Close-mid back rounded vowel

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:IPA vowels

The close-mid back rounded vowel, or high-mid back rounded vowel,<ref>Template:Vowel terminology</ref> is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA.

Close-mid back protruded vowel

The close-mid back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close-mid back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as Template:Angbr IPA, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, the symbol for the close-mid back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, Template:Angbr IPA, can be used as an ad hoc symbol Template:Angbr IPA for the close-mid back protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA (a close-mid back vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

In English, the symbol Template:Angbr IPA is typically associated with the vowel in the "goat", but in Received Pronunciation and General American, that vowel is a diphthong whose starting point may be unrounded and more centered than {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

For the close-mid near-back protruded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol Template:Angbr IPA, see near-close back protruded vowel. If the usual symbol is Template:Angbr IPA, the vowel is listed here.

Features

Template:Close-mid vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Velar Template:Protruded vowel

File:Spectrogram of close-mid back rounded vowel (IPA o).png
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Occurrence

Because back rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans StandardTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'goat' Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. The height varies between close-mid {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and mid Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Afrikaans phonology
Bavarian Amstetten dialect<ref name="tm82">Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Template:Example needed Contrasts close Template:IPAblink, near-close Template:IPAblink, close-mid {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and open-mid Template:IPAblink back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded Template:IPAblink.<ref name="tm82"/> Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.
BulgarianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'mouth' main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp See Bulgarian phonology
CatalanTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'I am' See Catalan phonology
Czech BohemianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'eye' Backness varies between back and near-back; may be realized as mid Template:IPAblink instead.Template:Sfnp See Czech phonology
Danish StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'wife' Also described as near-close Template:IPAblink.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard BelgianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'cabbage' main}}. See Dutch phonology
English Estuary yawn {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'yawn' May be {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} instead.
CockneyTemplate:Sfnp
Received PronunciationTemplate:Sfnp Typically transcribed with Template:Angbr IPA. See English phonology
South AfricanTemplate:Sfnp General and Broad varieties. Cultivated SAE has a more open vowel. See South African English phonology
General IndianTemplate:Sfnp go {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'go'
General PakistaniTemplate:Sfnp main}}.
SingaporeanTemplate:Sfnp
Birmingham and the Black Country cut main}} 'cut' main}} in other dialects.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
EstonianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'chair' See Estonian phonology
FaroeseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'to endure' main}} instead.Template:Sfnp See Faroese phonology
FrenchTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'network' See French phonology
German StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'or' See Standard German phonology
Upper SaxonTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'except' Pharyngealized; corresponds to Template:IPAblink in Northern Standard German. The example word is from the Chemnitz dialect.Template:Sfnp
Greek SfakianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'translate' Corresponds to mid Template:IPAblink in Modern Standard Greek.Template:Sfnp See Modern Greek phonology
Hindustani lang}}Template:Romanization needed main}} 'Monday' See Hindustani phonology
HungarianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'disease' See Hungarian phonology
ItalianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'shade' See Italian phonology
KaingangTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'toad'
Khmer lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'molecule' See Khmer phonology
Korean lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'song' See Korean phonology
KurdishTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp Kurmanji (Northern) lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'day' See Kurdish phonology
Sorani (Central) lang}} / Template:Transliteration
Latin ClassicalTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'sun'
Limburgish Most dialectsTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'garden' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lower SorbianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} '(two) eyes' main}} in slow speech.Template:Sfnp
LuxembourgishTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'sun' Sometimes realized as open-mid Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay lang}} main}} 'die' main}} in closed-final syllables. May be Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink depending on the speaker. See Malay phonology
Malayalam lang}}Template:Romanization needed main}} 'one' See Malayalam phonology
Marathi lang}}Template:Romanization needed main}} 'two' See Marathi phonology
Minangkabau lang}} main}} 'all'
MpadeTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'field'
Norwegian Most dialectsTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'law' The quality varies among dialects; in Urban East Norwegian, it has been variously described as close-mid back {{#invoke:IPA|main}}Template:Sfnp and mid Template:IPAblink,Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp in Stavangersk it is a close-mid near-back {{#invoke:IPA|main}},Template:Sfnp whereas in Telemark it is a back open-mid vowel Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp In some dialects it is replaced by the diphthong {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.Template:Sfnp See Norwegian phonology
Persian lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'turtle'
PortugueseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'dodo' See Portuguese phonology
Polish lang}} main}} 'spring' main}} between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology
Romanian lang}} main}} 'there' See Romanian phonology
Saterland FrisianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'to calm' Near-back; typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (Template:IPAblink). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA is actually near-close Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp
ShiwiarTemplate:Sfnp Template:Example needed Allophone of Template:IPAslink.Template:Sfnp
Slovak Some speakersTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'telephone' main}} reported to occur in dialects spoken near the river Ipeľ, as well as - under Hungarian influence - in some other speakers. Corresponds to mid Template:IPAblink in standard Slovak.Template:Sfnp See Slovak phonology
Slovene lang}} main}} 'my' See Slovene phonology
SothoTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'proof' Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid back rounded vowels.Template:Sfnp See Sotho phonology
Spanish lang}} main}} 'truck' See Spanish phonology
Swedish Central StandardTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} Template:Audio-IPA 'on' Often a centering diphthong (as in Template:Audio-IPA).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> See Swedish phonology
UkrainianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'youth' See Ukrainian phonology
Upper SorbianTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'god' main}} in slow speech.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
Welsh lang}} main}} 'night' See Welsh phonology
West FrisianTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'billy-goat' See West Frisian phonology
Wu Chinese ShanghaineseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'melon' Specifically in Shanghainese. Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.Template:Sfnp
YorubaTemplate:Sfnp lang}} main}} 'help'

Close-mid back compressed vowel

Template:Infobox IPA

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, Template:Angbr IPA (the opposite of Template:Angbr IPA), will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for compressed back vowels. It was only added to Unicode in 2025, however, and it may take some time for font support to catch up. Compression of the lips can be shown with the letter Template:IPAalink as Template:Angbr IPA (simultaneous {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and labial compression) or Template:Angbr IPA ({{#invoke:IPA|main}} modified with labial compression), though that can suggest that the vowel is a diphthong.

Only Wu Chinese is known to contrast it with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close-mid back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.Template:Sfnp

Features

Template:Close-mid vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Velar Template:Compressed vowel

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Wu Chinese ShanghaineseTemplate:Sfnp lang}} / Template:Transliteration main}} 'capital' Specifically in Shanghainese. Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.Template:Sfnp

Notes

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References

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