	Template:Lang	evlerim	Template:Lang	kurdum	Template:Lang	çartağım	Template:Lang	ipeğim	Template:Lang	param	Template:Lang	pidem	Template:Lang	köprüm
	-m -ım -im -um -üm
2nd Person Sg.	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	okun	Template:Lang	okların	Template:Lang	evin	Template:Lang	evlerin	Template:Lang	kurdun	Template:Lang	çartağın	Template:Lang	ipeğin	Template:Lang	paran	Template:Lang	piden	Template:Lang	köprün
	-n -ın -in -un -ün
3rd Person Sg.	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	oku	Template:Lang	okları	Template:Lang	evi	Template:Lang	evleri	Template:Lang	kurdu	Template:Lang	çartağı	Template:Lang	ipeği	Template:Lang	parası	Template:Lang	pidesi	Template:Lang	köprüsü
	-(s)ı -(s)i -(s)u -(s)ü
1st Person Pl.	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	okumuz	Template:Lang	oklarımız	Template:Lang	evimiz	Template:Lang	evlerimiz	Template:Lang	kurdumuz	Template:Lang	çartağımız	Template:Lang	ipeğimiz	Template:Lang	paramız	Template:Lang	pidemiz	Template:Lang	köprümüz
	-(ı)mız -(i)miz -(u)muz -(ü)müz
2nd Person Pl.	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	okunuz	Template:Lang	oklarınız	Template:Lang	eviniz	Template:Lang	evleriniz	Template:Lang	kurdunuz	Template:Lang	çartağınız	Template:Lang	ipeğiniz	Template:Lang	paranız	Template:Lang	pideniz	Template:Lang	köprünüz
	-(ı)nız -(i)niz -(u)nuz -(ü)nüz
3rd Person Pl.	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	okları	Template:Lang	okları	Template:Lang	evleri	Template:Lang	evleri	Template:Lang	kurtları	Template:Lang	çartakleri	Template:Lang	ipekleri	Template:Lang	paraları	Template:Lang	pideleri	Template:Lang	köprüleri
	-ları -leri

For third person (singular and plural) possessed nouns, that end in a vowel, when it comes to taking case suffixes, a letter Template:Lang (Template:Translit) comes after the possessive suffix. For singular endings, the final vowel Template:Lang (Template:Translit or Template:Translit) is removed in all instances. For plural endings, if the letter succeeding the additional Template:Lang (Template:Translit) is a vowel, the final vowel Template:Lang (Template:Translit or Template:Translit) is kept; otherwise it is removed (note the respective examples for Template:Lang and Template:Lang).

	Nom	Acc	Dat	Loc	Abl	Gen
his/her book	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Lang
	kitabı	kitabını	kitabına	kitabında	kitabından	kitabının
his/her books	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Lang
	kitapları	kitaplarını	kitaplarına	kitaplarında	kitaplarından	kitaplarının
his/her maternal aunt	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Lang
	teyzesi	teyzesini	teyzesine	teyzesinde	teyzesinden	teyzesinin
his/her maternal aunts	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Lang
	teyzeleri	teyzelerini	teyzelerine	teyzelerinde	teyzelerinden	teyzelerinin

Verbs

Below table shows the positive conjugation for two sample verbs Template:Lang açmak (to open) and Template:Lang sevilmek (to be loved). The first verb is the active verb, and the other has been modified to form a passive verb. The first contains back vowels, the second front vowels; both containing non-rounded vowels (which also impacts pronunciation and modern Latin orthography).<ref name="wells-grammar">Template:Cite book Online copies from Google Books: [1] (PDF can be accessed at: archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31137)</ref>

		rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	Template:Lang açmak 'to open'				Template:Lang sevilmek 'to be loved'
		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
rowspan=15 Template:Vert header	Present Imperfect am/is/are opening am/is/are being loved	1	Template:Lang	açıyorum	Template:Lang	açıyoruz	Template:Lang	seviliyorum	Template:Lang	seviliyoruz
2		Template:Lang	açıyorsun	Template:Lang	açıyorsunuz	Template:Lang	seviliyorsun	Template:Lang	seviliyorsunuz
3		Template:Lang	açıyor	Template:Lang	açıyorlar	Template:Lang	seviliyor	Template:Lang	seviliyorlar
Past Imperfect was/were opening was/were being loved	1	Template:Lang	açıyordum	Template:Lang	açıyorduk	Template:Lang	seviliyordum	Template:Lang	seviliyorduk
	2	Template:Lang	açıyordun	Template:Lang	açıyordunuz	Template:Lang	seviliyordun	Template:Lang	seviliyordunuz
	3	Template:Lang	açıyordu	Template:Lang	açıyordular	Template:Lang	seviliyordu	Template:Lang	seviliyordular
Present Aorist shall habitually open shall habitually be loved	1	Template:Lang	açarım	Template:Lang	açarız	Template:Lang	sevilirim	Template:Lang	seviliriz
	2	Template:Lang	açarsın	Template:Lang	açarsınız	Template:Lang	sevilirsin	Template:Lang	sevilirsiniz
	3	Template:Lang	açar	Template:Lang	açarlar	Template:Lang	sevilir	Template:Lang	sevilirler
Past Perfect opened was loved	1	Template:Lang	açtım	Template:Lang	açtık	Template:Lang	sevildim	Template:Lang	sevildik
	2	Template:Lang	açtın	Template:Lang	açtınız	Template:Lang	sevildin	Template:Lang	sevildiniz
	3	Template:Lang	açtı	Template:Lang	açtılar	Template:Lang	sevildi	Template:Lang	sevildiler
Future will open will be loved	1	Template:Lang	açacağım	Template:Lang	açacağız	Template:Lang	sevileceğim	Template:Lang	sevileceğiz
	2	Template:Lang	açacaksın	Template:Lang	açacaksınız	Template:Lang	sevileceksin	Template:Lang	sevileceksiniz
	3	Template:Lang	açacak	Template:Lang	açacaklar	Template:Lang	sevilecek	Template:Lang	sevilecekler
rowspan=4 Template:Vert header	Perfect have/has opened, I believe was/were loved, I believe	1	Template:Lang	açmışım	Template:Lang	açmışız	Template:Lang	sevilmişim	Template:Lang	sevilmişiz
2		Template:Lang	açmışsın	Template:Lang	açmışsınız	Template:Lang	sevilmişsin	Template:Lang	sevilmişsiniz
3		Template:Lang	açmış	Template:Lang	açmışlar	Template:Lang	sevilmiş	Template:Lang	sevilmişler
		Template:Lang	açmışdır			Template:Lang	sevilmişdir
rowspan=6 Template:Vert header	Aorist must open must be loved	1	Template:Lang	açmalıyım	Template:Lang	açmalıyız	Template:Lang	sevilmeliyim	Template:Lang	sevilmeliyiz
2		Template:Lang	açmalısın	Template:Lang	açmalısınız	Template:Lang	sevilmelisin	Template:Lang	sevilmelisiniz
3		Template:Lang	açmalı	Template:Lang	açmalılar	Template:Lang	sevilmeli	Template:Lang	sevilmeliler
Past must've open must've been loved	1	Template:Lang	açmalıydım	Template:Lang	açmalıydık	Template:Lang	sevilmeliydim	Template:Lang	sevilmeliydik
	2	Template:Lang	açmalıydın	Template:Lang	açmalıydınız	Template:Lang	sevilmeliydin	Template:Lang	sevilmeliydiniz
	3	Template:Lang	açmalıydı	Template:Lang	açmalıydılar	Template:Lang	sevilmeliydi	Template:Lang	sevilmeliydiler
rowspan=4 Template:Vert header	Present that may open that may be loved	1	Template:Lang	açayım	Template:Lang	açayız	Template:Lang	sevileyim	Template:Lang	sevileyiz
Template:Lang					açalım	Template:Lang			sevilelim
2		Template:Lang	açasın	Template:Lang	açasınız	Template:Lang	sevilesin	Template:Lang	sevilesiniz
3		Template:Lang	aça	Template:Lang	açalar	Template:Lang	sevile	Template:Lang	sevileler
rowspan=6 Template:Vert header	Aorist if open if be loved	1	Template:Lang	açsam	Template:Lang	açsak	Template:Lang	sevilsem	Template:Lang	sevilsek
2		Template:Lang	açsan	Template:Lang	açsanız	Template:Lang	sevilsen	Template:Lang	sevilseniz
3		Template:Lang	açsa	Template:Lang	açsalar	Template:Lang	sevilse	Template:Lang	sevilseler
Past if opened if were loved	1	Template:Lang	açsaydım	Template:Lang	açsaydık	Template:Lang	sevilseydim	Template:Lang	sevilseydik
	2	Template:Lang	açsaydın	Template:Lang	açsaydınız	Template:Lang	sevilseydin	Template:Lang	sevilseydiniz
	3	Template:Lang	açsaydı	Template:Lang	açsaydılar	Template:Lang	sevilseydi	Template:Lang	sevilseydiler
Imperative		1	—		Template:Lang	açalım	—		Template:Lang	sevilelim
		2	Template:Lang	aç	Template:Lang	açınız	Template:Lang	sevil	Template:Lang	seviliniz
			Template:Lang	açın			Template:Lang	sevilin
		3	Template:Lang	açsın	Template:Lang	açsınlar	Template:Lang	sevilsin	Template:Lang	sevilsinler

Negation and complex verbs

Below table shows the conjugation of a negative verb, and a positive complex verb expressing ability. In Turkish, complex verbs can be constructed by adding a variety of suffixes to the base root of a verb. The two verbs are Template:Lang yazmamaq (not to write) and Template:Lang sevebilmek (to be able to love).<ref name="wells-grammar"/>

		rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	Template:Lang yazmamaq 'not to write'				Template:Lang sevebilmek 'to be able to love'
		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
rowspan=15 Template:Vert header	Present Imperfect am/is/are not writing can love	1	Template:Lang	yazmayorum	Template:Lang	yazmayoruz	Template:Lang	sevebiliyorum	Template:Lang	sevebiliyoruz
2		Template:Lang	yazmayorsun	Template:Lang	yazmayorsunuz	Template:Lang	sevebiliyorsun	Template:Lang	sevebiliyorsunuz
3		Template:Lang	yazmayor	Template:Lang	yazmayorlar	Template:Lang	sevebiliyor	Template:Lang	sevebiliyorlar
Past Imperfect was/were not writing was/were able to love	1	Template:Lang	yazmıyordum	Template:Lang	yazmıyorduk	Template:Lang	sevebiliyordum	Template:Lang	sevebiliyorduk
	2	Template:Lang	yazmıyordun	Template:Lang	yazmıyordunuz	Template:Lang	sevebiliyordun	Template:Lang	sevebiliyordunuz
	3	Template:Lang	yazmıyordu	Template:Lang	yazmıyordular	Template:Lang	sevebiliyordu	Template:Lang	sevebiliyordular
Present Aorist do not write shall be able to love	1	Template:Lang	yazmam	Template:Lang	yazmayız	Template:Lang	sevebilirim	Template:Lang	sevebiliriz
	2	Template:Lang	yazmazsın	Template:Lang	yazmazsınız	Template:Lang	sevebilirsin	Template:Lang	sevebilirsiniz
	3	Template:Lang	yazmaz	Template:Lang	yazmazlar	Template:Lang	sevebilir	Template:Lang	sevebilirler
Past Perfect used not to write could love	1	Template:Lang	yazmadım	Template:Lang	yazmadık	Template:Lang	sevebildim	Template:Lang	sevebildik
	2	Template:Lang	yazmadın	Template:Lang	yazmadınız	Template:Lang	sevebildin	Template:Lang	sevebildiniz
	3	Template:Lang	yazmadı	Template:Lang	yazmadılar	Template:Lang	sevebildi	Template:Lang	sevebildiler
Future shall not write will be able to love	1	Template:Lang	yazmayacağım	Template:Lang	yazmayacağız	Template:Lang	sevibileceğim	Template:Lang	sevibileceğiz
	2	Template:Lang	yazmayacaksın	Template:Lang	yazmayacaksınız	Template:Lang	sevibileceksin	Template:Lang	sevibileceksiniz
	3	Template:Lang	yazmayacak	Template:Lang	yazmayacaklar	Template:Lang	sevibilecek	Template:Lang	sevibilecekler
rowspan=3 Template:Vert header	Aorist must open must be loved	1	Template:Lang	yazmamalıyım	Template:Lang	yazmamalıyız	Template:Lang	sevibilmeliyim	Template:Lang	sevibilmeliyiz
2		Template:Lang	yazmamalısın	Template:Lang	yazmamalısınız	Template:Lang	sevibilmelisin	Template:Lang	sevibilmelisiniz
3		Template:Lang	yazmamalı	Template:Lang	yazmamalılar	Template:Lang	sevibilmeli	Template:Lang	sevibilmeliler
rowspan=4 Template:Vert header	Present that may not open that may not be able to love	1	Template:Lang	yazmayayım	Template:Lang	yazmayayız	Template:Lang	sevibileyim	Template:Lang	sevibileyiz
Template:Lang					yazmayalım	Template:Lang			sevibilelim
2		Template:Lang	yazmayasın	Template:Lang	yazmayasınız	Template:Lang	sevibilesin	Template:Lang	sevibilesiniz
3		Template:Lang	yazmaya	Template:Lang	yazmayalar	Template:Lang	sevibile	Template:Lang	sevibileler
Imperative		1	—		Template:Lang	yazmayalım	—		Template:Lang	sevibilelim
		2	Template:Lang	yazma	Template:Lang	yazmayınız	Template:Lang	sevibil	Template:Lang	sevibiliniz
			Template:Lang	yazmayın			Template:Lang	sevibilin
		3	Template:Lang	yazmasın	Template:Lang	yazmasınlar	Template:Lang	sevibilsin	Template:Lang	sevibilsinler

Compound verbs

Another common category of verbs in Turkish (more common in Ottoman Turkish than in modern Turkish), is compound verbs. This consists of adding a Persian or Arabic active or passive participle to a neuter verb, to do (Template:Lang etmek) or to become (Template:Lang olmaq). For example, note the following two verbs:

• Template:Lang razı olmaq (to consent);
• Template:Lang katletmek (to slaughter); Template:Lang teşekkür etmek (to thank);
• Template:Lang iyi olunmak (to get better).

Below table shows some sample conjugations of these two verbs. The conjugation of the verb "etmek" is not straightforward, because the root of the verb ends in a [t]. This sound transforms into a [d] when followed by a vowel sound. This is reflected in conventions of Ottoman orthography as well.

		rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	Template:Lang olmaq 'to become'				Template:Lang etmek 'to do'
		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
rowspan=15 Template:Vert header	Present Imperfect	1	Template:Lang	oluyorum	Template:Lang	oluyoruz	Template:Lang	ediyorum	Template:Lang	ediyoruz
2		Template:Lang	oluyorsun	Template:Lang	oluyorsunuz	Template:Lang	ediyorsun	Template:Lang	ediyorsunuz
3		Template:Lang	oluyor	Template:Lang	oluyorlar	Template:Lang	ediyor	Template:Lang	ediyorlar
Past Imperfect	1	Template:Lang	oluyordum	Template:Lang	oluyorduk	Template:Lang	ediyordum	Template:Lang	ediyorduk
	2	Template:Lang	oluyordun	Template:Lang	oluyordunuz	Template:Lang	ediyordun	Template:Lang	ediyordunuz
	3	Template:Lang	oluyordu	Template:Lang	oluyordular	Template:Lang	ediyordu	Template:Lang	ediyordular
Present Aorist	1	Template:Lang	olurum	Template:Lang	oluruz	Template:Lang	ederim	Template:Lang	ederiz
	2	Template:Lang	olursun	Template:Lang	olursunuz	Template:Lang	edersin	Template:Lang	edersiniz
	3	Template:Lang	olur	Template:Lang	olurlar	Template:Lang	eder	Template:Lang	ederler
Past Perfect	1	Template:Lang	oldum	Template:Lang	olduk	Template:Lang	ettim	Template:Lang	ettik
	2	Template:Lang	oldun	Template:Lang	oldunuz	Template:Lang	ettin	Template:Lang	ettiniz
	3	Template:Lang	oldu	Template:Lang	oldular	Template:Lang	etti	Template:Lang	ettiler
Future	1	Template:Lang	olacağım	Template:Lang	olacağız	Template:Lang	edeceğim	Template:Lang	edeceğiz
	2	Template:Lang	olacaksın	Template:Lang	olacaksınız	Template:Lang	edeceksin	Template:Lang	edeceksiniz
	3	Template:Lang	olacak	Template:Lang	olacaklar	Template:Lang	edecek	Template:Lang	edecekler
rowspan=6 Template:Vert header	Aorist	1	Template:Lang	olmalıyım	Template:Lang	olmalıyız	Template:Lang	etmeliyim	Template:Lang	etmeliyiz
2		Template:Lang	olmalısın	Template:Lang	olmalısınız	Template:Lang	etmelisin	Template:Lang	etmelisiniz
3		Template:Lang	olmalı	Template:Lang	olmalılar	Template:Lang	etmeli	Template:Lang	etmeliler
Past	1	Template:Lang	olmalıydım	Template:Lang	olmalıydık	Template:Lang	etmeliydim	Template:Lang	etmeliydik
	2	Template:Lang	olmalıydın	Template:Lang	olmalıydınız	Template:Lang	etmeliydin	Template:Lang	etmeliydiniz
	3	Template:Lang	olmalıydı	Template:Lang	olmalıydılar	Template:Lang	etmeliydi	Template:Lang	etmeliydiler
rowspan=4 Template:Vert header	Present	1	Template:Lang	olayım	Template:Lang	olayız	Template:Lang	edeyim	Template:Lang	edeeyiz
Template:Lang					olalım	Template:Lang			edelim
2		Template:Lang	olasın	Template:Lang	olasınız	Template:Lang	edesin	Template:Lang	edesiniz
3		Template:Lang	ola	Template:Lang	olalar	Template:Lang	ede	Template:Lang	edeler
Imperative		1	—		Template:Lang	olalım	—		Template:Lang	edelim
		2	Template:Lang	ol	Template:Lang	olunuz	Template:Lang	et	Template:Lang	ediniz
			Template:Lang	olun			Template:Lang	edin
		3	Template:Lang	olsun	Template:Lang	olsunlar	Template:Lang	etsin	Template:Lang	etsinler

'to be' and 'not to be' Verbs

In Turkish, there is a verb representing to be, but it is a defective verb. It does not have an infinitive or several other tenses. It is usually a suffix.

		rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	'to be'
		Singular		Plural
rowspan=10 Template:Vert header	Present	1	Template:Lang	-ım, -im, -um, -üm	Template:Lang	-ız, -iz, -uz, -üz
Template:Lang			-yım, -yim, -yum, -yüm	Template:Lang	-yız, -yiz, -yuz, -yüz
2		Template:Lang	-sın, -sin, -sun, -sün	Template:Lang	-sınız, -siniz, -sunuz, -sünüz
3		Template:Lang	-dır, -dir, -dur, -dür -tır, -tir, -tur, -tür	Template:Lang	-dırlar, -dirler, -durlar, -dürler -tırlar, -tirler, -turlar, -türler
Past	1	Template:Lang	-dım, -dim, -dum, -düm -tım, -tim, -tum, -tüm	Template:Lang	-dık, -dik, -duk, -dük -tık, -tik, -tuk, -tük
		Template:Lang	-ydım, -ydim, -ydum, -ydüm	Template:Lang	-ydık, -ydik, -yduk, -ydük
	2	Template:Lang	-dın, -din, -dun, -dün -tın, -tin, -tun, -tün	Template:Lang	-dınız, -diniz, -dunuz, -dünüz -tınız, -tiniz, -tunuz, -tünüz
		Template:Lang	-ydın, -ydin, -ydun, -ydün	Template:Lang	-ydınız, -ydiniz, -ydunuz, -ydünüz
	3	Template:Lang	-dı, -di, -du, -dü -tı, -ti, -tu, -tü	Template:Lang	-dılar, -diler, -dular, -düler -tılar, -tiler, -tular, -tüler
		Template:Lang	-ydı, -ydi, -ydu, -ydü	Template:Lang	-ydılar, -ydiler, -ydular, -ydüler
rowspan=12 Template:Vert header	Aorist	1	Template:Lang	-sam, -sem	Template:Lang	-sak, -sek
Template:Lang			-ysam, -ysem	Template:Lang	-ysak, -ysek
2		Template:Lang	-san, -sen	Template:Lang	-sanız, -seniz, -sanuz, -senüz
		Template:Lang	-ysan, -ysen	Template:Lang	-ysanız, -yseniz, -ysanuz, -ysenüz
3		Template:Lang	-sa, -se	Template:Lang	-salar, -seler
		Template:Lang	-ysa, -yse	Template:Lang	-ysalar, -yseler
Past	1	Template:Lang	-saydım, -seydim, -saydum, -seydüm	Template:Lang	-saydık, -seydik, -sayduk, -seydük
		Template:Lang	-ysaydım, -yseydim, -ysaydum, -yseydüm	Template:Lang	-ysaydık, -yseydik, -ysayduk, -yseydük
	2	Template:Lang	-saydın, -seydin, -saydun, -seydün	Template:Lang	-saydınız, -seydiniz, -saydunuz, -seydünüz
		Template:Lang	-ysaydın, -yseydin, -ysaydun, -yseydün	Template:Lang	-ysaydınız, -yseydiniz, -ysaydunuz, -yseydünüz
	3	Template:Lang	-saydı, -seydi, -saydu, -seydü	Template:Lang	-saydılar, -seydiler, -saydular, -seydüler
		Template:Lang	-ysaydı, -yseydi, -ysaydu, -yseydü	Template:Lang	-ysaydılar, -yseydiler, -ysaydular, -yseydüler

Negative verb to be is created with the use of the word Template:Lang değil, followed by the appropriate conjugation of the to be verb; or optionally used as a standalone for 3rd person.

• Template:Lang / ben işçi değilim: 'I am not a worker'
• Template:Lang / o çiftçi değildir: 'he is not a farmer'
• Template:Lang / o çiftçi değil: 'he is not a farmer'
• Template:Lang / eğer kendim için hazır değilseydim.: 'if I'm not ready for myself'

'to exist/have' and 'not to exist/have' Verbs

Generally, the verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' are expressed using what's called an existential copula, the word Template:Lang var.

• Template:Lang / ev var: 'there is a house'

The verb 'to have' is expressed in the same way, except that the object noun will take a possessive pronoun, producing sentences that will literally mean "there exists house of mine".

• Template:Lang / evim var: 'I have a house'

The verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' conjugated for other tenses, are expressed in the same way, with a possessive pronoun if needed, and copula Template:Lang var, followed by the 3rd person singular form of the verb 'to do: Template:Lang etmek attached as a suffix (or separate as a stanadalone verb); as conjugated in the above section.

• Template:Lang / evin vardı: 'you had a house'
• Template:Lang / bina varmalıydı: 'there had to be a building'

The verbs 'not to exist' and 'not to have' are created in the exact same manner and conjugation, except that the copula Template:Lang yok is used.

• Template:Lang / ev yok: 'there isn't a house'
• Template:Lang / evim yok: 'I don't have a house'
• Template:Lang / evin yoktu: 'you didn't have a house'
• Template:Lang / bina yokmalıydı: 'there must not have been a building'

Verb construction

Turkish being an agglutinative language as opposed to an analytical one (generally), means that from a single root verb, with the addition of a variety of morphemes and suffixes, multiple new and different verbs meanings can be expressed in single but larger words.

Below table is a sample from the verb Template:Lang (Template:Translit, "to kick"), whose root (which is also 2nd person imperative) is Template:Lang (Template:Translit). Each of the produced new verbs below can be made into an infinitive with the addition of Template:Lang (Template:Translit) at the end.<ref name="redhouse-grammar"/>

Classes		Active
		Transitive or Intransitive	Transitive or Intransitive	Intransitive
		Determinate	Indeterminate	Reciprocal
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	Simple	Template:Lang (tep) kick	Template:Lang (tepin) kick about, dance	Template:Lang (tepiş) mutually kick one another
Causative (Permissive)	Template:Lang (teptir) make/let s.o. kick/be kicked	Template:Lang (tepindir) make s.o. kick about	Template:Lang (tepiştir) make s.o.s kick one another mutually
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	Simple	Template:Lang (tepme) don't kick	Template:Lang (tepinme) don't kick about, don't dance	Template:Lang (tepişme) don't mutually kick one another
Causative (Permissive)	Template:Lang (teptirme) make/let not s.o. kick/be kicked	Template:Lang (tepindirme) make not s.o. kick about	Template:Lang (tepiştirme) make not s.o.s kick one another mutually
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	Simple	Template:Lang (tepeme) be unable to kick	Template:Lang (tepineme) be unable to kick about, dance	Template:Lang (tepişeme) be unable to mutually kick one another
Causative (Permissive)	Template:Lang (teptireme) be unable to make/let s.o. kick/be kicked	Template:Lang (tepindireme) be unable to make s.o. kick about	Template:Lang (tepiştireme) be unable to make s.o.s kick one another mutually
Classes		Passive
		Transitive or Intransitive	Transitive or Intransitive	Intransitive
		Determinate	Indeterminate	Reciprocal
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	Simple	Template:Lang (tepil) be kicked	Template:Lang (tepinil) be kicked about	Template:Lang (tepişil) be mutually kick in
Causative (Permissive)	Template:Lang (teptiril) be made to be kicked	Template:Lang (tepindiril) be made to be kicked about	Template:Lang (tepiştiril) be made to kick one another mutually
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	Simple	Template:Lang (tepilme) not be kicked	Template:Lang (tepinilme) not be kicked about	Template:Lang (tepişilme) not be mutually kicked
Causative (Permissive)	Template:Lang (teptirilme) be not made to be kicked	Template:Lang (tepindirilme) be not made to be kicked about	Template:Lang (tepiştirilme) be not made to be one another mutually kicked
rowspan=2 Template:Vert header	Simple	Template:Lang (tepilme) be unable to be kicked	Template:Lang (tepinileme) be unable to be kicked about	Template:Lang (tepişileme) be unable to be mutually kicked
Causative (Permissive)	Template:Lang (teptirileme) be unable to be made to be kicked	Template:Lang (tepindirileme) be unable to be made to be kicked about	Template:Lang (tepiştirileme) be unable to be made to be mutually kicked

Structure

File:Redhouse's Turkish Dictionary.pdf

page=7

Ottoman Turkish was highly influenced by Arabic and Persian. Arabic and Persian words in the language accounted for up to 88% of its vocabulary.<ref name="Bertold Spuler p 69">Template:Ill. Persian Historiography & Geography Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd Template:ISBN p 69</ref> As in most other Turkic and foreign languages of Islamic communities, the Arabic borrowings were borrowed through Persian, not through direct exposure of Ottoman Turkish to Arabic, a fact that is evidenced by the typically Persian phonological mutation of the words of Arabic origin.<ref>Percy Ellen Algernon Frederick William Smythe Strangford, Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe Strangford, Emily Anne Beaufort Smythe Strangford, "Original Letters and Papers of the late Viscount Strangford upon Philological and Kindred Subjects", Published by Trübner, 1878. pg 46: "The Arabic words in Turkish have all decidedly come through a Persian channel. I can hardly think of an exception, except in quite late days, when Arabic words have been used in Turkish in a different sense from that borne by them in Persian."</ref><ref>M. Sukru Hanioglu, "A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire", Published by Princeton University Press, 2008. p. 34: "It employed a predominant Turkish syntax, but was heavily influenced by Persian and (initially through Persian) Arabic.</ref><ref>Pierre A. MacKay, "The Fountain at Hadji Mustapha", Hesperia, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Apr. – Jun., 1967), pp. 193–195: "The immense Arabic contribution to the lexicon of Ottoman Turkish came rather through Persian than directly, and the sound of Arabic words in Persian syntax would be far more familiar to a Turkish ear than correct Arabic".</ref>

The conservation of archaic phonological features of the Arabic borrowings furthermore suggests that Arabic-incorporated Persian was absorbed into pre-Ottoman Turkic at an early stage, when the speakers were still located to the north-east of Persia, prior to the westward migration of the Islamic Turkic tribes. An additional argument for this is that Ottoman Turkish shares the Persian character of its Arabic borrowings with other Turkic languages that had even less interaction with Arabic, such as Tatar, Bashkir, and Uyghur. From the early ages of the Ottoman Empire, borrowings from Arabic and Persian were so abundant that original Turkish words were hard to find.<ref name="books.google.nl">Korkut Bugday. An Introduction to Literary Ottoman Routledge, 5 dec. 2014 Template:ISBN p XV.</ref> In Ottoman, one may find whole passages in Arabic and Persian incorporated into the text.<ref name="books.google.nl"/> It was however not only extensive loaning of words, but along with them much of the grammatical systems of Persian and Arabic.<ref name="books.google.nl"/>

In a social and pragmatic sense, there were (at least) three variants of Ottoman Turkish:

• Template:Translit Template:Lang (Eloquent Turkish): the language of poetry and administration, Ottoman Turkish in its strict sense;
• Template:Translit Template:Lang (Middle Turkish): the language of higher classes and trade;
• Template:Translit Template:Lang (Rough Turkish): the language of lower classes.

A person would use each of the varieties above for different purposes, with the Template:Translit variant being the most heavily suffused with Arabic and Persian words and Template:Translit the least. For example, a scribe would use the Arabic Template:Translit (Template:Lang) to refer to honey when writing a document but would use the native Turkish word Template:Lang (Template:Lang) when buying it.

Numbers

Cardinal numbers<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

0	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Translit
1	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Translit
2	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Translit
3	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Translit
4	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Translit
5	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Translit
6	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Translit
7	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Translit
8	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Translit
9	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Translit
10	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Translit
11	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Translit
12	Template:Lang	Template:Lang	Template:Translit

Transliterations

Template:See also The transliteration system of the Template:Lang has become a de facto standard in Oriental studies for the transliteration of Ottoman Turkish texts.<ref>Korkut Buğday Osmanisch, p. 2</ref> In transcription, the New Redhouse, Karl Steuerwald, and Ferit Devellioğlu dictionaries have become standard.<ref>Korkut Buğday Osmanisch, p. 13</ref> Another transliteration system is the Template:Lang (DMG), which provides a transliteration system for any Turkic language written in Arabic script.<ref>Transkriptionskommission der DMG Die Transliteration der arabischen Schrift in ihrer Anwendung auf die Hauptliteratursprachen der islamischen Welt, p. 9 Template:Webarchive</ref> There are few differences between the İA and the DMG systems.

İA-Transliteration<ref>Korkut Buğday Osmanisch, p. 2f.</ref>

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See also

• Old Anatolian Turkish language
• Culture of the Ottoman Empire
• List of Persian loanwords in Turkish

Further reading

English

• Template:Cite book Online copies: [2], [3], [4]
• Template:Cite book Online copies from Google Books: [5], [6], [7]
• Template:Cite book
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• Lewis, Geoffrey. The Jarring Lecture 2002. "The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success".

Other languages

• Mehmet Hakkı Suçin. Qawâ'id al-Lugha al-Turkiyya li Ghair al-Natiqeen Biha (Turkish Grammar for Arabs; adapted from Mehmet Hengirmen's Yabancılara Türkçe Dilbilgisi), Engin Yayınevi, (2003).
• Mehmet Hakkı Suçin. Atatürk'ün Okuduğu Kitaplar: Endülüs Tarihi (Books That Atatürk Read: History of Andalucia; purification from the Ottoman Turkish, published by Anıtkabir Vakfı, 2001).
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book

External links

• Latin to Ottoman Turkish transliteration
• Michael Talbot. 2021. Central Europe in 1910 as Seen Through the Lens of Ottoman Turkish (pp. 68-71). In: Tomasz Kamusella. Words in Space and Time: A Historical Atlas of Language Politics in Modern Central Europe. Budapest and Vienna: Central European University Press.
• Ottoman Text Archive Project
• Ottoman Turkish Language: Resources – University of Michigan
• Ottoman Turkish Language Texts
• Ottoman-Turkish-English Open Dictionary
• Ottoman<->Turkish Dictionary – University of Pamukkale You can use ? character instead of an unknown letter. It provides results from Arabic and Persian dictionaries, too.
• Ottoman<->Turkish Dictionary – ihya.org
• Kubbealtı Lugatı