Peja
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox settlement Peja (Albanian indefinite form: Pejë, Template:IPA) or Peć (Template:Lang-sr-Cyrl, Template:IPA), is the fifth most populous city in region of Kosovo and serves as the seat of the Peja Municipality and the District of Peja. It is located in the Rugova region on the eastern section of the Accursed Mountains along the Peja's Lumbardh in the western part of Kosovo.
In medieval times, the city was under Byzantine, Bulgarian and Serbian rule. After its integration into Serbian territory, it became the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1346. The Patriarchal monastery of Peć is a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Medieval Monuments in Kosovo. Under Ottoman rule the city became a district capital with mosques and civil architecture. From the end of the nineteenth century until today, the city has been the site of nationalist aspirations and claims for both ethnic Albanians and Serbs, often resulting in tense inter-ethnic relations and conflict.
According to the 2024 census, the municipality of Peja has 82,745 inhabitants. The municipality covers an area of Template:Convert, including the city of Peja and 95 villages; it is divided into 28 territorial communities.
Etymology
The etymology of the city's name is derived from the South Slavic word for cave, Pećina. The connection is in reference to nearby caves to the city.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> During the period of Ottoman rule, it was known as Ottoman Turkish İpek (ايپك). The Albanian name's definite form is Peja and the indefinite Pejë. The Serbian name for the city is Peć. Other names of the city include Latin Pescium and Greek Episkion (Επισκιον) meaning "Episcopal City". It was also known as Siparant.<ref name=":0" />
History
Ancient History
The city is located in a strategic position on Peja's Lumbardh, a tributary of the White Drin to the east of the Accursed Mountains. The medieval city was possibly built on the ruins of Siparant(um), a Roman municipium (town or city).<ref name="PakVrišer1980">Template:Citation</ref> The area has the most unearthed stelae in all of Kosovo.<ref name="PakVrišer1980"/>
Archeological studies have concluded that settlements in the Peja region have existed since the Paleolithic and Mezolithic periods.<ref name="Nurboja">Template:Cite web</ref> Several ancient ruins in Peja and in its surrounding villages have been declared as UNESCO heritage monuments, including the ancient fortifications of Gradina and Gjyteti, as well as the archeological sites of Doberdol, Kryshec, Vranoc, Tuma and Peja (archeological site located inside the city), together with the Roman archeological site of Stanica in Gllogjan.<ref name="UNESCO.)">Template:Cite book</ref>
Several caves in the area, such as the Bukuroshja e Fjetur Cave in Radac, where the remains of a 6,000 year old skeleton were found,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Dema cave, the Karamakazi cave and the Shpella e Mbretëreshes (Queens cave) were inhabited by ancient humans in the early Stone Age according to archeological findings.<ref name="Nurboja"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
According to historiographer Reshat Nurboja, the earliest known name for Peja is "Peion", a Dardanian city built around 231 BC. He states that it was made by the Dardanians as a city to house groups of Pannonians who migrated to the region during the multiple Dardanian-Macedonian conflicts. The name "Peion" could derive from the then Pannonian king Drypeion. Nurboja also places the age of Peja at around 2,300 years old.<ref name="Nurboja"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The city of "Peiscium" mentioned by the Romans in the 4rth-3rd century BC is also thought to have been in the area of the Peja.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Medieval development
Following Slavic settlements in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire and the First Bulgarian Empire fought for control of the area until it finally fell under full Serbian rule. Between 1180 and 1190, Serbian Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja annexed Peja with its surrounding župa (district) of Hvosno from the Byzantine Empire, thus establishing Serbian rule over the city of Peja for next 300 years.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> In 1220, Serbian King Stefan Nemanjić donated Peja and several surrounding villages to his newly founded monastery of Žiča.<ref>[1] Template:Dead link</ref> As Žiča was the seat of a Serbian archbishop, Peja came under direct rule of Serbian archbishops and later patriarchs who built their residences and numerous churches in the city starting with the church of Holy Apostles built by archbishop Saint Arsenije I Sremac. After the Žiča monastery was burned by the Cumans in the 1290s, the seat of Serbian archbishop was transferred to a more secure location, the Patriarchal Monastery of Peć.<ref name="Pavlowitch">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The city became a major religious center of medieval Serbia under the Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan, who made it the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1346.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It remained the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church until the abolition of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in 1766.<ref name="Orthodox2014">Template:Cite book</ref>
Ottoman Empire
The town passed under Ottoman rule after its capture in 1455.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In Turkish, the town was known as İpek. The town became the center of the Sanjak of İpek, governed by the Albanian Mahmud Pasha Dukagjini as its first sanjakbey (local ruler).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Sanjak of Dukagjin had four kazas: Peja, Gjakova, Gusinje and Berane.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
During the 15th and 16th centuries, Orthodox Albanians formed the majority of the region's population whereas South Slavs formed a minority. The Slavs had arrived during the period of Serbian rule in Kosovo through the Middle Ages from the regions north of Kosovo or as a stratum of the ruling class. In the Ottoman defters of the time, there existed a designation for new arrivals to the region; in the region of Peja and Suhogërla, new arrivals existed within about a third of the villages, with their anthroponomy indicating that only 4 of these new 180 arrivals had Albanian names, whereas the rest had characteristically Slavic names. This suggests that an arrival of a Slavic element to the northeast of the Sanjak of Shkodra occurred during the 15th-16th centuries, and the absence of this trend in the rest of the Sanjak of Shkodra indicates that these Slav populations hailed from Slavic-inhabited regions outside of Peja itself.<ref name=“Pulaha1984” /><ref name=“Pulaha1974” />
In 1582, Ottoman cadastral records indicated that 23 villages in the nahiya of İpek were inhabited by an Albanian majority due to the dominance of Albanian anthroponomy amongst its inhabitants; 85 villages had mixed Albanian-Slavic anthroponomy, and the rest contained almost exclusively Slavic anthroponomy.<ref name=“Pulaha1984” />
The villages with a certain Albanian majority were Osak (Usak), Kramor, Ljepovaç, Trakagjin, Strelec, Romaniça, Sredna Çirna Goi, Nivokas, Temshenica, Trepova pole, Novasel, Dobri Lipari, Boshanica, Brestovac, Baç (Beç), Tokina pole, Novasel (another Novasel), Dujak, Dobroshi i Madh, Vraniq, Mraç or Çirna Potok, Dolina Çirna Goi and Preloniça. The documentation of Albanians in Peja at the end of the 15th centuries, which coincides with the very beginning of Ottoman rule in Kosovo, presupposes that the Albanians of Peja were early inhabitants of the region.<ref name=“Pulaha1984” /><ref name=“Pulaha1974”>Template:Cite book</ref>
By the 1582 defter, the city had been significantly Islamised. Several cases exist where Muslim inhabitants have a blend of Islamic and Albanian anthroponomy (such as the widespread Deda family: Rizvan Deda, Haxhi Deda, Ali Deda). The Muslim neighbourhoods include Xhamia Sherif, Sinan Vojvoda, Piri bej, Ahmed Bej, Hysein, Hasan Çelebi, Mustafa bej, Mahmud Kadi, Orman, Kapishniça, Mesxhidi Haxhi Mahmud, Bali bej and Çeribash. The Christian neighbourhoods include Gjura Papuxhi, Nikolla (abandoned), Nikolla Vukman (abandoned), Andrija (abandoned) and Olivir. The inhabitants of the two Christian neighbourhoods Olivir and Gjura Papuxhi had a blend of characteristically Albanian and Slavic/Orthodox anthroponomy.<ref name=“Pulaha1984”>Template:Cite book</ref>
A revolt against the Ottomans was instigated in the area of Peja in 1560 by an Albanian named Pjeter Bogdani, possibly an ancestor of the Archbishop Pjeter Bogdani himself. Not much is known about the revolt other than that Bogdani robbed a caravan, killed some traders and was later captured and executed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
During this period the town of Peja had a majority Muslim population; the Ottoman tax register from 1582 lists 158 households with only 15 being Christian.<ref name="Malcolm2020">Template:Cite book</ref> Travelling Kosovo in the 1660's, Evliya Celebi wrote that the town and the mountains lay in Albania.<ref>A journey through Kosova'At the base of the fortress flows the ..... river, which originates in the mountains of Peja (4) in Albania, joins the Llap river, and flows down until it joins the Morava. In these regions, this fortress is called Mitrovica of Kosova. There is also a fortress called Mitrovica of Srem, (5) but it is in ruins.'</ref> According to a report from 1681 by Pjeter Bogdani, the town had a majority of 1,000 Muslim Albanian households, and 100 Christian Serb households.<ref name="Malcolm2020" />
Joseph Muller noted the town in the 1830's had a majority Muslim population of 2000 households and only 130 Orthodox households.<ref name="Malcolm2020" />
In 1835 the Albanian population supported by other Albanian rebels from Shkodra took over the town from the Ottomans.<ref name=Pollo1984p124>Template:Harvnb</ref>
The Albanian nationalist organization League of Peja established in 1899 was based in the city. The organization, led by Haxhi Zeka, adopted the character of the earlier League of Prizren to defend the rights of Ottoman Albanians and seek autonomous status within the empire. After an armed clash with Ottoman forces in 1900 the organization ended its operations.<ref>Bep Jubani et al., Historia e popullit shqiptar: për shkollat e mesme (Libri Shkollor: Pristina, 2002) 182-185.</ref>Template:Better source needed
Modern period
Ottoman rule came to an end in the First Balkan War of 1912–13, when Montenegro took control of the city on 28 October 1912. On 8 January 1916, during World War I, Austria-Hungary took the city. Peja was taken by Serbian forces under the command of Kosta Pećanac on 13 October 1918, taking approximately 2,000 Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After World War I, the city became part of Yugoslavia (at first officially called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes). Between 1931 and 1941 the city was part of Zeta Banovina.
During World War II Peja was occupied by the Italian puppet state of Albania. Following Italy's capitulation in the last months of 1943, several hundred Serbs were massacred by Albanian paramilitaries in Peja and its vicinity.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After the war, Peja again became part of Yugoslavia as part of the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija (1945–1963), an autonomous unit within the Socialist Republic of Serbia.
Relations between Albanians and Serbs and were often tense during the 20th century. They came to a head in the Kosovo War, during which the city suffered heavy damage and mass killings.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Panda Bar massacre occurred in Peja in December 1998. Speculation that the crime may have been committed by the Serbian State Security Directorate had been put forward in the past, but the crime remained unsolved as no new evidence had come forward for a long time.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> More than 80 percent of the total 5280 houses in the city were heavily damaged (1590) or destroyed (2774) during the war.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The city suffered further damage in violent inter-ethnic unrest in 2004.
Geography
Peja is located in western Kosovo near the Rugova Canyon or Gorge. Rugova is a mountainous region entered through the north-west part of the city of Peja. It is the third region of Accursed Mountains. In 2013 it became a National Park. Rugova is known for its natural environment and access to the mountains. The city is located some Template:Convert west of Pristina, Template:Convert north of Tirana, Albania, Template:Convert north-west of Skopje, North Macedonia, and some Template:Convert east of Podgorica, Montenegro.
Hydrology
The region of Peja is rich in water resources. The White Drin and Lumbardhi i Pejës rivers pass through the municipality of Peja.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Climate
Peja has an Oceanic climate (Cfb) as of the Köppen climate classification with an average annual temperature of Template:Cvt.<ref name="Climate-data">Template:Cite web</ref> The warmest month in Peja is August with an average temperature of Template:Cvt, while the coldest month is January with an average temperature of Template:Cvt.<ref name="Climate-data"/>
Politics
The municipality covers an area of Template:Convert, including the city of Peja and 95 villages; it is divided into 28 territorial communities.<ref name="OSCE profile Peja 2009">[2] Template:Webarchive</ref> Template:As of, the whole municipality has a population of approximately 95,723,<ref name="OSCE profile Peja 2009" /> of which ca. 48,962 live in the city of Peja.<ref name="World Gazetteer">World Gazetteer: Template:Cite web. – Retrieved on 12 May 2011.</ref>
Economy
Tourism
Peja is a central hub for tourism in western Kosovo, offering a range of cultural, historical, and natural attractions. The city has developed a growing tourism infrastructure, including a tourist information center located on Mbretëresha Teutë Street. A notable offering is the "Trail of Cultural Monuments," a self-guided walking route through Peja's historical center, including a trail through the sites of the Bajrakli Mosque, the Hamam Mosque, Haxhi Zeka’s Mill, the Peja Regional Museum located in the former Tahir Bey guesthouse, and several traditional Albanian kullas (tower houses).<ref name="tourism">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="attractions">Template:Cite web</ref>
Located just west of the city, Rugova Canyon (Gryka e Rugovës) is a prominent natural feature extending approximately 25 kilometers into the Accursed Mountains. The area offers a variety of outdoor activities, including hiking, climbing, and mountain biking. Several peaks exceeding 2,400 meters—such as Guri i Kuq, Hajla, and Çfërla—are accessible via marked trails. Adventure infrastructure in Rugova includes four Via Ferrata routes—Ari, Mat, Marimangat, and Shpella—constructed between 2013 and 2016 according to international safety standards. The Rugova Zip Line, at 700 meters in length, is currently the longest in Kosovo and is located within the canyon area.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Peja serves as one of the key entry points to the Peaks of the Balkans Trail, a 192-kilometer transnational hiking route that connects Kosovo, Albania, and Montenegro. The route, divided into 10 stages, typically requires 10 to 12 days to complete and includes alpine landscapes, remote villages, and high mountain passes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Skiing is available at the ski center in Bogë nearby.
Approximately 12 kilometers from Peja is the White Drin Waterfall, a protected natural monument located near the village of Radavc. Nearby is Bukuroshja e Fjetur Cave (Sleeping Beauty Cave), a karst cave formation situated in the Accursed Mountains, noted for its geological features.
Wellness tourism is also present in the region through the Banja of Peja (locally known as Ilixhe), located in the neighboring municipality of Istog. The spa area is known for its thermal mineral springs and facilities focused on therapeutic treatments and rehabilitation services.<ref name="kk.rks-gov.net">Template:Cite web</ref>
Peja is home to several tour operators that offer services for both domestic and international tourists. Among these, Balkan Natural Adventure and Outdoor Kosovo are prominent agencies that provides guided treks, climbing activities, and multi-day tours across Kosovo and the wider Peaks of the Balkans region.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Infrastructure
Education
Education in Peja is a system with no tuition or fees, mandatory for all children between the ages of 6–18. It consists of a nine-year basic comprehensive school (starting at age six and ending at the age of fifteen) secondary general and professional education commonly known as high school and higher education at Haxhi Zeka University. It also includes non-mandatory daycare programs for babies and toddlers and a one-year "preschool". The school year runs from early September to late June of the following year. Winter break runs from late December to early January, dividing the school year into two semesters. Peja is the only city in Kosovo that offers high school education in arts and there is also a school for the visually impaired.
Water supply and sewage
Peja has two main water sources, the White Drin and the "Ujë i bardhë" source. These two sources supply the entire city of Peja together with 18 villages with clean drinking water. The water is filtered in several stations located across the city, as well as disinfected with the use of chlorine. The capacity for the two water systems is 1,200 l/s, however during the summer nearly 70% of water is lost due to technical issues, illegal logging and old pipes, leading to issues for the people of Peja. Recent attempts have been made by the creation of organizations such as "GEUK" to fix the problems of water supplies and sewage systems in Peja however despite this many problems still remain. The sewage system of Peja was projected in 1976 and was built in the late 70's. It spans 73 km covering 63% of the urban population, however it is not present in most villages. The sewage system of the city has several issues, with it not covering parts of the urban and rural population, inadequate dimensions for the network and the usage of the Lumbardh of Peja as a disposal for sewage water. Water supplies and sewage waters are managed by the local company "Hidrodrini", while the sewage system is managed by the municipal government.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Demography
Template:Historical populations
According to the last census of 2024 conducted by Kosovo Agency of Statistics, the municipality of Peja has 82,745 inhabitants.<ref name=":02">Template:Cite web</ref>
According to the 1981 census, the city urban area had a population of 54,497 inhabitants; according to the 1991 census it had grown to 68,163.<ref name="World Gazetteer" /> According to the 2011 census, around 49,000 people live in the city of Peja.<ref name="World Gazetteer" />
The population is predominantly Albanian, comprising 91.22% of the residents. The largest minority group consists of Bosniaks, making up 3.59% of the population. Additionally, Egyptians account for 2.32%, Roma for 1.07%, and the remaining residents are Serbs, Ashkali and Gorani.<ref name=":02" />
The ethnic composition of the municipality:
| Year/Population | Albanians | % | Bosniaks | % | Roma (Ashkali, Egyptians) | % | Montenegrins | % | Serbs | % | Others | % | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1961 Census | 41,532 | 62.35 | 1,397 | 2.1 | 728 | 1.09 | 12,701 | 19.05 | 8,852 | 13.28 | 66,656 | ||
| 1971 Census | 63,193 | 70.12 | 5,203 | 5.77 | 433 | 0.48 | 11,306 | 12.54 | 9,298 | 10.31 | 90,124 | ||
| 1981 Census | 79,965 | 71.99 | 8,739 | 7.86 | 3,844 | 3.46 | 9,796 | 8.82 | 7,995 | 7.2 | 111,071 | ||
| 1991 Census | 96,441 | 75.5 | 9,875 | 7.72 | 4,442 | 3.5 | 6,960 | 5.44 | 7,815 | 6.11 | 127,796 | ||
| January 1999 | ~104,600 | ~92 | n/a | n/a | ~3,500–4,000 | ~3.3 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | ~4,000–4,200 | ~3.6 | ~113,000 |
| 2011 Census | 87,975 | 91.2 | 3,786 | 3.9 | 3,836 | 3.9 | 332 | 0.4 | 521 | 0.5 | 96,450 | ||
| 2024 Census | 75,479 | 91.2 | 2,974 | 3.59 | 3,114 | 3.76 | 813 | 0.98 | 365 | 0.44 | 82,745 | ||
| Source: Yugoslav Population Censuses for data through 1991, OSCE estimates for data from 1999, 2011 and 2024 census from the Kosovo Agency of Statistics.<ref name="OSCE profile Peja 2009" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | |||||||||||||
Culture
Architecture
The architecture in Peja show different architectural styles, from the medieval Serbian, Ottoman, Yugoslav, and contemporary architecture. Because of this there are many churches, mosques, buildings which are attraction points in the city and were built by the aforementioned influences.
Notable architectural traits of Peja include:
- Home of Tahir Beg, dates back to the 18th century and is a monument of cultural heritage in Peja, Kosovo. The Ethnographic Museum of Peja is currently located in Tahir Beg's Mansion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Bajrakli Mosque, Ottoman-built mosque in the Bazaar of Peja. It was destroyed during World War II and then rebuilt.
- Hamam of Peja, Ottoman-era bath
- Bazaar of Peja, Ottoman-era market in the center of the city. It was destroyed during World War II and the Kosovo War. It has been fully rebuilt.
- Patriarchate of Peć, Medieval Serbian style monastery built in the 13th century.
- Soliteri, Brutalist style apartment complex considered as a "sky scraper".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Peja train station, 1930's train station hailed as a cultural heritage site of Kosovo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Cinema
Peja has one local cinema, Kinema Jusuf Gërvalla, which also functions as a cultural center. It was built in 1955 with money of the Workers’ Union. Back then, the cinema was called 'Kino Rad' ('Workers' Cinema'). Its goals was to provide a cultural space in the city of Peja. During the period 1955-1998 it served as a central point of joint cultural activities for the residents of Peja. Activities included screenings of the latest films, public discussions, music concerts, theatrical performances and children's programs. The cinema was closed down when the war started in 1998 and was heavily damaged in the years after, just like the rest of Peja. In 2000, the building was renovated and partly reconstructed. In 2001, the cinema was reopened, with its name changed to ‘Kinema Jusuf Gërvalla’ in 2002. However, activities became more sporadic, due to technical difficulties and lack of public interest.<ref name="Bioskopi">Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2016, by a municipal decision, the cinema with all its assets was given to the non-governmental organization Anibar, which since 2010 organized the Anibar International Animation Festival in the cinema. The goal was to revitalize Kinema Jusuf Gërvalla. But later that year the Privatization Agency of Kosovo put the building on the list of buildings for privatization, which meant it would lose its public function. However, backlash emerged against the idea of taking this important historic and cultural site from the local community. The protests secured Kinema Jusuf Gërvalla a spot on the temporary list of protected cultural heritage buildings in Kosovo.<ref name="Bioskopi" /> Currently, Kinema Jusuf Gërvalla is functioning as a cultural center which hosts movie screenings, musical performances, poetry nights, board game nights, and more. It also offers guided tours, which introduces you to the rich history of the cinema.
Festivals
- Anibar International Animation Festival
- Into the Park<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Shqip film fest<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Sport
Peja is one of the more successful cities in Kosovan sport.Template:Citation needed The city is home to the first Olympic Medal for Kosovo, won by Judoka Majlinda Kelmendi in Rio de Janeiro Games in 2016. Her team also has won numerous other medals including gold and bronze in the World and European championships.
The main football team of the city is FC Besa Pejë and its basketball teams is KB Peja. Additionally the city is host to a handball team, KH Besa Famiglia, a volleyball team KV Besa, a judo team Ippon, an athletic team Besa, as well as a women's basketball team KB Penza. Since June 2008 Peja has also a Taekwondo Team: Tae Kwon Do Club Peja (Klubi i Tae Kwon Do-së Peja).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Peja has its aeroclub called "Aeroklub Peja", which was founded in 1948. Last years this club is part of competitions in several countries. In June 2013 it was the organizer of "second Paragliding event" which included paragliders from Kosovo and Albania.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2014 it was the organizer of an international contest called "Peja Open Paragliding Cup 2014".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Clear
International relations
Peja is twinned with: Template:Div col
- Template:Flagicon Afyonkarahisar, Turkey<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Bağcılar, Turkey<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Berane, Montenegro<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Eger, Hungary<ref>Kosovo in Hungary (October 27, 2022) "Fantastic news from Eger 🇭🇺! The Assembly of Eger voted unanimously to be sisters city with city of Peja 🇽🇰! This is historical in 🇽🇰🤝🇭🇺 relations as the first ever sister twinning between a city in Kosovo and a city in Hungary!" Twitter.com</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Fier, Albania<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Gusinje, Montenegro<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Hörby, Sweden<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Johnston, United States<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Nilüfer, Turkey<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Stari Grad (Sarajevo), Bosnia and Herzegovina<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Yalova, Turkey<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
Notes
References
External links
- Municipality of PejaTemplate:Spaced ndashOfficial Website