Kapampangan language
Template:Short description Template:More footnotes needed Template:Infobox language Template:Contains special characters
Kapampangan, Capampáñgan, or Pampangan, is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major languages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac, on the southern part of Luzon's central plains geographic region, where the Kapampangan ethnic group resides. Kapampangan is also spoken in northeastern Bataan, as well as in the provinces of Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales that border Pampanga. It is further spoken as a second language by a few Aeta groups in the southern part of Central Luzon.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The language is known honorifically as Template:Lang ('breastfed, or nurtured, language').<ref name="gruyter">Template:Cite book</ref>
Kapampangan is assigned the ISO 639-2 three-letter code pam, but not an ISO 639-1 two-letter code.
Classification
Kapampangan is one of the Central Luzon languages of the Austronesian language family. Its closest relatives are the Sambalic languages of Zambales province and the Bolinao language spoken in the towns of Bolinao and Anda in Pangasinan. These languages share the same reflex Template:IPA of the proto-Malayo-Polynesian *R.<ref>Himes, Ronald S. “The Central Luzon Group of Languages.” Oceanic Linguistics, vol. 51, no. 2, 2012, pp. 490–537. JSTOR, Template:JSTOR. Accessed 27 Nov. 2022.</ref>
History
Kapampangan is derived from the root word Template:Lang ('riverbank'). The language was historically spoken in the Kingdom of Tondo, ruled by the Lakans.
A number of Kapampangan dictionaries and grammar books were written during the Spanish colonial period. Template:Ill wrote two 18th-century books about the language: Template:Lang (first published in 1729)Template:Sfn and Template:Lang (first published in 1732).Template:Sfn Kapampangan produced two 19th-century literary giants; Template:Ill was noted for Template:Lang and Template:Lang, and playwright Template:Ill wrote Template:Lang in 1901. "Crissotan" was written by Amado Yuzon, Soto's 1950s contemporary and Nobel Prize nominee for peace and literature,Template:Citation needed to immortalize his contribution to Kapampangan literature.
Geographic distribution
Kapampangan is predominantly spoken in the province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac (Bamban, Capas, Concepcion, San Jose, Gerona, La Paz, Victoria and Tarlac City). It is also spoken in border communities of the provinces of Bataan (Dinalupihan, Hermosa and Orani), Bulacan (Baliuag, San Miguel, San Ildefonso, Hagonoy, Plaridel, Pulilan and Calumpit), Nueva Ecija (Cabiao, San Antonio, San Isidro, Gapan and Cabanatuan) and Zambales (Olongapo City and Subic). The language has also speakers outside Central Luzon, particularly in nearby Metro Manila and as far as Palawan and Mindanao. In Mindanao, a significant Kapampangan-speaking minority also exists in Cagayan de Oro, Davao City, South Cotabato (specifically in General Santos and the municipalities of Polomolok and Tupi) and Sultan Kudarat (specifically in Isulan). Other areas outside Central Luzon w/ Kapampangan speakers are Ilocos Region and Cagayan Valley, with largest concentrations in Pangasinan, Cagayan, and Isabela. According to the 2000 Philippine census, 2,312,870 people (out of the total population of 76,332,470) spoke Kapampangan as their native language. As of 2020, the language is ranked to be the eighth leading language spoken at home in the Philippines with only 639,687 households still speaking the language.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Phonology
Standard Kapampangan has 21 phonemes: 15 consonants and five vowels; some western dialects have six vowels. Syllabic structure is relatively simple; each syllable contains at least one consonant and a vowel.
Vowels
Standard Kapampangan has five vowel phonemes:
- Template:IPA, a close back unrounded vowel when unstressed; allophonic with Template:IPA, an open front unrounded vowel similar to English father when stressed
- Template:IPA, an open-mid front unrounded vowel similar to English bed
- Template:IPA, a close front unrounded vowel similar to English machine
- Template:IPA, a close-mid back rounded vowel similar to English forty
- Template:IPA, a close back rounded vowel similar to English flute
There are four main diphthongs: Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, and Template:IPA. In most dialects (including standard Kapampangan), Template:IPA and Template:IPA are reduced to Template:IPA and Template:IPA respectively.
Monophthongs have allophones in unstressed and syllable-final positions:
- Template:IPA becomes Template:IPA in all unstressed positions.
- Unstressed Template:IPA is usually pronounced Template:IPA, as in English bit and book respectively (except final syllables).
- In final syllables Template:IPA can be pronounced Template:IPA, and Template:IPA can be pronounced Template:IPA.
- Template:Lang ('these') can be pronounced Template:IPA/Template:IPA or Template:IPA/Template:IPA; Template:Lang ('bought') can be pronounced Template:IPA or Template:IPA; Template:Lang ('to us' [except you]) can be pronounced Template:IPA or Template:IPA; Template:Lang can be pronounced Template:IPA or Template:IPA, Template:Lang ('dusk') can be pronounced Template:IPA or Template:IPA.
- Template:Lang ('he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly') can be pronounced Template:IPA or Template:IPA; Template:Lang ('book') can be pronounced Template:IPA or Template:IPA; Template:Lang ('who') can be pronounced Template:IPA or Template:IPA; Template:Lang ('to me') can be pronounced Template:IPA or Template:IPA, and Template:Lang ('cricket') can be pronounced Template:IPA or Template:IPA.
- Unstressed Template:IPA are usually pronounced Template:IPA, respectively (except final syllables).
Consonants
In the chart of Kapampangan consonants, all stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions, including the beginning of a word. Unlike other languages of the Philippines but similar to Ilocano, Kapampangan uses /h/ only in words of foreign origin.
- Template:IPA tends to lenite to Template:IPA between vowels.
- Template:IPA and Template:IPA are allophones in Kapampangan, and sometimes interchangeable; Template:Lang can be Template:Lang ('Where are the books?').
- A glottal stop at the end of a word is often omitted in the middle of a sentence and, unlike in most languages of the Philippines, is conspicuously absent word-internally; hence, Batiáuan's dropping of semivowels from its very name. The vowel it follows is then lengthened.
Stress
Stress is phonemic in Kapampangan. Primary stress occurs on the last or the next-to-last syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress, except when stress occurs at the end of a word. Stress shift can occur, shifting to the right or left to differentiate between nominal or verbal use (as in the following examples):Template:Sfn
- Template:Lang ('should, ought to') → Template:Lang ('deed, concern, business')
- Template:Lang ('gather, burn trash') → Template:Lang ('trash pile')
Stress shift can also occur when one word is derived from another through affixation; again, stress can shift to the right or the left:Template:Sfn
- Template:Lang → Template:Lang ('company')
- Template:Lang → Template:Lang ('melt, digest')
Template:AnchorSound changes
In Kapampangan, the proto-Philippine schwa vowel Template:IPA merged to Template:IPA in most dialects of Kapampangan; it is preserved in some western dialects. Proto-Philippine Template:IPA is Template:Lang ('to plant') in Kapampangan, compared with Tagalog Template:Lang, Cebuano Template:Lang and Ilocano Template:Lang ('grave').
Proto-Philippine Template:IPA merged with Template:IPA. The Kapampangan word for 'new' is Template:Lang; it is Template:Lang in Tagalog, Template:Lang in Ilocano, and Template:Lang in Indonesian.
Grammar
Template:Unreferenced section Kapampangan is a VSO or Verb-Subject-Object language. However, the word order can be very flexible and change to VOS (Verb-Object-Subject) and SVO (Subject-Verb-Object). Just like other Austronesian languages, Kapampangan is also an agglutinative language where new words are formed by adding affixes onto a root word (affixation) and the repetition of words, or portions of words (reduplication), (for example: Template:Lang ('child') to Template:Lang ('children')). Root words are frequently derived from other words by means of prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes. (For example: Template:Lang ('food') to Template:Lang ('to eat') to 'Template:Lang ('eating') to Template:Lang ('being eaten')).
Kapampangan can form long words through extensive use of affixes, for example: Template:Lang, 'a group of people having their noses bleed at the same time', Template:Lang, 'everyone loves each other', Template:Lang, 'can speak Kapampangan', and Template:Lang, 'until to fall in love'. Long words frequently occur in normal Kapampangan.
Nouns
Kapampangan nouns are not inflected, but are usually preceded by case markers. There are three types of case markers: absolutive (nominative), ergative (genitive), and oblique.
Unlike English and Spanish (which are nominative–accusative languages) and Inuit and Basque (which are ergative–absolutive languages), Kapampangan has Austronesian alignment (in common with most Philippine languages). Austronesian alignment may work with nominative (and absolutive) or ergative (and absolutive) markers and pronouns.
Absolutive or nominative markers mark the actor of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. Ergative or genitive markers mark the object (usually indefinite) of an intransitive verb and the actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession. Oblique markers, similar to prepositions in English, mark (for example) location and direction. Noun markers are divided into two classes: names of people (personal) and everything else (common).
| Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Common singular | ing | -ng, ning | king |
| Common plural | ding, ring | ring | karing |
| Personal singular | i(y) | -ng | kang |
| Personal plural | di, ri | ri | kari |
Examples:
- Template:Lang ('The man arrived.')
- Template:Lang ('Juan saw Maria.')
- Template:Lang ('Elena and Roberto will go to Miguel's house.')
- Template:Lang ('Where are the books?')
- Template:Lang ('I will give the key to Carmen.')
Pronouns
Kapampangan pronouns are categorized by case: absolutive, ergative, and oblique.
| Absolutive (independent) | Absolutive (enclitic) | Ergative | Oblique | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang |
| 1st person dual | Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| 1st person plural inclusive | Template:Lang, Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang |
| 1st person plural exclusive | Template:Lang, Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang |
| 2nd person singular | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| 2nd person plural | Template:Lang, Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang |
| 3rd person singular | Template:Lang, Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang |
| 3rd person plural | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
Examples
- Template:Lang ('I wrote.')
- Template:Lang ('I wrote to him.')
- Template:Lang ('He [or she] wrote me.')
- Template:Lang ('He [or she] has arrived.') Note: Template:Lang 'He arrived (or arrives)'; Template:Lang 'He has arrived.'
- Template:Lang ('Tell it to me.')
- Template:Lang ('Who called you?')
- Template:Lang ('They are reading.')
- Template:Lang ('They eat pigs too?')
Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can replace the genitive pronoun, but precede the word they modify.
- Template:Lang; Template:Lang; Template:Lang ('my house')
The dual pronoun Template:Lang and the inclusive pronoun Template:Lang refer to the first and second person. The exclusive pronoun Template:Lang refers to the first and third persons.
- Template:Lang ('We [dual] do not have rice.')
- Template:Lang ('We [inclusive] do not have rice.')
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang ('We [exclusive] do not have rice.')
Kapampangan differs from many Philippine languages in requiring the pronoun even if the noun it represents, or the grammatical antecedent, is present.
- Template:Lang (not Template:Lang; 'Ernie arrived').
- Template:Lang (not Template:Lang; 'Maria and Juan are reading').
- Template:Lang (not Template:Lang; 'José wrote you').
Special forms
The pronouns Template:Lang and Template:Lang have special forms when they are used in conjunction with the words Template:Lang ('there is/are') and Template:Lang ('there is/are not').
- Template:Lang ('He is in Pampanga').
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang ('The doctors are no longer here').
Both Template:Lang and Template:Lang are correct. The plural form ('they are') is Template:Lang and Template:Lang. Both Template:Lang and Template:Lang are correct in the plural form. The singular forms are Template:Lang and Template:Lang.
Pronoun combinations
Kapampangan pronouns follow a certain order after verbs (or particles, such as negation words). The enclitic pronoun is always followed by another pronoun (or discourse marker:
- Template:Lang ('I saw you').
- Template:Lang ('He wrote to me').
Pronouns also combine to form a portmanteau pronoun:
- Template:Lang ('I saw her').
- Template:Lang ('I will give them money').
Portmanteau pronouns are not usually used in questions and with the word Template:Lang:
- Template:Lang ('Do you see him?')
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang ('He likes that, too').
In the following chart, blank entries denote combinations which are deemed impossible. Column headings denote pronouns in the absolutive case, and the row headings denote the ergative case.
Demonstrative pronouns
Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns differ from other Philippine languages by having separate forms for singular and plural.
| Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | Locative | Existential | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
| Nearest to speaker (this, here) |
Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang |
Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Near speaker & addressee (this, here) |
Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang |
Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Nearest addressee (that, there) |
Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang |
Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Remote (yon, yonder) |
Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang |
Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
The demonstrative pronouns Template:Lang and Template:Lang (and their respective forms) both mean 'this', but each has distinct uses. Template:Lang usually refers to something abstract, but may also refer to concrete nouns: Template:Lang ('this music'), Template:Lang ('this is what we do'). Template:Lang is always concrete: Template:Lang ('this book'), Template:Lang ('this is Juan's dog').
In their locative forms, Template:Lang is used when the person spoken to is not near the subject spoken of; Template:Lang is used when the person spoken to is near the subject spoken of. Two people in the same country will refer to their country as Template:Lang, but will refer to their respective towns as Template:Lang; both mean 'here'.
The plural forms of a demonstrative pronoun and its existential form (for the nearest addressee) are exceptions. The plural of Template:Lang is Template:Lang; the plural of Template:Lang is Template:Lang; the plural of Template:Lang is Template:Lang, and the plural of Template:Lang is Template:Lang. The existential form of Template:Lang is Template:Lang.
- Template:Lang ('What's this?')
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang ('These flowers smell nice').
- Template:Lang ('Who is that man?')
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang ('Come here').
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang ('I am here').
- Template:Lang ('They will eat there').
- Template:Lang ('Who is that child?')
- Template:Lang ('So that's where your glasses are!')
- Template:Lang ('I haven't seen one of these before').
- Template:Lang ('Those are delicious').
- Template:Lang ('Here are the two gifts for you').
- Template:Lang ('I like you!')
- Template:Lang ('I love you!')
- Template:Lang ('Let's eat!')
- Template:Lang ('I don't want to lose you!')
Template:AnchorVerbs
Kapampangan verbs are morphologically complex, and take a variety of affixes reflecting focus, aspect and mode. The language has Austronesian alignment, and the verbs change according to triggers in the sentence (better known as voices). Kapampangan has five voices: agent, patient, goal, locative, and cirumstantial. The circumstantial voice prefix is used for instrument and benefactee subjects.
The direct case morphemes in Kapampangan are Template:Lang (which marks singular subjects) and Template:Lang, for plural subjects. Non-subject agents are marked with the ergative-case Template:Lang; non-subject patients are marked with the accusative-case -ng, which is cliticized onto the preceding word.<ref>In the examples, the word to which the accusative case marker attaches is a pronoun or portmanteau pronoun that is obligatorily present in the same clause as the noun with which it is co-referential. In sentences with an agent trigger, the pronoun co-refers with the agent subject. In sentences with a non-agent trigger, the portmanteau pronoun co-refers with both the ergative agent and the non-agent subject, which is marked with direct case.</ref>
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Ambiguities and irregularities
Speakers of other Philippine languages find Kapampangan verbs difficult because some verbs belong to unpredictable verb classes and some verb forms are ambiguous. The root word Template:Lang ('write') exists in Tagalog and Kapampangan:
- Template:Lang means 'is writing' in Kapampangan and 'will write' in Tagalog.
- Template:Lang means 'will write' in Kapampangan and 'wrote' in Tagalog. It is the infinitive in both languages.
- Template:Lang means 'wrote' in both languages. In Kapampangan, it is in the actor focus (with long i: Template:IPA) or object focus (with short i: Template:IPA), and object focus only in Tagalog.
The object-focus suffix -an represents two focuses; the only difference is that one conjugation preserves -an in the completed aspect, and it is dropped in the other conjugation:
- Template:Lang ('to pay someone'): Template:Lang ('will pay someone'), Template:Lang ('is paying someone'), Template:Lang ('paid someone')
- Template:Lang ('to pay for something'): Template:Lang ('will pay for something'), Template:Lang ('is paying for something'), Template:Lang ('paid for something')
Other Philippine languages have separate forms; Tagalog has -in and -an, Bikol and most of the Visayan languages have -on and -an, and Ilokano has -en and -an due to historical sound changes in the proto-Philippine /*e/.
A number of actor-focus verbs do not use the infix -um-, but are usually conjugated like other verbs which do (for example, Template:Lang ('to do'), Template:Lang ('to immerse'), Template:Lang ('to dance'), Template:Lang ('to take off'), Template:Lang ('to smoke'), Template:Lang ('to fetch'), Template:Lang ('to step') and Template:Lang ('to accompany'). Many of these verbs undergo a change of vowel instead of taking the infix -in- (completed aspect). In the actor focus (-um- verbs), this happens only to verbs with the vowel Template:IPA in the first syllable; Template:Lang ('to take off') is conjugated Template:Lang ('will take off'), Template:Lang ('is taking off'), and Template:Lang ('took off').
This change of vowel also applies to certain object-focus verbs in the completed aspect. In addition to Template:IPA becoming Template:IPA, Template:IPA becomes Template:IPA in certain cases (for example, Template:Lang ['brought something'], Template:Lang ['worked on something'] and Template:Lang ['bought']).
There is no written distinction between the two mag- affixes; Template:Lang may mean 'is speaking' or 'will speak', but there is an audible difference. Template:IPA means 'will speak' while Template:IPA means 'is speaking'.
| Infinitive & contemplative |
Progressive | Completed | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Actor focus | -um- | CV- | -ín- |
| Actor focus | – | CV- | -in- -i- |
| Actor focus | m- | mVm- | min- me- mi- |
| Actor focus | mag- | mág- | mig-, meg- |
| Actor focus | ma- | má- | me- |
| Actor focus | maN- | máN- | meN- |
| Object focus | -an | CV- ... -an | -in- -i- -e- |
| Object focus Benefactive focus |
i- | iCV- | i- -in- i- -i- i- -e- |
| Object focus Locative focus |
-an | CV- ... -an | -in- ... -an -i- ... -an -e- ... -an |
| Instrument focus | ipaN- | páN- | piN-, peN |
| Reason focus | ka- | ká- | ke- |
Enclitics
- Template:Lang: optionally used in yes-and-no questions and other types of questions, similar to Tagalog Template:Lang but not entirely
- Template:Lang: optionally used in yes–no questions to elicit someone's opinion or intent, similar to Malay Template:Lang and Indonesian Template:Lang but not entirely
- Template:Lang: optionally used in yes–no questions to seek someone and/or other's perspective or condition
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang: expresses wonder; I wonder; perhaps; how about; also optionally used in yes-and-no questions and other types of questions
- Template:Lang (contracted as/informal: Template:Lang): expresses uncertainty; probably, perhaps, seems
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang: even, even if, even though
- Template:Lang: even, even if, even though, and, also, too
- Template:Lang: conditional particle expressing an unexpected event; if
- Template:Lang: reporting (hearsay) particle indicating that the information is second-hand; he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang: inclusive particle which adds something to what was said before; also, too
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang: expresses hope or an unrealized condition (with verb in completed aspect); also used in conditional aspect
- Template:Lang: expresses uncertainty or an unrealized idea; perhaps, probably, seems
- Template:Lang: limiting particle; only, just
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang
- Template:Lang: now, already, yet, anymore
- Template:Lang: still, else
- Template:Lang: used in making contrasts and to soften requests and emphasis
- Template:Lang: expresses cause; because, because of,
- Template:Lang: used in affirmations or emphasis and to soften imperatives; indeed
- Template:Lang: realization particle, indicating that the speaker has realized (or suddenly remembered) something
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang: politeness particle
Examples:
- Template:Lang: 'Is it heavy?'
- Template:Lang: 'How about tea?'
- Template:Lang: 'I was told that it is lucky.'
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang: 'Your boyfriend is also educated.'
Template:AnchorExistence and possession
To express existence (there is, there are) and possession (to have), the word Template:Lang is used:
- Template:Lang: They also have a conscience.
Negation
Kapampangan has two negation words: Template:Lang and Template:Lang. Template:Lang negates verbs and equations, and means 'no' or 'not':
- Template:Lang ('He did not buy.')
Template:Lang is the opposite of Template:Lang:Template:Clarify
- Template:Lang ('They say that there is no more love.')
Template:Lang is sometimes used instead of Template:Lang:
- Template:Lang ('I did not buy it.')
Interrogative words
Template:Lang is used to ask how something is. Frequently used as a greeting ('How are you?'), it is derived from the Spanish Template:Lang
- Template:Lang ('How are you?')
- Template:Lang ('How is the patient?')
Template:Lang means 'what': Template:Lang ('What are you doing?')
Template:Lang means 'who':
- Template:Lang or Template:Lang ('Who are those men?')
- Template:Lang ('Who is Jennifer?')
Template:Lang, meaning 'where', is used to ask about the location of an object and not used with verbs:
- Template:Lang ('Where is the driver?' Template:Lang is the Kapampangan phonetic spelling of English driver).
- Template:Lang ('Where is Henry?')
Template:Lang means 'why':
- Template:Lang ('Why are you here?')
- Template:Lang ('Why are you not in your house?')
Template:Lang means 'whose' or 'whom':
- Template:Lang ('To whom will you give that?')
- Template:Lang ('Whose dandruff is this?')
Template:Lang means 'how many':
- Template:Lang ('How many papayas?')
- Template:Lang ('How many children did your mother birth?')
Template:Lang means 'when':
- Template:Lang ('When is the fiesta?')
- Template:Lang ('When is your birthday?')
Template:Lang means 'how':
- Template:Lang ('How do you do this?')
- Template:Lang ('How do you become a productive member of the society?')
Template:Lang means 'how much':
- Template:Lang ('How much is one bread?')
- Template:Lang ('How much are the milktea, burger and fries?')
Template:Lang means 'to what degree':
- Template:Lang ('How beautiful are you?', literally 'To what degree are you beautiful?')
- Template:Lang ('How many did you buy?', literally 'To what amount did you buy?')
Template:Lang means 'which':
- Template:Lang ('Which of these do you want?')
- Template:Lang ('Who do you choose among them?')
Lexicon
Template:Unreferenced section Kapampangan borrowed many words from Chinese (particularly Cantonese and Hokkien), such as:
- Template:Lang, '(paternal) grandmother', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, 'uncle', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, '2nd eldest sister', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, '2nd eldest brother', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, '2nd eldest grandson' (a surname), from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, '5th eldest grandson' (a surname), from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, '6th eldest grandson' (a surname), from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, '8th eldest grandson' (a surname), from Template:Lang
- Quezon, 'strongest grandson' (a surname), from Template:Lang<ref>Behind the Name: Quezon</ref><ref>QUEZON is the Spanish transliteration of Hokkien for “the strongest grandson” in Instagram</ref>
- Template:Lang, '(maternal) grandmother', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, '(maternal) grandfather', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, 'eldest sister', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, 'eldest brother', Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, '3rd eldest brother', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, '3rd eldest sister', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, '3rd eldest grandson' (a surname), from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, 'pet, to look after, thank you' (name), from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, '4th eldest grandson' (a surname), from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, '7th eldest grandson' (a surname), from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, 'key', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, '4th eldest sister', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, '4th eldest brother', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, 'eldest grandson' (a surname), from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, 'noodles' (literally 'instant meal'), from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, 'bad luck' (literally 'without clothes and food'), from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, 'tea', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, 'name', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang,'full, satisfied' (a surname), from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, 'Chinese lettuce', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, 'Gold' (a surname), from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, 'spring roll', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, Kapampangan soup, from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, 'tofu' (a snack), from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, 'soy sauce', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, 'copper wire', from Template:Lang
- Template:Lang, 'wooden clogs', from Template:Lang
Many Filipino surnames that end with “on”, “son”, and “zon” are of Chinese origin, Hispanized version of 孫 (sun).<ref>El Pilipinismo: Chino Cristiano Surnames</ref>
Due to the influence of Buddhism and Hinduism, Kapampangan also acquired words from Sanskrit. A few examples are:
- Template:Lang, 'home', from the Sanskrit Template:Lang alaya
- Template:Lang, 'fate', from the Sanskrit Template:Lang karma
- Template:Lang, 'divine law', from the Sanskrit Template:Lang dharma
- Template:Lang, 'magic formulas', from the Sanskrit Template:Lang mantra
- Template:Lang, 'power', from the Sanskrit Template:Lang upaya
- Template:Lang, 'voice', from the Sanskrit Template:Lang svara
- Template:Lang, 'face', from the Sanskrit Template:Lang rupa
- Template:Lang, 'every', from the Sanskrit Template:Lang Template:Transliteration
- Template:Lang, 'eclipse/dragon', from the Sanskrit Template:Lang rahu
- Template:Lang, 'giant eagle' (a surname, 'phoenix'), from the Sanskrit Template:Lang garuda
- Template:Lang, 'south' (a surname), from the Sanskrit Template:Lang Template:Transliteration
- Template:Lang, 'admiral' (a surname), from the Sanskrit Template:Lang lakshmana
- Template:Lang 'demerit, bad karma' from the Sanskrit Template:Lang Template:Transliteration
- Template:Lang 'fruit, blessings' from the Sanskrit Template:Lang phala
The language has also absorbed many Spanish loanwords due to the 333 years of presence of the Spaniards in the Kapampangan speaking provinces. Hence, Spanish Days of the Week, Months, and Numbers are used in Kapampangan respectively. Many Spanish expressions, basic nouns, verbs, and phrases are also present in the Language. Such as, ("Kómusta?") from Spanish, "cómo estás" which means 'how are you?'. (this common expression can also be found in other Philippine Languages, such as Tagalog, Bisaya, Hiligaynon, etc. Other examples are:
- Aparte, 'aside or apart', from Spanish 'Aparte'
- Casafuego, 'matchstick', from Mexican Spanish "Casa fuego". 'Fósforro' which is also Spanish, is also commonly used by the Speakers.
- Mariposa, 'butterfly', from Spanish 'Mariposa'
- Primeru, 'first', from Spanish 'Primero'
- Matsura, 'ugly', from Spanish 'Mala Hechura'
- Domingu, 'sunday', from Spanish 'Domingo'
- Filipinas, 'philippines', from Spanish 'Filipinas'
Orthography
Kapampangan, like most Philippine languages, uses the Latin alphabet. Before the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, it was written in old Kapampangan writing. Kapampangan is usually written in one of three different writing systems: sulat Baculud, sulat Wawa and a hybrid of the two, Amung Samson.<ref name="K or C">Pangilinan, M. R. M. (2006, January). Kapampángan or Capampáñgan: settling the dispute on the Kapampángan Romanized orthography. In Paper at Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan (pp. 17-20).</ref>
The first system (Template:Lang, also known as Template:Lang or Template:Lang in the Template:Lang system) is based on Spanish orthography, a feature of which involved the use of the letters ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ to represent the phoneme Template:IPA (depending on the vowel sound following the phoneme). ⟨C⟩ was used before Template:IPA, Template:IPA and Template:IPA (ca, co and cu), and ⟨q⟩ was used with ⟨u⟩ before the vowels Template:IPA and Template:IPA (que, qui). The Spanish-based orthography is primarily associated with literature by authors from Bacolor and the text used on the Kapampangan Template:Lang.<ref name="K or C"/>
The second system, the Template:Lang, is an "indigenized" form which preferred ⟨k⟩ over ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ in representing the phoneme Template:IPA. This orthography, based on the Abakada alphabet was used by writers from Guagua and rivaled writers from the nearby town of Bacolor.<ref name="K or C"/>
The third system, Template:Lang hybrid orthography, intends to resolve the conflict in spelling between proponents of the Template:Lang and Template:Lang. This system was created by former Catholic priest Venancio Samson during the 1970s to translate the Bible into Kapampangan. It resolved conflicts between the use of ⟨q⟩ and ⟨c⟩ (in Template:Lang) and ⟨k⟩ (in Template:Lang) by using ⟨k⟩ before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ (instead of [qu]⟩ and using ⟨c⟩ before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ (instead of ⟨k⟩). The system also removed ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨ñ⟩ (from Spanish), replacing them with ⟨ly⟩ and ⟨ny⟩.<ref name="K or C"/>
Orthography has been debated by Kapampangan writers, and orthographic styles may vary by writer. The Template:Lang system has become the popular method of writing due to the influence of the Tagalog-based Filipino language (the national language) and its orthography. The Template:Lang system is used by the Akademyang Kapampangan and the poet Jose Gallardo.<ref name="K or C"/>
Template:AnchorPrayers, words and sentences
- Sign of the Cross: Template:Lang
- Apostle’s Creed: Template:Lang
- The Lord's Prayer: Template:Lang
- Hail Mary: Template:Lang
- Gloria Patri: Template:Lang
- Salve Regina: Template:Lang
Numbers:
- One – Template:Lang (used when reciting numbers; Template:Lang used for counting)
- Two – Template:Lang
- Three – Template:Lang
- Four – Template:Lang
- Five – Template:Lang
- Six – Template:Lang
- Seven – Template:Lang
- Eight – Template:Lang
- Nine – Template:Lang
- Ten – Template:Lang
Sentences:
- My name is John. – Template:Lang
- I am here! – Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
- Where are you? – Template:Lang
- I love you. – Template:Lang
- What do you want? – Template:Lang
- Good morning! - Mayap a yabak (pu)!
- Good afternoon! - Mayap a gatpanapun (pu)!
- Good evening! - Mayap a bengi (pu)!
- I will go home. – Template:Lang
- They don't want to eat. – Template:Lang
- He bought rice. – Template:Lang
- She likes that. – Template:Lang
- May I go out? – Template:Lang
- I can't sleep. – Template:Lang
- We are afraid. – Template:Lang
- My pet died yesterday. – Template:Lang
- How old are you? – Template:Lang
- How did you do that? – Template:Lang
- How did you get here? – Template:Lang
- How big is it? – Template:Lang (Template:Lang)
- When will you be back? – Template:Lang
- A baby is born? - Template:Lang
See also
References
- Footnotes
- Bibliography
- Bautista, Ma. Lourdes S. 1996. An Outline: The National Language and the Language of Instruction. In Readings in Philippine Sociolinguistics, ed. by Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista, 223. Manila: De La Salle University Press, Inc.
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Castro, Rosalina Icban. 1981. Literature of the Pampangos. Manila: University of the East Press.
- Fernández, Eligío. 1876. Nuevo Vocabulario, ó Manual de Conversaciónes en Español, Tagálo y Pampángo. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Perez
- Template:Cite book
- Gallárdo, José. 1985–86. Magaral Tang Capampangan. Ing Máyap a Balità, ed. by José Gallárdo, May 1985- June 1986. San Fernando: Archdiocese of San Fernando.
- Henson, Mariano A. 1965. The Province of Pampanga and Its Towns: A.D. 1300–1965. 4th ed. revised. Angeles City: By the author.
- Kitano Hiroaki. 1997. Kapampangan. In Facts About The World's Major Languages, ed. by Jane Garry. New York: H.W. Wilson. Pre-published copy
- Lacson, Evangelina Hilario. 1984. Kapampangan Writing: A Selected Compendium and Critique. Ermita, Manila: National Historical Institute.
- Manlapaz, Edna Zapanta. 1981. Kapampangan Literature: A Historical Survey and Anthology. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
- Panganiban, J.V. 1972. Diksyunaryo-Tesauro Pilipino-Ingles. Quezon City: Manlapaz Publishing Co.
- Pangilinan, Michael Raymon M. 2004. Critical Diacritical. In Kapampangan Magazine, ed. by Elmer G. Cato,32-33, Issue XIV. Angeles City: KMagazine.
- Samson, Venancio. 2004. Problems on Pampango Orthography. In Kapampangan Magazine, ed. by Elmer G. Cato,32-33, Issue XII. Angeles City: KMagazine.
- Samson, Venancio. 2011. Kapampangan Dictionary. Angeles City: The Juan D. Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan Studies, Holy Angel University Press. Template:ISBN
- Tayag, Katoks (Renato). 1985. "The Vanishing Pampango Nation", Recollections and Digressions. Escolta, Manila: Philnabank Club c/o Philippine National Bank.
- Turla, Ernesto C. 1999. Classic Kapampangan Dictionary. Offprint Copy
External links
Template:Interwiki Template:Wikibooks Template:Wikivoyage
- Sínúpan Singsing Template:Webarchive, de facto language regulator
- Bansa Kapampangan-English Dictionary Template:Webarchive
- Kapampangan Wiktionary
- 10 ICAL Paper – Issues in Orthography
- 10 ICAL Paper – Importance of Diacritical Marks
- 10 ICAL Paper – Transitivity & Pronominal Clitic Order
- Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
- Electronic Kabalen – New Writing on Kapampangan Life & Letters
- Dying languages Template:Webarchive
- State can still save Kapampangan Template:Webarchive
- Wikibook Kapampangan
- Siuala ding Meangubie
Template:Central Luzon languages Template:Philippine languages Template:Languages of the Philippines