Pangasinan language

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Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:Infobox language Pangasinan (Pangasinense) is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major languages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pangasinan and northern Tarlac, on the northern part of Luzon's central plains geographic region, most of whom belong to the Pangasinan ethnic group. Pangasinan is also spoken in southwestern La Union, as well as in the municipalities of Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales that border Pangasinan. A few Aeta groups and most Sambal in Central Luzon's northern part also understand and even speak Pangasinan as well.<ref name="gruyter">Template:Cite book</ref>

Classification

The Pangasinan language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Pangasinan is similar to other closely related Philippine languages, Malay in Malaysia (as Malaysian), Indonesia (as Indonesian), Brunei, and Singapore, Hawaiian in Hawaii, Māori in New Zealand, and Malagasy in Madagascar.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Pangasinan language is closely related to the Ibaloi language spoken in the neighboring province of Benguet, located north of Pangasinan. Pangasinan is classified under the Pangasinic group of languages of the Northern Philippine language family.<ref name=Himes>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The other Pangasinic languages are:

Geographic distribution

Pangasinan is the official language of the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf. The people of Pangasinan are also referred to as Pangasinense. The province has a total population of 2,343,086 (2000), of which 2 million speak Pangasinan. As of 2020, Pangasinan is ranked tenth on the leading languages generally spoken at home in the Philippines with only 334,759 households still speaking the language.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Pangasinan is spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, mostly in the neighboring provinces of Benguet, La Union, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Zambales, and Nueva Vizcaya, and has varying speakers in Metro Manila, Cagayan, Isabela, Quirino, Bulacan, Bataan, Pampanga, Aurora, Quezon, Cavite, Laguna, Mindoro, Palawan and Mindanao especially in Soccsksargen, Davao Region, Caraga, Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental.

History

Austronesian speakers settled in Maritime Southeast Asia during prehistoric times, perhaps more than 5,000 years ago. The indigenous speakers of Pangasinan are descendants of these settlers, who were probably part of a wave of prehistoric human migration that is widely believed to have originated from Southern China via Taiwan between 10 and 6 thousand years ago.

The word Pangasinan means 'land of salt' or 'place of salt-making'; it is derived from the root word Template:Lang, the word for 'salt' in Pangasinan. Pangasinan could also refer to a 'container of salt or salted products'; it refers to the ceramic jar for storage of salt or salted-products or its contents.

Literature

Written Pangasinan and oral literature in the language flourished during the Spanish and American period. Writers like Juan Saingan, Felipe Quintos, Narciso Corpus, Antonio Solis, Juan Villamil, Juan Mejía and María C. Magsano wrote and published in Pangasinan. Felipe Quintos, a Pangasinan officer of the Katipunan, wrote Template:Lang (Template:Lang), a history of the Katipunan revolutionary struggle in Pangasinan and surrounding provinces. Narciso Corpus and Antonio Solis co-wrote Template:Lang, a short love story. (Lingayen, Pangasinan: Gumawid Press, 1926)

Juan Villamil translated José Rizal's "Mi último adiós" in Pangasinan. Pablo Mejia edited Template:Lang, a news magazine, in the 1920s. He also wrote Template:Lang, a biography of Rizal. Magsano published Template:Lang, a literary magazine. Magsano also wrote Template:Lang, a romance novel. Pangasinan Courier published articles and literary works in Pangasinan. Pioneer Herald published Template:Lang, a literary supplement in Pangasinan. Many Christian publications in Pangasinan are widely available.

Many Pangasinan are multilingual and proficient in English, Filipino, and Ilocano. However, the spread and influence of the other languages is contributing to the decline of the Pangasinan language. Many Pangasinan people, especially the native speakers are promoting the use of Pangasinan in the print and broadcast media, Internet, local governments, courts, public facilities and schools in Pangasinan. In April 2006, the creation of Pangasinan Wikipedia was proposed, which the Wikimedia Foundation approved for publication on the Internet.

Phonology

Vowels

Pangasinan has the following vowel phonemes:<ref name=Himes/><ref name=BentonGrammar/>

Front Central Back
Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open-Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link

In native vocabulary, /i/ and /u/ are realized as [i ~ ɪ ~ ɛ] and [u ~ ʊ ~ ɔ]. The close variants [i]/[u] are only used in stressed open syllables, while the open-mid variants [ɛ]/[ɔ] occur in open and closed final syllables before a pause. The default variants [ɪ]/[ʊ] occur in all other environments.<ref name=Himes/>

Some speakers have /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ as distinct phonemes, but only in loanwords.<ref name=Himes/>

Consonants

Bilabial Dental /
Alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Plosive voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Fricative Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Flap Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

Pangasinan is one of the Philippine languages that do not exhibit [[[:Template:IPA]]]-[d] allophony, they only contrast before consonants and word-final positions; otherwise, they become allophones where [d] is only located in word-initial positions and after consonants & [[[:Template:IPA]]] is only pronounced between vowels. Before consonants and word-final positions, [[[:Template:IPA]]] is in free variation with trill [r]. In Spanish loanwords, [d] and [[[:Template:IPA]]] contrast in all word positions.

All consonantal phonemes except Template:IPA may be a syllable onset or coda. The phoneme Template:IPA rarely occurs in coda position. Although the Spanish word Template:Lang 'clock' would have been heard as Template:IPA, the final Template:IPA is dropped resulting in Template:IPA. However, this word also may have entered the Pangasinan lexicon at early enough a time that the word was still pronounced Template:IPA, with the j pronounced as in French, resulting in Template:IPA in Pangasinan. As a result, both Template:IPA and Template:IPA occur.

The glottal stop Template:IPA is not permissible as coda; it can only occur as onset. Even as an onset, the glottal stop disappears in affixation. Glottal stop Template:IPA sometimes occurs in coda in words ending in vowels, only before a pause.

Grammar

Template:Expand section

Sentence structure

Like other Malayo-Polynesian languages, Pangasinan has a verb–subject–object word order. Pangasinan is an agglutinative language.

Case Markers

Pangasinan Markers<ref name=Amurrio>Amurrio, Fidel. 1970. Pangasinan Grammar.</ref>
Nominative Genitive Oblique
Common singular Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
plural Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
Personal singular si (-y)Template:NoteTag ni (-y)Template:NoteTag ed, ed kyenen, ed kinen
plural si, di, sikara di, sara di da di, na sara di ed sikara di, ed kyen di, ed kindi

Template:NoteFoot

Pronouns

Personal

Absolutive Ergative Oblique
Independent Enclitic
1st person singular Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
dual Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
plural inclusive Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
exclusive Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
2nd person singular Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
plural Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
3rd person singular Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang
plural Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Lang

Noun affixes

Benton (1971)<ref name="benton1971">Template:Cite book</ref> lists a number of affixes for nouns. Benton describes affixes in Pangasinan as either "nominal" (affixes attached directly to nouns) and "nominalizing" (affixes which turn other parts of speech into nouns). Benton also describes "non-productive affixes", affixes which are not normally applied to nouns, and only found as part of other pre-existing words. Many of these non-productive affixes are found within words derived from Spanish.

Writing system

Modern Pangasinan consists of 27 letters, which include the 26 letters of the basic Latin alphabet and the Pangasinan digraph ng:

Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N NG O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ng o p q r s t u v w x y z

The ancient people of Pangasinan used an indigenous writing system called Kuritan. The ancient Pangasinan script, which is related to the Tagalog Baybayin script, was derived from the Javanese Kawi script of Indonesia and the Vatteluttu or Pallava script of South India.

The Latin script was introduced during the Spanish colonial period. Pangasinan literature, using the indigenous syllabary and the Latin alphabet, continued to flourish during the Spanish and American colonial period. Pangasinan acquired many Spanish and English words, and some indigenous words were Hispanicized or Anglicized. However, use of the ancient syllabary has declined, and not much literature written in it has survived.

Loanwords

Most of the loan words in Pangasinan are Spanish, as the Philippines was ruled by Spain for more than 300 years. Examples are Template:Lang ('place'), Template:Lang (from poder, 'power, care'), Template:Lang (from Template:Lang, 'against'), Template:Lang (Template:Lang, 'green'), Template:Lang (Template:Lang, 'spirit'), and Template:Lang ('holy, saint'). Other loanwords came from English and Ilocano, as the latter is spoken as a second language. Another source of loanwords is Kapampangan, because of the migration of Kapampangans who passed through Agno River from Pampanga and south Tarlac; most Kapampangan loanwords are spoken in the dialects of central Pangasinan and north Tarlac and the most notable loanword is masanting, meaning "beautiful".<ref>USAPANG WIKA EPISODE 4: “PANGASINAN ANG WIKA, ‘Di po Pangasinense! (at lalong ‘di Pangalatok)”</ref>

Examples

Malinac ya Labi (original by Julian Velasco).

Template:Poem quote

Modern Pangasinan with English translation

Template:Verse translation

Words

Template:Col-begin Template:Col-3

  1. I – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  2. you (singular) – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  3. he – Template:Lang (he/she), Template:Lang
  4. we – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  5. you (plural) – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  6. they – Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
  7. this – Template:Lang
  8. that – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  9. here – Template:Lang
  10. there – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  11. who – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  12. what – Template:Lang
  13. where – Template:Lang
  14. when – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  15. how – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  16. not – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  17. all – Template:Lang
  18. many – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  19. some – Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
  20. few – Template:Lang
  21. other – Template:Lang
  22. one – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  23. two – Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
  24. three – Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
  25. four – Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
  26. five – Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
  27. big – Template:Lang
  28. long – Template:Lang
  29. wide – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  30. thick – Template:Lang
  31. heavy – Template:Lang
  32. small – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  33. short – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  34. narrow – Template:Lang
  35. thin – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  36. woman – Template:Lang
  37. man – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  38. human – Template:Lang
  39. child – Template:Lang
  40. wife – Template:Lang, Template:Lang (spouse)
  41. husband – Template:Lang, Template:Lang (spouse)
  42. mother – Template:Lang
  43. father – Template:Lang
  44. animal – Template:Lang
  45. fish – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  46. bird – Template:Lang, Template:Lang (chick)
  47. dog – Template:Lang
  48. louse – Template:Lang
  49. snake – Template:Lang
  50. worm – Template:Lang (germ), Template:Lang (earthworm)
  51. tree – Template:Lang, Template:Lang (plant)
  52. forest – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  53. stick – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  54. fruit – Template:Lang
  55. seed – Template:Lang
  56. leaf – Template:Lang
  57. root – Template:Lang
  58. bark – Template:Lang
  59. flower – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  60. grass – Template:Lang
  61. rope – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  62. skin – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  63. meat – Template:Lang
  64. blood – Template:Lang
  65. bone – Template:Lang
  66. fat (n.) – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  67. egg – Template:Lang
  68. horn – Template:Lang
  69. tail – Template:Lang
  70. place – Template:Lang
  71. go – Template:Lang
  72. nothing – Template:Lang

Template:Col-3

  1. feather – Template:Lang
  2. hair – Template:Lang
  3. head – Template:Lang
  4. ear – Template:Lang
  5. eye – Template:Lang
  6. nose – Template:Lang
  7. mouth – Template:Lang
  8. tooth – Template:Lang
  9. tongue – Template:Lang
  10. fingernail – Template:Lang
  11. foot – Template:Lang
  12. leg – Template:Lang
  13. knee – Template:Lang
  14. hand – Template:Lang
  15. wing – Template:Lang
  16. belly – Template:Lang
  17. guts – Template:Lang
  18. neck – Template:Lang
  19. back – Template:Lang
  20. breast – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  21. heart – Template:Lang
  22. liver – Template:Lang
  23. drink – Template:Lang
  24. eat – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  25. bite – Template:Lang
  26. suck – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  27. spit – Template:Lang
  28. vomit – Template:Lang
  29. blow – Template:Lang
  30. breathe – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  31. laugh – Template:Lang
  32. see – Template:Lang
  33. hear – Template:Lang
  34. know – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  35. think – Template:Lang
  36. smell – Template:Lang
  37. fear – Template:Lang
  38. sleep – Template:Lang
  39. live – Template:Lang
  40. die – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  41. kill – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  42. fight – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  43. hunt – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang (catch)
  44. hit – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  45. cut – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  46. split – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang (half)
  47. stab – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  48. scratch – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  49. dig – Template:Lang
  50. swim – Template:Lang
  51. fly (v.) – Template:Lang
  52. walk – Template:Lang
  53. come – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  54. lie – Template:Lang (lie down), Template:Lang (tell a lie)
  55. sit – Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
  56. stand – Template:Lang
  57. turn – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  58. fall – Template:Lang (drop), Template:Lang
  59. give – Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
  60. hold – Template:Lang
  61. squeeze – Template:Lang
  62. rub – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  63. wash – Template:Lang
  64. wipe – Template:Lang
  65. pull – Template:Lang
  66. push – Template:Lang
  67. throw – Template:Lang
  68. tie – Template:Lang
  69. sew – Template:Lang

Template:Col-3

  1. count – Template:Lang
  2. say – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  3. sing – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  4. play – Template:Lang
  5. float – Template:Lang
  6. flow – Template:Lang
  7. freeze – Template:Lang
  8. swell – Template:Lang
  9. sun – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  10. moon – Template:Lang
  11. star – Template:Lang
  12. water – Template:Lang
  13. rain – Template:Lang
  14. river – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  15. lake – Template:Lang
  16. sea – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  17. salt – Template:Lang
  18. stone – Template:Lang
  19. sand – Template:Lang
  20. dust – Template:Lang
  21. earth – Template:Lang
  22. cloud – Template:Lang
  23. fog – Template:Lang
  24. sky – Template:Lang
  25. wind – Template:Lang
  26. snow – Template:Lang
  27. ice – Template:Lang
  28. smoke – Template:Lang
  29. fire – Template:Lang, Template:Lang (blaze), Template:Lang (flame)
  30. ashes – Template:Lang
  31. burn – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  32. road – Template:Lang, Template:Lang (path)
  33. mountain – Template:Lang
  34. red – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  35. green – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, birdi
  36. yellow – Template:Lang
  37. white – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  38. black – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  39. night – Template:Lang
  40. day – Template:Lang
  41. year – Template:Lang
  42. hot – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  43. cold – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  44. full – Template:Lang (Template:Lang), Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
  45. new – Template:Lang
  46. old – Template:Lang
  47. good – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  48. bad – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  49. rotten – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  50. dirty – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  51. straight – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  52. round – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  53. sharp – Template:Lang (Template:Lang), Template:Lang
  54. dull – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  55. smooth – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  56. wet – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  57. dry – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  58. correct – Template:Lang, Template:Lang (true)
  59. near – Template:Lang
  60. far – Template:Lang
  61. right – Template:Lang
  62. left – Template:Lang
  63. at – Template:Lang
  64. in – Template:Lang
  65. with – Template:Lang
  66. and – Template:Lang
  67. if – Template:Lang
  68. because – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  69. name – Template:Lang
  70. smile – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  71. lolo – Template:Lang
  72. lola – Template:Lang
  73. beautiful – Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  74. true – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  75. wrong – Template:Lang
  76. odor – Template:Lang
  77. delicious – Template:Lang, Template:Lang
  78. I love you – Template:Lang, Template:Lang

Template:Col-end

  1. Good day! - Maabig ya agew!
  2. Good morning! - Maabig a kabuasan!
  3. Good afternoon! - Maabig a ngarem!
  4. Good evening! - Maabig a labi!

Numbers

List of numbers from one to ten in English, Tagalog and Pangasinan

English Tagalog Pangasinan
one Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:Lang/Template:Lang
two Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:Lang, Template:Lang/Template:Lang
three Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:Lang, Template:Lang/Template:Lang
four Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:Lang, Template:Lang/Template:Lang
five Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:Lang, Template:Lang/Template:Lang
six Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:Lang, Template:Lang/Template:Lang
seven Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:Lang, Template:Lang/Template:Lang
eight Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:Lang, Template:Lang/Template:Lang
nine Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:Lang, Template:Lang/Template:Lang
ten Template:Lang/Template:Lang Template:Lang, Template:Lang/Template:Lang

Cardinal numbers:

Pangasinan English
Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang one
Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Template:Lang) two
Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Template:Lang) three
Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Template:Lang) four
Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Template:Lang) five
Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Template:Lang) six
Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Template:Lang) seven
Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Template:Lang) eight
Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Template:Lang) nine
Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Template:Lang), Template:Lang (Template:Lang) tens, ten
Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Template:Lang) hundreds, one hundred
Template:Lang, Template:Lang thousands, one thousand
Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Template:Lang), Template:Lang ten thousands, ten thousand

Ordinal numbers:

Ordinal numbers are formed with the prefix kuma- (ka- plus infix -um). Example: Template:Lang, 'second'.

Associative numbers:

Associative numbers are formed with the prefix ka-. Example: Template:Lang, 'third of a group of three'.

Fractions:

Fraction numbers are formed with the prefix ka- and an associative number. Example: Template:Lang, 'third part'.

Multiplicatives:

Multiplicative ordinal numbers are formed with the prefix pi- and a cardinal number from two to four or pin- for other numbers except for number one. Example: Template:Lang, 'first time'; Template:Lang, 'second time'; Template:Lang, 'fifth time'.

Multiplicative cardinal numbers are formed with the prefix man- (mami- or mamin- for present or future tense, and ami- or amin- for the past tense) to the corresponding multiplicative ordinal number. Example: Template:Lang, 'once'; Template:Lang, 'twice'; Template:Lang, 'thrice'.

Distributives:

Distributive cardinal numbers are formed with the prefixes san-, tag-, or Template:Lang and a cardinal number. Example: Template:Lang, 'one each'; Template:Lang, 'two each'.

Distributive multiplicative numbers are formed with the prefixes magsi-, Template:Lang, or Template:Lang and a multiplicative cardinal number. Example: Template:Lang, 'twice each'; Template:Lang, 'each twice'.

Dictionaries and further reading

The following is a list of some dictionaries and references:

See also

Template:Portal

References

Template:Reflist

Template:InterWiki Template:Wikivoyage

Template:Northern Luzon languages Template:Philippine languages Template:Languages of the Philippines

Template:Authority control

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