Pfennig
Template:Short description Template:For
The pfennig (Template:IPA; Template:Abbr. 'pfennigs' or 'pfennige' Template:Pronunciation; symbol pf or ₰) or penny is a former German coin or note, which was an official currency from the 9th century until the introduction of the euro in 2002. While a valuable coin during the Middle Ages, it lost its value through the years and was the minor coin of the Mark currencies in the German Reich, West Germany and East Germany, and the reunified Germany until the introduction of the euro. Pfennig was also the name of the subunit of the Danzig mark (1922–1923) and the Danzig gulden (1923–1939) in the Free City of Danzig (modern Gdańsk, Poland).
Overview
Name
The word Pfennig (replacing the denarius or denarius as a low-denomination silver coin) can be traced back to the 8th century and also became known as the Penning, Panni(n)g , Pfenni(n)c, Pfending and by other names, e.g. in Prussia until 1873, Pfenning.Template:Efn The -ing- or -inc suffix was used, in addition to -ung, the formation of affiliation substantives and also appears in other coin denominations, for example in the schilling. Beyond that, its origin has not been clarified, but an early borrowing from the Latin pondus ("weight", cf. pound) is possible.<ref>Kluge (2011).</ref> According to an 1848 Leipzig trade lexicon the name pfennig was "originally the general name of every coin in Germany, which is supposed to be derived from the hollow coins or bracteatess, because these had the shape of a pan" (i.e. they were bent)."<ref>Verein Gelehrter und praktischer Kaufleute: Handelslexicon …, Verlag Ernst Schäfer, Leipzig 1847</ref>
The word Pfennig is etymologically related to the English penny, the Swedish penning, which was also model for the Finnish penni (1860–2001), the Estonian penn (1918–1927), the Polish fenig (1917–1918), the Lithuanian word for money pinigai and the pfenig (fening) of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1998–today). The /pf/ rather than /p/ in both pronunciation and spelling is a result of the High German consonant shift or second Germanic sound shift which affected the High German dialects of what is now southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria. High German (and to some extent Central German) dialects form the basis for modern Standard German.
Related currencies
The pfennig was the progenitor of a whole series of later coin denominations, which became parts or multiples of the later pfennig. These include the groschen ("big [pfennig]", from the Latin grossus "big, thick" ), Angster ("narrow [pfennig]", from the Latin angustus "narrow, thin"), Albus ("white [pfennig]", from the Latin albus "white"; initially equivalent to a Groschen), Witte ("white [pfennig]"), Rappen ("pfennig with a raven"), Stäbler ("pfennig with the Basle staff"), Heller ("Haller [pfennig]"), Schwaren ("heavy [pfennig]") etc.
There were also "light pfennigs" (leichte Pfennige), "good pfennigs" (gute Pfennige) or "custom pfennigs" (Zollpfennige), which had this name on the coin. Some types of pfennig were given special names in the vernacular, such as the Erfurt "coffin pfennig" (Sargpfennig).Template:Efn
Sign
As a currency sign a variation of the minuscule letter 'd' for 'denarius' in German Kurrent script was modified so the terminal end of the minuscule Kurrent 'd', that trailed at the top of the ascender in an anticlockwise loop, was instead brought down behind the right of the ascender, to form a descender, that hooked clockwise, thus making it a distinct symbol, different from any of the other Kurrent letters in its own right: ₰.
The pfennig symbol has nearly fallen out of use since the 1950s, with the demise and eventual abolition of the Reichsmark with its Reichspfennig, as well as the abolition of Kurrent by the Nazis on 3 January 1941, thus making it increasingly cryptic as familiarity with Kurrent script has decreased since that time. The symbol is encoded in Unicode at Template:Unichar.
Unicode has Template:Unichar, a square combination of Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration), Japanese for "pfennig", for compatibility with earlier Japanese character sets.
History
Middle Ages
Charlemagne established, in the so-called Carolingian coin standard, that from a [[Charlemagne|Carolingian Template:Lang]] ("pound") of silver, 240 coins were to be minted (corresponding to about 1.7 g of silver per coin). The coin was called in the Latin language of the time, a Template:Lang after the old Roman coin (see [[Sachsenpfennig#Coin standard|Template:Lang § Coin standard]]). From this coin evolved later the French Template:Lang and the Italian Template:Lang. The Arabic word Template:Lang (Template:Lang) can also be traced back to the Latin word Template:Lang. In the Old High German language, the Template:Lang was already called the Template:Lang (Template:Lang) at the time of Charlemagne. In North German and Dutch-speaking countries it was later called a Template:Lang and in England the penny. The term Template:Lang for the Roman Template:Lang first appeared in England around 765, when King Offa had Template:Lang struck out of silver based on the Carolingian model. This explains the abbreviation "d" as in Template:Lang, which was used for the "old" penny in the United Kingdom until 1971. The early pfennig weighed around 1.3g to 2g, its weight tending to steadily decrease over the centuries. The widespread fluctuations in the weight of the same pfennigs were partly due to the manufacturing process, with the heavier pfennig specimens being sought out by private individuals in accordance with Gresham's law. At that time and even partly up to modern times, it was the total weight of a certain number of similar pfennigs that had to be right for larger payments, a practice that tended to promote deviating exchange rates between smaller and larger coin denominations and which found its climax in the Kipper and Wipper era; for example, the terms Template:Lang (= 60 pf), Template:Lang or "pound sterling" (= 240 d).
From the 8th to the 13th century, the pfennig (or Template:Lang) consisted of high-quality silver, and was the only denomination in circulation, other units being used purely as arithmetic units,<ref>Helmut Kahnt, Bernd Knorr (1986). Old measures, coins and weights. A lexicon (licence ed.). Leipzig: Bibliographic Institute. Mannheim/Vienna/Zurich 1987. Template:ISBN. p. 394.</ref> and it thus had a high purchasing power. As a result, this era is also called the Template:Lang ("pfennig era") in numismatics. Only very rarely were half-pfennigs minted, which were also known as obole or scherf.
Around 1200, the pfennig was the largest and only German silver denomination, apart from imported foreign gold and silver coins. Smaller denominations were created by cutting the coins in half or quarters, producing something called hacksilver, which was very easy to do with the one-sided thin hollow pfennigs or Template:Lang, which were then referred to as bracteates from the 17th century. The "change" that was often still required for price and quantity equalization by buyers and sellers on the city markets were small amounts of natural produce and goods that were included in the overall purchase process.
Around 1200, the different mint lords of the Holy Roman Empire minted their regional pfennigs to very different standards in terms of gross and fine weights, because the German kingdom handed over minting rights or did not enforce them as a uniform imperial standard consistently. As a result, many regional pfennigs with different exchange rates arose over time. Somes coins had a black tint due to the large addition of copper, and so a distinction was made between white pfennigs (Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang) and black pfennigs (Template:Lang = "copper pfennig"). A well-known example is the Template:Lang, which was later legally defined as a Template:Lang or Template:Lang in subsequent imperial coinage regulations as a separate denomination valued at two to a pfennig until the 19th century e.g. in Bavaria. Even the early Template:Lang (Template:Lang) had a noticeable addition of copper, so that the Template:Lang very quickly became the first German "pure" copper coin.
The pfennigs of the Schinderling period, the black pfennigs, were minted from 1457 mainly in southern Germany, especially in Austria and Bavaria, with almost no silver. The so-called Template:Lang ("Evil Halser") of this time essentially consisted of a copper-tin alloy. The period of the so-called Template:Lang ended with the phasing out of the 5-lot pfennigs in 1460. The black pfennigs undermined confidence in Austria's silver currency for a long time.<ref>Helmut Friedl (2003). Die Münzen der Landgrafen von Leuchtenberg und Grafen von Hals. Regenstauf. p. 12.</ref><ref>Heinz Fengler, Gerd Gierow, Willy Unger (1976). transpress-Lexikon Numismatik. Berlin. p. 343.</ref>
For the successful introduction of the silver Template:Lang currency, which replaced the regional pfennig, sufficient coins of lower denomination had to be available. The silver-rich Saxon dukes, for example, had hollow pfennigs and hollow hellers minted at Gotha and Langensalza to prescribed coinage ordinances. However, the constant reduction in the silver content of the groschen meant that new ordinances to reduce the silver content of the pfennigs that the cities sometimes minted themselves.
The Template:Lang ("bowl pfennig") minted from 1374 to the 18th century is a concave pfennig, stamped on one side only, that was minted from 1374 onwards, and was so called due to its minting technique. It was created by stamping using one upper die only onto a larger planchet. As a result, the rim of the coin was pressed upwards into the shape of a bowl or plate.<ref>Helmut Kahnt (2005). Template:Lang. Regenstauf: Battenberg Gietl. p. 429.</ref>
The forerunners of the Template:Lang were the one-sided silver Template:Lang (Template:Literal translation) and Template:Lang (Template:Literal translation) of the Free Imperial City Strasbourg and the Trier pfennigs, which were being minted as early as the beginning of the 14th century.<ref>Helmut Kahnt (2005). Template:Lang. Regenstauf: Battenberg Gietl. p. 429.</ref> They are so-called Template:Lang ("eternal pfennigs"), since unlike most bracteates, they did not have to be exchanged regularly for a fee.
The so-called Palatine Template:Lang, named after its depiction of a lozenged shield or heraldic lozenge (Template:Langx), was minted from about 1390. From the 15th century, a characteristic feature of the pfennig was its curved shape and a prominent circle of beads, which surrounded the coin image. The pearl circle does not occur in the later Template:Lang minted from the 16th to the 18th century.<ref>"Weckler". In Helmut Kahnt (2005). Template:Lang. Regenstauf: Battenberg Gietl. p. 519.</ref>
Pricing examples from the Saxon-Thuringian region
Krug gives the following examples of what could be bought for pfennigs in regions of Saxony and Thuringia:<ref>Gerhard Krug (1974). Template:Lang. Berlin. p. 17.</ref>
| 1324 | a chicken: 2 pfennigs |
| a lamb's belly: 8 pfennigs | |
| pre-1382 | a fattened pig: 360 pfennigs |
| a young pig: 180 pfennigs | |
| 1382 | a schock (60)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> of eggs: 10 pfennigs |
| 8 ells of linen cloth: 54 pfennigs | |
| a tub (Template:Lang) of butter: 40 pfennigs | |
| a pat of fresh butter: 3 pfennigs | |
| 1395 | six chickens: 48 pfennigs |
The pfennigs concerned were usually the coins from the Freiberg state mint.
Modern period
17th and 18th centuries
By the late 17th century, the pfennigs had lost most of their value. The last pfennig coins containing traces of silver are rarities minted in 1805. Effectively, by the end of the 17th century the pfennig had been reduced to a pure copper coin. In the 18th century, some German mints minted copper and billon pfennigs at around the same time. From the middle of the 18th century, however, the proportion of billon coins compared to pure copper pfennig coins tended to decrease, which was also reflected in the 2 to 4 pfennig coins. The last silver-containing 1 pfennig coins with the designation "Pfenig" were minted in Germany in the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld from 1808 to 1811 and date stamped 1808 and are rare.<ref>Paul Arnold, Harald Küthmann, Dirk Steinhilber and Dieter Faßbender (2008). Big German Coin Catalogue from 1800 to Today, 23rd ed. Battenberg, p. 399; No. 140. Template:ISBN</ref> Even the copper pfennigs were not all of the same value. Bremen therefore called its pfennigs Template:Lang ("heavy pfennigs")<ref>Herbert Rittmann (Match 1971). Template:Lang. In Template:Lang 22. pp. 61–66</ref> for which the common name Template:Lang prevailed.
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Bremen Template:Lang, 1797, obverse -
Template:Lang, 1797, reverse
Some renowned coins made of copper are the Template:Lang or Template:Lang of Schwäbisch Hall, some centuries later called Heller, and minted throughout the country, and the Template:Lang (from Template:Lang, the cross minted on the coins), minted in Austria, Switzerland, and some regions of Upper Germany.
19th and 20th centuries
Until 1821, various smaller coin systems were in use in the Prussian provinces. Only in the provinces of Brandenburg and Westphalia was the pfennig the smallest coin in terms of value. With the Prussian small coin reform of 1821, a uniform small coin system was introduced for all Prussian provinces. To distinguish it from the pfennigs before the reform, the new denomination was called Template:Lang. One thaler was no longer 288 pfennigs, but 360 Template:Lang. This new ratio was also reflected on the side with the coat of arms: Template:Small. Other states, such as Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, minted Template:Frac pfennig coins well into the 19th century.
In the southern German states (Baden, Württemberg, Bavaria including the Palatinate, Saxony, and other smaller ones), the value of the Template:Lang was fixed at 1/240 of a Template:Lang by the coinage act of 1506 and that remained in force until 1871. (1 Template:Lang = 60 Template:Lang, 1 Template:Lang = 4 Template:Lang, 1 Template:Lang = 2 Template:Lang.) The half-pfennig (Template:Lang) was the only coin of the Template:Lang period that remained officially valid after the introduction of the imperial currency (because of the beer tax in Bavaria).
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Brandenburg pfennig of 1811, reverse
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Brandenburg pfennig of 1811, obverse
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Prussian Template:Lang of 1821, reverse
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Prussian Template:Lang of 1821, obverse
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Template:Frac pfennig of 1830, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, reverse
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Template:Frac pfennig of 1830, obverse
In some southern German states, the term Template:Lang was a synonym for the pfennig (e.g. in the city of Frankfurt and in the Duchy of Nassau). In Bavaria, the heller was half a penny.
The gold mark, introduced by the German Coinage Act of 1871, was the currency of the newly founded German Empire, divided into 100 pfennigs. This partition was retained through all German currencies (including the Template:Lang, the Template:Lang, and the pfennig of the Deutsche Mark) until 2001.
The last West German one- and two-pfennig coins were steel with a copper coating. The five- and ten-pfennig coins were steel with a brass coating. The latter was called a Groschen, while the five-pfennig coin, half a groschen, was regionally (east of the river Elbe) also referred to as the Template:Lang (Template:Literal translation), deriving from the former duodecimal division of the groschen. All four coins had their value imprinted on the obverse and an oak tree on the reverse.
The coins of the East German mark were made of aluminium, except for the 20 pfennig coin, which was made of an aluminium copper alloy.
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Free City of Danzig: 10 pfennig 1932
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Nazi Germany: 10 Template:Lang coin, 1937
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West Germany: 1 pfennig coin, 1950
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East Germany: 1 pfennig coin, 1979
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10 pfennig coin used in the Federal Republic of Germany until 2001
Pfennig since the euro
After the introduction of the euro, some, mainly older, Germans tend to use the term pfennig instead of cent for the copper-coloured coins (and the term Groschen for the 10-cents-coin).Template:Citation needed
Unicode
The pfennig ligature is defined and coded in Unicode as follows:
| Character | Unicode Position |
Unicode Title |
HTML hexadecimal |
HTML decimal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ₰ | U+20B0 | German penny sign | ₰ | ₰ |
See also
General
- Bracteate
- Penny
- Denier, the French penny
- Coinage of Saxony
Types of pfennig
Footnotes
References
Template:Pfennig Template:Currency signs Template:Authority control