Paperboy (video game)

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| label2 = DeveloperTemplate:Pluralize from text | data2 = Atari GamesTemplate:Efn

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| label6 = DesignerTemplate:Pluralize from text | data6 = John Salwitz
Dave Ralston
Russel Dawe
Carl Bedard

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| label10 = ComposerTemplate:Pluralize from text | data10 = Hal Canon
Earl Vickers

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| label15 = GenreTemplate:Pluralize from text | data15 = Action

| label16 = ModeTemplate:Pluralize from text | data16 = Single-player, multiplayer

| label17 = Arcade system | data17 = Atari System 2

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Paperboy is a 1985 action video game developed and published by Atari Games for arcades.<ref name=history/><ref name="atari_production99"/> The player takes the role of a paperboy who delivers a fictional newspaper called The Daily Sun to houses on a street while riding his bicycle.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The arcade version featured bike handlebars as the controller.<ref name=rgamer>Template:Citation</ref>

The game was widely ported to home systems beginning in 1986, and was followed by the computer and console-exclusive sequel Paperboy 2 in 1991.

Gameplay

File:ARC Paperboy.png

The player tries to deliver newspapers to subscribers along a suburban street.

The player assumes the role of a paperboy on a bicycle delivering newspapers along a suburban street in the United States,<ref name =rgamer /><ref name="retrogamer39">Template:Cite magazine</ref> which is displayed in an oblique projection view. Controls consist of a set of handlebars that can be turned/tilted to steer and control speed, with mounted buttons that can be pressed to throw papers.

At the start of the game, the player is offered a choice of three difficulty settings: Easy Street, Middle Road, and Hard Way. The latter two options double or triple all point values, respectively. The street consists of 20 houses, 10 of which are originally decorated in bright colors to mark them as subscribers.<ref name="rgamer"/>

The primary goal is to deliver papers to subscribers by throwing them either onto the front porch or into the mailbox, while avoiding obstacles such as cars, skateboarders, and rolling tires. Bonus points are awarded for damaging non-subscribers' houses (breaking windows, knocking over tombstones, etc.) and hitting certain obstacles with papers. The player has a limited supply of papers and must pick up bundles lying on the ground in order to restock. After completing the route, the player moves onto a training course and can earn points for hitting targets and using ramps to jump over walls/ditches/holes, with an unlimited supply of papers. Crashing into any obstacle on the route costs the player one life, while doing so on the training course ends it immediately without penalty.

After the training course, the player earns bonus points for each successful delivery and advances to the next level. Any subscribers who did not receive a paper or who suffered damage to their houses will cancel their subscriptions, while making all deliveries will add one subscriber to the route, up to a maximum of 10.

The game consists of seven levels, each corresponding to a different day from Monday through Sunday. Papers on the Sunday level are heavier than on earlier days and thus travel more slowly when thrown. The game ends once each life is exhausted, all subscriptions are canceled, or the player completes the Sunday training course, whichever comes first. In the last case, the player earns a bonus for any remaining lives.<ref name="ahist">Template:Cite web</ref>

Development

In February 1983, during a brainstorming session at Atari, game designer Dave Ralston came up with the idea of a kid riding down the street on a bicycle and delivering papers. He took inspiration from his childhood experience of delivering newspapers. He drew the concepts on a transparency paper for an overhead projector.<ref name="Chatting">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Icons">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Sushi">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="High Score">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Thumb">Template:Cite web</ref> When Ralston presented the idea for the game, named Paperboy, to the Atari leadership, it was approved and he received praise and allowance to develop the concept further. Programmer John Salwitz was initially reluctant to work on the game, but eventually came around to the idea and joined the team.<ref name="Thumb"/>

PaperboyTemplate:'s graphics, character concepts and art, and animation were done by Will Noble.<ref name="KnowAbout">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Chatting"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The game originally featured a cast of "bizarre" enemy characters, including giant snails, ducks in business suits, ghosts, the Grim Reaper, the Wolfman, and scientists playing pianos. The only "ordinary" character was an old lady pushing a shopping cart. Street traffic included rolling pianos, huge nails, and speedboats. Early focus groups responded negatively to these designs, except the old lady. Salwitz stated that the game "did not resonate with the players because the reality [they] created was unreal".<ref name="Chatting"/><ref name="Icons"/><ref name="Sushi"/><ref name="High Score"/><ref name="Thumb"/><ref name="Postmortem1">Template:Cite web</ref> Product marketing executive Don Trager told the developers to concentrate on the focus group's few positive comments, and Russell "Rusty" Dawe took over as the new project manager.<ref name="Rusty Dawe">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Thumb"/> The cast of characters was changed to include people and animals from real life, such as bullies, alcoholics, burglars, skateboarders, joggers, breakdancers, cats, dogs, and swarms of bees. The Grim Reaper and the Wolfman were some of the "bizarre" characters that made the final cut.<ref name="Chatting"/><ref name="Icons"/><ref name="Sushi"/><ref name="High Score"/><ref name="Thumb"/><ref name="Postmortem2">Template:Cite web</ref> The vehicles were drawn by Ralston, with cars replacing the pianos and speedboats and the team members' initials being hidden in the vehicles (Ralston's were hidden in a construction sign).<ref name="Chatting"/><ref name="High Score"/><ref name="Postmortem3">Template:Cite web</ref> The street play field was also changed. Ralston created two 5-feet long foam storyboards of the entire street and transferred line drawings of the houses to them, then put a plastic sheet over it and drew the characters, items and objects.<ref name="Chatting"/><ref name="Thumb"/><ref name="Postmortem4">Template:Cite web</ref> The orange and blue colors of the scores for the players in multiplayer mode were inspired by Salwitz and Ralston's love for the San Francisco Giants and Los Angeles Dodgers, respectively.<ref name="Postmortem5">Template:Cite web</ref> Instead of having the player take the score away from others, the developers wanted to take the score from the player for breaking subscribers' windows. Creative director Lyle Rains came up with the idea of the "breakage bonus", separate from the main score.<ref name="Postmortem6">Template:Cite web</ref> Due to the game having three difficulty settings, the team created the "Grand Slam High Score Table" to tie the three streets together and reward the player with a high score, hiring programmer Bob Flanagan to write it.<ref name="Postmortem7">Template:Cite web</ref>

The cabinet is a standard upright, but with custom controls. The controls consist of a bicycle handlebar (a modified Star Wars yoke) with one button on each side, used to throw papers.<ref name="rgamer"/><ref name="Sushi"/><ref name="Thumb"/> The handlebars, created by mechanical engineer Milt Loper, can be pushed forward to accelerate and pulled back to brake.<ref name="Chatting"/><ref name="Milt Loper">Template:Cite web</ref> The game runs on the Atari System 2 hardware, designed by hardware engineer Doug Snyder and debugged by technician Linda Sinkovic.<ref name="Chatting"/><ref name="Thumb"/> The CPU is a 10 MHz Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) T-11. The programming code was written in BLISS.<ref name="Postmortem8">Template:Cite web</ref> The game utilizes a 60-degree isometric perspective, inspired by Sega's Zaxxon. According to Salwitz, the isometric design made scrolling and drawing difficult for the team, as they were doing the former technique at an odd angle in the play field, and this meant that the sides of the houses (which were not playable surfaces) would be shown on-screen just as much as the front. The 60-degree angle of the on-screen paperboy was slightly adjusted to make the handlebars parallel to the front of the houses and make aiming papers easier.<ref name="Thumb"/> The development team wanted to included a papergirl as a playable character, but she was cut due to low memory.<ref name="ArCon">Template:Cite web</ref> For sound and coin inputs, the game uses a 2.2 MHz MOS Technology 6502. The sound chips are two POKEYs for digital sound, a Yamaha YM2151 for music, and a Texas Instruments TMS5220 for speech.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The music was composed by sound designer Hal Canon, using RPM (Rusty's POKEY Music), a sound driver developed by Dawe, while composer Brad Fuller and Earl Vickers did the sound and voice effects.<ref name="Fuller1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Fuller2">Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref name="Postmortem9">Template:Cite web</ref> Paperboy was planned to be the first video game to use the YM2151, but delays in development led to Marble Madness becoming the first game to use the chip instead.<ref name="Fuller3">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Fuller4">Template:Cite web</ref> Vickers also wrote most of the game's dialogue and held auditions for voice talent. The narration was provided by programmer Peter Thompson, and the character of the paperboy was voiced by Trager.<ref name="PaperboyVoice">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Chatting"/><ref name="Postmortem10">Template:Cite web</ref> The protection chip is a Slapstic model 137412-105.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Ports

Template:Missing information Elite Systems produced a version for the ZX Spectrum which was released in the United Kingdom in September 1986,<ref name="crashoct86"/><ref name=Crash/><ref name=CG-Spectrum/> and went on to release versions for the Commodore 64, BBC Micro, Acorn Electron, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 16, and Plus/4 over the following months.<ref name=McMahon/>

In the United States, a Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) version was developed by Eastridge Technology and published by Mindscape in December 1988.<ref name=AG-NES/> Coverage of the NES version abruptly began at the Summer CES 1988 as a last-minute replacement for a port of the computer title Bad Street Brawler, which was about to be ported to the NES.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> An Apple II version was also published by Mindscape that same year, including a slightly modified version for the Apple IIGS (which was highly criticized as a redress of the same 8-bit game). In October 1989, Elite released versions for the Atari ST and MS-DOS in the United Kingdom,<ref name=TheOne/><ref name=ACE-89/><ref name=Zero-ST/> followed by an Amiga version later that month.<ref name=TheOne/>

A Game Boy version by Mindscape was released in North America in July 1990, followed by the United Kingdom in October or November 1990.<ref name=ACE-GB/><ref name=Raze-GB/> A Master System version by Sega and U.S. Gold<ref name=Raze-Lynx-SMS/> was released in the UK in November 1990.<ref name=MM-SMS/> Atari Corporation released a version of Paperboy for the Atari Lynx in 1990.<ref name=Raze-Lynx-SMS/><ref name=AG-Lynx/> By March 1991, an NES version by Mindscape had been released in the United Kingdom.<ref name=MM-NES/>

Reception

In the United States, Paperboy was the top-grossing arcade conversion kit of December 1985.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In Japan, it was listed by Game Machine as the fifth most successful upright arcade unit of October 1985.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Upon its debut at London's Amusement Trades Exhibition International (ATEI) show in early 1985, Computer and Video Games magazine gave the arcade game a mixed review, praising the controls, but criticizing the difficulty.<ref name="CVG">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The arcade game was runner-up for Computer Gamer magazine's best coin-op game award, which was won by Capcom's Commando.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 2007, Spanner Spencer of Eurogamer rated the arcade version 9 out of 10 and praised its gameplay, graphics, and music.<ref name=EG-Arcade>Template:Cite web</ref>

The ZX Spectrum port topped the UK monthly sales chart in September 1986,<ref name="cudec86">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> and the release of the Commodore 64 version took the game to the number one position again in November.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> It went on to become the seventh best-selling video game of 1986 in the UK.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Advanced Computer Entertainment (ACE) offered praise for the Atari ST version, awarding it a score of 850 out of 1,000,<ref name=ACE-89/> while Zero gave it a score of 86 out of 100.<ref name=Zero-ST/> ACE and Zero noted that the Atari ST version looked and played like the arcade version.<ref name=ACE-89/><ref name=Zero-ST/> Computer Gamer gave the ZX Spectrum version a rating of 16 out of 20, considering it to be a faithful conversion of the arcade game, while noting that some people may find the gameplay to be repetitive.<ref name=CG-Spectrum>Template:Cite web</ref> For the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64 and Amstrad CPC versions, ACE gave the game a rating of 5 out of 5, noting the "extremely well executed" graphics and referring to the game as a "budget classic".<ref name=ACE-various>Template:Cite web</ref> UK magazine Computer and Video Games (CVG) gave the Commodore 64 version a 52 percent rating, criticizing its music and "blocky and ill-proportioned" sprites; the magazine gave the ZX Spectrum version an 83 percent rating.<ref name=CVG-various>Template:Cite web</ref> Ken McMahon of Commodore User reviewed the Commodore 16 and Plus/4 version and rated it 6 out of 10, noting that it was too easy.<ref name=McMahon>Template:Cite web</ref>

Crash gave the ZX Spectrum version an 88% rating with the general rating "Another slick, playable conversion from Elite",<ref name=Crash>Template:Cite journal</ref> while Zzap!64 was less enthusiastic for the Commodore 64 version giving it 44%.<ref name ="zzap">Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1993, Zzap!64 rated the Commodore 64 version a 60 percent score, calling it repetitive.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Richard Leadbetter of CVG reviewed the Lynx version and stated, "Looks good, but simply isn't enough fun to play."<ref name=CVG-Lynx>Template:Cite journal</ref> STartTemplate:'s Clayton Walnum similarly praised the Lynx version's graphics and sound effects, but deemed the game "just another shoot-em-up without the shooting."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Raze offered praise for the clear and colorful graphics of the Lynx version, but stated that the game "is too old and tired for the exciting and new Lynx."<ref name=Raze-Lynx-SMS/> AllGame's Kyle Knight criticized the Lynx version for its simple sound effects and music, as well as its repetitive gameplay.<ref name=AG-Lynx/>

Leadbetter praised the Master System version, calling it "one of the best arcade conversions" available for the system, while noting that the game's only "slight downer" was the music.<ref name=CVG-SMS/> Mean Machines praised the Master System version for its graphics and similarities to the arcade game,<ref name=MM-SMS/> while Raze wrote a mixed review for the Master System version.<ref name=Raze-Lynx-SMS/> Mean Machines was critical of the NES version for its graphics, sound, and controls, and concluded that it was, "A highly offensive product which weighs in as a sadly derisive conversion of a classic coin-op."<ref name=MM-NES/> Brett Alan Weiss of AllGame stated that Mindscape did a good job of porting the game to the NES. Weiss praised the controls and sound effects of the NES version, but criticized the music.<ref name=AG-NES/> Raze considered the Game Boy version to be "Excellent",<ref name=Raze-GB/> while Mean Machines criticized its controls, blurry scrolling, and the lack of colorful graphics, which could not be produced by the system.<ref name=MM-GB/> ACE noted slightly difficult controls and poor sound effects for the Game Boy version.<ref name=ACE-GB/> Polish magazine Top Secret gave the Genesis version 5 out of 5 checks, praising the graphics, animation, and music, thus favoring the port over the other contemporary versions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The One gave the Amiga version 80% stating that "it's an almost flawless conversion" of the arcade game.<ref name=TheOne>Template:Cite journal</ref> ACE gave the Amiga version a rating of 878, calling it a perfect conversion of the arcade game.<ref name=ACE-Amiga>Template:Cite web</ref> Tony Dillon of Commodore User gave the Amiga version an 83 percent rating and deemed it to be nearly identical to the arcade version.<ref name=Dillon>Template:Cite web</ref> Gordon Houghton of CVG gave the Amiga version a 69 percent rating, stating that the sound was "arguably better" than the arcade version, but noting the graphics were "jerky" and the gameplay had been altered from the arcade version. Houghton concluded that it was "not a bad game, but it's too old and too expensive to deserve greater praise."<ref name=CVG-Amiga>Template:Cite web</ref> Compute! praised the music and graphics of the Amiga version, but considered the gameplay to be outdated and repetitive.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Robert A. Jung of IGN reviewed the Lynx version in 1999, and considered it to be a "decent" adaptation of the arcade game. Jung noted the "average-quality" graphics and sound, and concluded, "Not a bad game, though not one of the Lynx's best."<ref name=IGN-Lynx>Template:Cite web</ref>

IGN's Craig Harris reviewed a Game Boy Color version and stated that it "is definitely the worst rendition of the game, even beating out the Atari Lynx's waterdown port of the arcade game." Harris criticized the music, the lack of speech audio from the original game, poor collision detection, and an absence of fun.<ref name=IGN-GBC>Template:Cite web</ref> Scott Alan Marriott of AllGame praised the Game Boy Color version for its colorful graphics, but noted that the game did not introduce any new changes from the original arcade version, writing, "Those expecting a lot of changes or additions will be disappointed."<ref name=AG-GBC/>

Later releases

Template:Video game reviews Versions of Paperboy were released for the Nintendo 64, Xbox 360 and iPhone and iPod Touch. Dean Austin of IGN criticized the retro 3D look of the Nintendo 64 version, but praised the gameplay and considered it to be a "great game".<ref name=IGN-N64/> Daniel Erickson of Daily Radar criticized the "bland" and "repetitive" gameplay of the Nintendo 64 version.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Robert Amsbury of GameRevolution praised the sound effects in the Nintendo 64 version, but considered the music to be repetitive, while noting the game "isn't really all that fun."<ref name=GRev>Template:Cite web</ref> Weiss criticized the Nintendo 64 version for its music and sound effects, as well as poor controls, and wrote that the game had "some of the ugliest graphics you'll find in a Nintendo 64 cartridge."<ref name=AG-N64/> Ben Stahl of GameSpot noted the outdated sound effects used in the Nintendo 64 version, and stated, "While a decent game on its own, Paper Boy 64 doesn't capture the magic of the original arcade game."<ref name=GS-N64>Template:Cite web</ref> IGN's Levi Buchanan, reviewing a cell phone version, praised the controls and stated that it looked and played like the original arcade game.<ref name=IGN-cell/>

According to Metacritic, the Xbox 360 version received "Mixed or average reviews".<ref name=MC-360>Template:Cite web</ref> TeamXbox gave the Xbox 360 version an overall score of 8.2, stating that "Paperboy "delivers" as advertised in the classifieds."<ref name="TXBOX">Template:Cite web</ref> Greg Sewart of GamesRadar considered the Xbox 360 version to be an "authentic recreation" of the arcade version, but noted that the game, like previous versions, suffers from imprecise controls due to the absence of the arcade game's handlebar controller.<ref name=GR>Template:Cite web</ref> Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot reviewed the Xbox 360 release and was disappointed by the lack of new sound effects and music, as well as the lack of graphical updates. Gerstmann stated that the game would most likely appeal to people who "have fond memories" of the original arcade game.<ref name=GS-X>Template:Cite web</ref> IGN's Erik Brudvig, reviewing the Xbox 360 version, considered the game to be a limited amount of fun. Brudvig noted the lack of a handlebar controller and stated "Thanks to the isometric view, this version of Paperboy suffers from the same wonky controls that every home version of the game has."<ref name=IGN-360/> Kristan Reed of Eurogamer praised the Xbox 360 release for its controls and noted that the game "stands up pretty well" despite its age. He also stated that the game quickly becomes repetitive.<ref name=Euro-X>Template:Cite web</ref> Corey Cohen of Official Xbox Magazine praised the Xbox 360 version for its music and controls, and noted that it was as appealing as the arcade version.<ref name=OXM>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Tarryn van der Byl of Pocket Gamer criticized the iPhone version for its poor controls, and stated that the game's optional 3D graphics mode was "ugly and feels clumsy and inaccurate."<ref name=Pocket/> Slide to Play considered the iPhone/iPod version a "mixed bag", but praised the gameplay.<ref name=Slide>Template:Cite web</ref> Mark Langshaw of Digital Spy reviewed the iPhone version and stated that it would likely appeal most to fans of the original game. Langshaw concluded, "As far as nostalgic remakes go, Paperboy delivers but doesn't quite do enough to make the front page."<ref name=DSpy>Template:Cite web</ref>

According to Metacritic, Paperboy: Special Delivery has a score of 55 out of 100, indicating "Mixed or average reviews".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Blake Patterson of TouchArcade deemed Paperboy: Special Delivery to be an improvement over Elite's iPhone version, praising the improved controls and graphics.<ref name=Touch>Template:Cite web</ref> Jon Mundy of Pocket Gamer rated the game 5 out of 10, criticizing the gameplay and controls, and writing that the biggest flaw "is the game's technical shortcomings. The graphics are extremely basic and yet the game paused and stuttered repeatedly on my second-generation iPod touch."<ref name=PG-Special>Template:Cite web</ref> Andrew Nesvadba of AppSpy rated the game 3 out of 5, praising the updated graphics while criticizing the controls. Nesvadba also praised the addition of a story mode, but criticized its short length.<ref name=AppSpy>Template:Cite web</ref> Jeremiah Leif Johnson of Gamezebo gave the game three stars out of five, praising the story mode and the 1980s-style graphics, but criticizing the poor controls.<ref name=Gamez>Template:Cite web</ref>

Legacy

A sequel, Paperboy 2, was released in 1991 for several home systems.

Paperboy, in its original arcade form, is included in the 1998 PlayStation video game Arcade's Greatest Hits: The Atari Collection 2.<ref name=AG-N64/> The Game Boy Color version, developed by Digital Eclipse Software and published by Midway, was released in the United States on May 30, 1999.<ref name=IGN-GBC/> By July 1997, developer High Voltage Software had started conceptual development of the Nintendo 64 version and was searching for a game publisher, with a possible release in 1998.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In August 1998, Midway announced that it would be publishing the Nintendo 64 game, which was still in conceptual stages and was expected for release in late 1999. The game was developed using a 3D polygonal game engine,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and was released in North America on November 4, 1999.<ref name="Game Informer"/>

In May 2000, Midway announced plans to release Paperboy for the PlayStation later that year,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> although the game was never released. Paperboy was later included in the 2003 video game Midway Arcade Treasures, a compilation of arcade games for the GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows. In 2005, Paperboy was included in the compilation Midway Arcade Treasures: Extended Play for the PlayStation Portable. In May 2005, Sega Mobile announced that it would release Paperboy for mobile phones.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The game was released in May 2006.<ref name=IGN-cell/> The Xbox 360 version of Paperboy was released on February 14, 2007, on Xbox Live Arcade.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, the game was removed by 2010.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The iPhone/iPod Touch version was released through the App Store on December 18, 2009.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The game was developed by Vivid Games and published by Elite Systems.<ref name=DSpy/><ref name=Pocket/> Elite removed the game from the App Store in March 2010, because of a licensing conflict.<ref name=Touch/> Glu Mobile developed and published a new iPhone/iPod Touch version, titled Paperboy: Special Delivery, on November 4, 2010.<ref name=PG-Special/><ref name=AppSpy/> The game included a 20-level story mode in which the paperboy is saving money from his job to buy a new game console, but he later falls in love and throws roses instead of newspapers.<ref name=Touch/><ref name=Gamez/> The game also featured an optional tilt-based control mode in which the iPhone is tilted to control the paperboy.<ref name=Gamez/>

A port of Paperboy can be accessed in the 2015 video game Lego Dimensions by using the Arcade Dock in the level "Painting the Town Black". It is also an included title on the Midway Legacy Edition Arcade1Up cabinet.Template:Citation needed

In other media

• In the early development stages of the DIC Entertainment animated series Captain N: The Game Master, the protagonist of Paperboy (here given the name "Buddy") was intended to be the protagonist of the show, with the series itself being called Buddy Boy after him.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> While these ideas were dropped, elements from Paperboy were used in the second season Captain N episode "The Invasion of the Paper Pedalers", where the character was named Julio and lived on "News World" in Videoland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• The game's titular protagonist made cameo appearances in Disney's Wreck-It Ralph<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and 2015's Pixels.<ref name="Pixels">Template:Cite web</ref>

External links

• Template:KLOV game
• Template:Moby game
• Template:WoS game
• Template:Internet Archive game
• Review in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine