Close back rounded vowel

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Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Infobox IPA Template:IPA vowels

The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel,<ref>Template:Vowel terminology</ref> is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA.

In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips ('endolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed ('exolabial').

{{#invoke:IPA|main}} alternates with labio-velar approximant {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} with the non-syllabic diacritic and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.

Close back protruded vowel

The close back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as Template:Angbr IPA (the convention used in this article). As there is no dedicated IPA diacritic for protrusion, the symbol for the close back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, Template:Angbr IPA, can be used as an ad hoc symbol Template:Angbr IPA. Another possible transcription is Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA (a close back vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.

Features

Template:Close vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Velar Template:Protruded vowel

File:IPA u Sagittal Section.svg
Sagittal section of a vocal tract pronouncing Template:Angbr IPA. Note that a wavy glottis in this diagram indicates a voiced sound.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'book' Only weakly rounded.Template:Sfnp See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'south' See Arabic phonology
Armenian EasternTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'door'
Bengali তবু main}} 'still' See Bengali phonology
Bavarian Amstetten dialect<ref name="tm82">Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'and' main}}, near-close Template:IPAblink, close-mid Template:IPAblink and open-mid Template:IPAblink back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded Template:IPAblink.<ref name="tm82"/>
BulgarianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'crazy' See Bulgarian phonology
CatalanTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'juice' See Catalan phonology
Chinese MandarinTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'earth' See Standard Chinese phonology
CantoneseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration Template:Audio-IPA 'man' See Cantonese phonology
ShanghaineseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'melon' Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.Template:Sfnp
Chuvash lang}} main}} 'street'
Danish StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'you' See Danish phonology
Dutch StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'foot' Somewhat fronted in Belgian Standard Dutch.Template:Sfnp
English AustralianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp book {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'book' Corresponds to Template:IPAblink in other accents. See Australian English phonology
Cape FlatsTemplate:Sfnp May be advanced to Template:IPAblink, or lowered and unrounded to Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See South African English phonology
Cultivated South AfricanTemplate:Sfnp boot {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'boot' Typically more front {{#invoke:IPA|main}} than cardinal {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. See White South African English phonology and American English phonology.
General AmericanTemplate:Sfnp
GeordieTemplate:Sfnp May be central Template:IPAblink instead.
Irish<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Realized as central Template:IPAblink in Ulster.
Some Multicultural London speakersTemplate:Sfnp More commonly front Template:IPAblink.
Conservative Received PronunciationTemplate:Sfnp Realized as central Template:IPAblink in modern RP.
WelshTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
PakistaniTemplate:Sfnp main}}
Greater New York City<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> main}}<ref>Template:Cite book chpt. 17</ref>
New Zealand<ref name="victoriauniv">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>Template:Sfnp || treacle || {{#invoke:IPA|main}} || 'treacle' || Possible realization of the unstressed vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.<ref name="victoriauniv"/>Template:Sfnp Corresponds to {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in other accents. See New Zealand English phonology

EstonianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'feather' (gen. sg.) See Estonian phonology
FinnishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'flower' See Finnish phonology
FaroeseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'yellow' See Faroese phonology
FrenchTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'where' See French phonology
GeorgianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'leather bag'
German StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'foot' See Standard German phonology
Many speakersTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'hour' main}} in Switzerland, Austria and partially also in Western and Southwestern Germany (Palatinate, Swabia).Template:Sfnp See Standard German phonology
Greek Modern StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'where' See Modern Greek phonology
HungarianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'way' See Hungarian phonology
IcelandicTemplate:Sfnp<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> lang}} main}} 'you' See Icelandic phonology
Indonesian<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Standard Indonesian lang}} main}} 'camel' See Indonesian phonology
ItalianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'all', 'everything' See Italian phonology
KaingangTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'in the belly'
Kazakh lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'native' Transcribed phonemically as Template:Angbr IPA.
Khmer lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'village' See Khmer phonology
Korean lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'snow' See Korean phonology
KurdishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp<ref>Fattah describes the sound as being voyelle longue centrale arrondie (p. 116).</ref> Kurmanji (Northern) lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'wood' See Kurdish phonology
Sorani (Central) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} / Template:Transliteration
Palewani (Southern)
Latin ClassicalTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'pig'
LimburgishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'beautiful' BackTemplate:Sfnp or near-back,Template:Sfnp depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lower SorbianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'tooth'
LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'air' See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay lang}} main}} 'medicine' See Malay phonology
Malayalam lang}} main}} 'salt' See Malayalam phonology
MongolianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'nest'
MpadeTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'mouse'
Nogai lang}} main}} 'water'
Persian lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'far' See Persian phonology
PolishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'beech tree' Also represented orthographically by Template:Angbr. See Polish phonology
PortugueseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'you' See Portuguese phonology
RomanianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'one' See Romanian phonology
RussianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration / Template:Transliteration Template:Audio-IPA 'narrow' See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic lang}} main}} 'apples' main}} in most dialects. In Lewis and Wester Ross as an allophone in proximity to broad sonorants; {{#invoke:IPA|main}} elsewhere fronted to Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink.<ref name="SGDS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>Template:Sfnp

Serbo-CroatianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} main}} 'rainbow' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
ShiwiarTemplate:Sfnp Template:Example needed
SpanishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'curable' See Spanish phonology
SothoTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'fame' Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid back rounded vowels.Template:Sfnp See Sotho phonology
Swahili lang}} main}} 'brain'
Tagalog lang}} main}} 'debt'
Thai StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration Template:Audio-IPA 'Chonburi'
TurkishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'far' See Turkish phonology
UdmurtTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'to divide'
UkrainianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'motion' See Ukrainian phonology
Upper SorbianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'beetle'
Urdu lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'far' See Urdu phonology
Welsh lang}} main}} 'smoke' See Welsh phonology
West Frisian lang}} main}} 'evening, tonight' See West Frisian phonology
YorubaTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}}
Zapotec TilquiapanTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'all'

Close back compressed vowel

Template:Infobox IPA Some languages, such as Japanese and Swedish, have a close back vowel that has a distinct type of rounding, called compressed or exolabial.Template:Sfnp Only Shanghainese is known to contrast it with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.Template:Sfnp

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, Template:Angbr IPA (the opposite of Template:Angbr IPA), will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for compressed back vowels. It was only added to Unicode in 2025, however, and it may take some time for font support to catch up. Compression of the lips can be shown with the letter Template:IPAalink as Template:Angbr IPA (simultaneous {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and labial compression) or Template:Angbr IPA ({{#invoke:IPA|main}} modified with labial compression), though that can suggest that the vowel is a diphthong (as indeed it is in Swedish).

Features

Template:Close vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Velar Template:Compressed vowel

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Chinese ShanghaineseTemplate:Sfnp lang}}/tub main}} 'capital' Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.Template:Sfnp
JapaneseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration Template:Audio-IPA 'air' Near-back; may be realized as central Template:IPAblink by younger speakers.Template:Sfnp See Japanese phonology
LizuTemplate:Sfnp {{#invoke:IPA|main}}Template:Clarify 'feather' Near-back.Template:Sfnp
NorwegianTemplate:Sfnp<ref>While Template:Harvcoltxt does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt) state explicitly that it is compressed.</ref> lang}} main}} 'courage' The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel can be diphthongized to {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Swedish Central StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'unease' main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}Template:Sfnp (hear the word: Template:Audio-IPA). See Swedish phonology

See also

Citations

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References

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