Sadruddin Aga Khan

Sadruddin Aga Khan (Template:Nowrap 1933 – Template:Nowrap 2003) was a French-born statesman and activist who served as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1966 to 1977. During his tenure, the agency expanded its operational focus to include refugee situations outside Europe.

He married twice, but had no children of his own. Sadruddin died of cancer at the age of 70, and was buried in Switzerland.

Life and career

Childhood and education

Born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, he was the only child of Sultan Mahomed Shah (known by his title Aga Khan III) and his third wife, the French-born wife Andrée Joséphine Carron. He received his early education in Lausanne, Switzerland, before graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1954 from Harvard College.<ref name="SydneyHerald2003">Template:Cite news</ref> At Harvard, he lived in Eliot House with Paul Matisse, grandson of French artist Henri Matisse, with future Paris Review founders George Plimpton and John Train, and with Stephen Joyce, grandson of Irish writer James Joyce.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Along with Plimpton, he was an editor for the Harvard Lampoon. After three years of post-graduate research at the Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Prince Sadruddin began a career in international service.<ref name="Times2003">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref name="PRAgaKhan2003"/>

Although he was raised in Europe by his French mother, his father, who was the 48th hereditary Imam of the Nizari Ismaili Muslims, had a strong influence on him. He recalled that his father "insisted that I learnt the Koran and encouraged me to understand the basic traditions and beliefs of Islam but without imposing any particular views. He was an overwhelming personality but open-minded and liberal."<ref name="Telegraph1998">Template:Cite news</ref>

He described Iran as the cradle of his family, though he never lived there.<ref name="UnescoCourier1991">Template:Cite news</ref> When he was a child, his paternal grandmother used to recite to him the great epic poems of Persian history.<ref name="Telegraph1998"/> He held British, French, Iranian, and Swiss citizenship, and was fluent in French, English, German and Italian, while also speaking some Persian and Arabic.<ref name="Ahram2003">Template:Cite news</ref>

UNESCO

Sadruddin joined the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1958, and became the Executive Secretary to its International Action Committee for the Preservation of Nubia in 1961. This initiative brought together archaeologists from Eastern Europe and the West at the height of the Cold War. The construction of the Aswan Dam threatened ancient Egyptian treasures including Abu Simbel, the temples of Philae and Kalabsha, and the Christian churches of Nubia.<ref name="UnescoCourier1991"/><ref name="Guardian2003">Template:Cite news</ref> He would later describe it as "one of UNESCO's great achievements" because of the challenging historical context in which it took place—in particular the ongoing tensions in the Middle East and the Cold War.<ref name="UnescoCourier1991"/>

UN High Commissioner for Refugees

Sadruddin began as a Special Envoy to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1959 with a focus on World Refugee Year (1959–1960).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The initiative became known for its Stamp Plan, a philatelic programme that raised funds through United Nations member countries, as well as the support of the Universal Postal Union. At the time, the UNHCR's resources were primarily focused on supporting refugees crossing from Eastern Europe.<ref name="UnescoCourier1991"/>

In January 1966, Sadruddin was appointed United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees after serving for three years as Deputy High Commissioner. At the age of 33 he became the youngest person ever to lead the UNHCR.<ref name="UNNews2003">Template:Cite news</ref> For the next twelve years he directed the UN refugee agency through one of its most difficult periods, coordinating the international response to the 1971 Bangladesh crisis that uprooted Template:Nowrap people, the 1972 exodus of hundreds of thousands of Hutus from Burundi to Tanzania, and the Vietnamese boat people tragedy of the mid-1970s. In 1972, Sadruddin played a key role in finding new homes for tens of thousands of South Asians expelled from Uganda by Idi Amin.<ref name="UNNews2003"/>

During the 1950s, the majority of refugees requiring assistance were of European origin, estimated between 200,000 and 300,000. By the 1970s, many of these European refugee issues had been largely addressed. At the same time, new refugee crises emerged in parts of the developing world, including Palestine, Vietnam, Angola, and Algeria. Under Sadruddin Aga Khan’s tenure as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1966 to 1977, the agency’s mandate expanded beyond its original focus on Europe to address these broader global displacement challenges.<ref name="UNNews2003" />

This period saw an increase in the scale and complexity of refugee situations worldwide. The UNHCR and the wider international community adjusted their approaches accordingly.<ref name="UnescoCourier1991" /> By the time Sadruddin Aga Khan stepped down in 1977, he was the longest-serving High Commissioner in the agency’s history.<ref name="SydneyHerald2003" />

United Nations diplomatic career

From1978 onwards, Sadruddin held several roles within the United Nations, including the Special Consultant and Chargé de Mission to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Special Rapporteur of the UN Human Rights Commission and Convenor and co-chairman of the Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues and of the Independent Working Group on the UN Financial Emergency. He also served as Coordinator for United Nations Humanitarian and Economic Assistance Programmes Relating to the People of Afghanistan and as Executive Delegate of the Secretary-General for a UN Inter-Agency Humanitarian Programme addressing issues in Iraq’s border areas.<ref name="PRAgaKhan2003"/><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>

In September 1990, he was appointed Personal Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Humanitarian Assistance Relating to the Crisis between Iraq and Kuwait.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> During this period, he negotiated with Iraqi officials, including Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz, to establish a UN relief program for Shia Muslims in the marshlands of southern Iraq, despite the Iraqi government’s reluctance to coordinate with the UN.<ref name="SydneyHerald2003"/>

Sadruddin Aga Khan was nominated twice for the position of UN Secretary-General. In 1981, although he received majority support in the Security Council vote, his appointment was vetoed by the Soviet Union, which reportedly considered him too Western.<ref name="Times2003"/> He was nominated again in 1991 but did not secure the position, with the United States and United Kingdom reportedly opposing him due to disagreements over his support for increasing aid to Iraq.<ref name="Times2003"/>

Environmental protection and advocacy

In 1977, Sadruddin Aga Khan co-founded the Geneva-based Groupe de Bellerive with Denis de Rougemont and the non-profit Bellerive Foundation. The foundation collaborated with international institutions, bilateral aid organizations, and NGOs such as the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).<ref name="UnescoCourier1991"/> It focused on environmental protection, natural resource conservation, and biodiversity.

The Bellerive Foundation worked with UNICEF and other partners on initiatives related to deforestation. It promoted the development and distribution of low-cost, energy-efficient cooking stoves using renewable energy sources, primarily in rural African communities. The foundation’s activities also addressed issues such as nuclear disarmament and species conservation<ref name="UnescoCourier1991"/>

In 1990, Sadruddin launched Alp Action at the World Economic Forum to support environmental conservation in the European Alps. The program aimed to promote eco-tourism and reduce the environmental impact of outdoor recreational activities. Over its period of operation, Alp Action implemented projects across seven countries.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It found inspiration in the system of national parks of the Canadian Rockies.<ref name="Ahram2003"/>

In May 2006, the activities of the Bellerive Foundation were incorporated into the Geneva-based Aga Khan Foundation to establish the Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan Fund for the Environment.<ref name="PRAKDN20060531" /> The fund, with an endowment of approximately US$10 million, focuses on environmental education, natural resource management, protected areas, tourism infrastructure, environmental health, and research.<ref name="PRAKDN20060531">Template:Cite press release</ref>

Death and remembrance

Sadruddin Aga Khan died of cancer in Boston, Massachusetts, on 12 May 2003.<ref name="Times2003"/><ref name="Ahram2003"/> His body was transported to Switzerland, where members of the diplomatic corps, government officials, and acquaintances paid respects at Château de Bellerive and signed condolence books at various locations internationally.<ref name="PRAgaKhanFuneral2003">Template:Cite press release</ref>

Ruud Lubbers, then UNHCR High Commissioner, then UNHCR High Commissioner, issued a statement acknowledging Sadruddin’s tenure at the agency and his role during challenging periods.<ref name="UNNews2003" />

In accordance with his wishes, a private burial ceremony was held in Switzerland with family members present.<ref name="Times2003" /><ref name="Ahram2003" /><ref name="PRAgaKhanFuneral2003" /> Traditional Muslim rites were conducted too. The funeral procession took place from Château de Bellerive to the local cemetery of Collonge-Bellerive.<ref name="PRAgaKhanBurial2003">Template:Cite press release</ref> A tribute from the Canton of Geneva noted the family's historical ties to the region and referenced their Persian descent."<ref name="PRAgaKhanBurial2003" />

A memorial ceremony was held at United Nations headquarters in New York on 28 October 2003.<ref name="PRUNMemorial2003">Template:Cite press release</ref> At the event, then-UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan highlighted Sadruddin’s contributions to humanitarian work and environmental issues.<ref name="PRUNMemorial2003" />

He was survived by his wife Catherine, three stepsons—Alexandre, Marc, and Nicolas—and extended family including nephews, nieces, and cousins.<ref name="PRAgaKhanFuneral2003" /> It was his and Catherine's wish that their remains be interred in Egypt.<ref name="PRAgaKhanBurial2003" />

Personal life

Sadruddin Aga Khan’s family included several individuals with roles in political and international organizations. His grandmother was a descendant of Qajar Emperor Fath'Ali Shah.<ref name="PRAgaKhan2003">Template:Cite press release</ref>

His father served as President of the League of Nations and held administrative positions in British India.<ref name="DawnFreedom2006">Template:Cite news</ref> He also served two terms as President of the League of Nations.<ref name="Times2003"/> His half-brother Aly Khan was Pakistan’s Ambassador to the United Nations. His nephew Karim Aga Khan was the fourth Imam of the Ismaili Muslims. Another brother, Amyn Aga Khan, previously worked for the United Nations before joining the Aga Khan’s secretariat.<ref name="AkdnWebHH">Template:Cite web</ref> His niece Yasmin Aga Khan is involved in Alzheimer’s disease advocacy.<ref "name=WICBioYasmin">Template:Cite web</ref>

He participated in cultural activities such as music, art, and literature, and attended cultural events in Europe and abroad. He engaged in outdoor activities including skiing and sailing.<ref name="PRAgaKhan2003"/> While a student at Harvard in 1953, he co-founded the Paris Review, a literary magazine.<ref name="NYTimes1990">Template:Cite news</ref> The magazine awards an annual fiction prize, the Aga Khan Prize for Fiction, established by his father.<ref name="NYTimes1990" />

Marriages

On 27 August 1957, he married Nina Dyer in Bellerive, Switzerland. Dyer, a former fashion model and ex-wife of Baron Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza, converted to Islam during their marriage and adopted the name "Shirin." They divorced in 1962 and had no children. Dyer died by suicide in 1965.<ref name="NYTimes1957">Template:Cite news Template:Subscription required</ref>

On 25 November 1972, he married Catherine Aleya Beriketti Sursock in the British West Indies.<ref>"Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, U. N. Commissioner, and Mrs. Sursock Married" The New York Times (November 28, 1972). Retrieved November 23, 2021</ref> She was previously married to Lebanese aristocrat Cyril Sursock. They had no children together, but he became stepfather to her three children: Alexandre, Marc, and Nicolas Sursock.

Art collection

Sadruddin Aga Khan assembled a private collection of Islamic art over approximately 50 years.<ref name="ArtsOfAsia1984">Template:Cite journal</ref> The collection included paintings, drawings, manuscripts, and miniatures.<ref name="Telegraph1998" /> He also collected primitive and African art, which he sold before 1985.<ref name="PRAgaKhan2003" /><ref name="ArtsOfAsia1984" />

His interest in Islamic art reportedly began in his youth, influenced by his paternal grandmother’s library of Persian books and related texts.<ref name="SydneyHerald2003"/> During his time at Harvard in the 1950s, he made acquisitions in New York and later from dealers in Paris, Geneva, and London. He also participated in auctions at Sotheby’s and Christie’s. He sought advice from Stuart Cary Welch, a historian of Islamic art at Harvard.<ref name="ArtsOfAsia1984"/>

His collection contains Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Indian items dating from the 10th century onward. Examples include a Quranic page of North African origin written in Kufic script, estimated to be over 1,000 years old. The collection includes Persian calligraphy and pictorial works, as well as Ottoman manuscripts and paintings.<ref name="ArtsOfAsia1984" />

Some pieces from the collection were exhibited in New York, London, and Zürich. In 1998, the British Museum organized a touring exhibition<ref name="SydneyHerald2003" /><ref name="Telegraph1998" /> titled "Princes, Poets and Paladins,"<ref name="PRHarvard1998">Template:Cite press release</ref> which included items from the collection. The full collection is housed at the Aga Khan Museum in Toronto, established by his nephew.<ref name="PRAgaKhan2003" /><ref name="TIO20100520">Template:Cite news</ref>

Awards and decorations

Sadruddin Aga Khan received honorary doctorates and national awards from several countries, including Pakistan, Poland, and the Vatican. In 1991, he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.<ref name="AAAS">Template:Cite web</ref>

He received the United Nations Human Rights Award,<ref name="UNNews2003" /> and was awarded several national decorations:

• Bourgeois d'Honneur de Genève (City of Geneva)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Commandeur of the Légion d'honneur (France)
• Knight Commander of the Order of St. Sylvester (Holy See)
• Order of the Nile (Egypt)<ref name="Times2003" />
• Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire – KBE (United Kingdom)<ref name="SydneyHerald2003" />

He also held honorary citizenship of Patmos, Greece, where he maintained a residence.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

External links

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• "Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan: humanitarian and visionary", Miserez, Diana, 2017

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