Prohibitions in Sikhism
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Template:Short description Template:Sikh practicesTemplate:Sikhism sidebar Adherents of Sikhism follow a number of prohibitions. As with any followers of any faith or group, adherence varies by each individual.
Prohibitions
These prohibitions are strictly followed by initiated Khalsa Sikhs who have undergone initiation. While the Sikh gurus did not enforce religion and did not believe in forcing people to follow any particular religion in general, the Sikh community does encourage all people to become better individuals by following the Guru's Advice (Gurmatta), as opposed to living life without the Guru's code of disciple (Man-mat):
4 major transgressions:<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, i.; Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, p. 1.-4.</ref>
- Hair removal – Hair cutting, trimming, removing, shaving, plucking, threading, dyeing, or any other alteration from any body part is strictly forbidden.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, i.; Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, p. 1. & q. 3.</ref>
- Eating Kutha meat, the meat of an animal whose slaughter is accompanied by a religious ritual, such as the recitation of a prayer, as required by Muslim and Jewish law.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, p. 2.</ref> This is the absolute minimum required by all initiated Sikhs. Although lacto vegetarianism is practiced and recommended by some Sikhs, many Sikhs refrain from eating non-vegetarian food, and believe all should follow this diet. This is due to various social, cultural, political, and familial aspects. As such, there has always been major disagreement among Sikhs over the issue of eating non-vegetarian food. Sikhs following the Rehat (Code of Conduct) of the Damdami Taksal & Akhand Kirtani Jatha also subscribe to this view. The Akali Nihangs have traditionally eaten meat and are famous for performing Jhatka.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Mahaprashad">"The most special occasion of the Chhauni is the festival of Diwali which is celebrated for ten days. This is the only Sikh shrine at Amritsar where Maha Prasad (meat) is served on special occasions in Langar", The Sikh review, Volume 35, Issue 409 – Volume 36, Issue 420, Sikh Cultural Centre., 1988</ref><ref name="Sikh Goat Sacrifice">"The tradition traces back to the time of Sri Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji who started the tradition of hunting for Sikhs ... The tradition of ritually sacrificing goats and consuming Mahaparshad remains alive not only with the Nihang Singh Dals, but also at Sachkhand Sri Hazoor Sahib and Sachkhand Sri Patna Sahib (two of the Sikhs holiest shrines)." Panth Akali Budha Dal Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name="Sikh Goat Sacrifice2">"Another noteworthy practice performed here is that a goat is sacrificed on Dussehra night every year. This ceremony was performed on Diwali day this year (Oct 28, 2008). The fresh blood of the sacrificed goat is used for tilak on the Guru’s weapons.", SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS OF THE SIKH COMMUNITY, Dr Madanjit Kaur, Institute of Sikh Studies Institute of Sikh Studies, Madan Kaur Template:Webarchive</ref> Thus, there is a wide range of views that exist on the issue of a proper "Sikh diet" in the Panth. Nonetheless, all Sikhs agree with the minimum consensus that meat slaughtered via the Muslim (Halal), Jewish (Shechita) methods or any other religiously slaughtered way, is strictly against Sikh principles.<ref>"Sikhism, A Complete Introduction" by Dr. H.S. Singha & Satwant Kaur Hemkunt, Hemkunt Press, New Delhi, 1994, Template:ISBN</ref><ref>"Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs" by Opinderjit Kaur Takhar, pg. 51, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2005, Template:ISBN</ref> The Akal Takht represents the final authority on controversial issues concerning the Sikh Panth (community or collective). The Hukamnama (edict or clarification), issued by Akal Takht Jathedar Sadhu Singh Bhaura dated February 15, 1980, states that eating meat does not go against the code of conduct of the Sikhs. Amritdhari Sikhs can eat meat as long as it is Jhatka meat.<ref name="Singh 2001 89">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Adultery: Cohabiting with a person other than one's spouse (sexual relations with anyone who you are not married to- originally a prohibition on sexual intercourse with Muslim women, an injunction was made by Guru Gobind Singh not to seize them during warfare as sexual contact with them was seen as polluting. Kahn Singh Nabha of the Singh Sabha Movement had later inferred that the Guru's command was construed as a prohibition on intercourse with a woman other than one's wife.)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Jakobsh, Doris R. 2003. Relocating Gender In Sikh History: Transformation, Meaning and Identity. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 39–40</ref><ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, p. 3.</ref>
- Intoxicants – A Sikh must not take hemp (cannabis), opium, liquor, tobacco, cocaine, narcotics, etc. In short, any intoxicant is not allowed.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, j.</ref><ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, p. 4. & q. 1., q. 5.</ref>Template:Sfn Cannabis is generally prohibited, but ritually consumed in edible form by some Sikhs.<ref name="SinghFenech2014">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="SinghHawley2012">Template:Cite book</ref> Some Sikh groups, like the Damdami Taksal, are even opposed to drinking caffeine in Indian tea. Indian tea is almost always served in Sikh gurudwaras around the world. Some Akali Nihang groups consume cannabis-containing shaheedi degh (Template:Lang), purportedly to help in meditation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Hola Mohalla: United colours of celebrations,</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Sūkha parshaad (Template:Lang), "Dry-sweet", is the term Akali Nihangs use to refer to it. It was traditionally crushed and consumed as a liquid, especially during festivals like Hola Mohalla. It is never smoked, as this practice is forbidden in Sikhism.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2001, Jathedar Santa Singh, the leader of Budha Dal, along with 20 chiefs of Nihang sects, refused to accept the ban on consumption of shaheedi degh by the apex Sikh clergy of Akal Takht - in order to preserve their traditional practices.<ref>Nihangs ‘not to accept’ ban on shaheedi degh. The Tribune. March 26, 2001.</ref> According to a recent BBC article, "Traditionally they also drank shaheedi degh, an infusion of cannabis, to become closer with God".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Baba Santa Singh was excommunicated and replaced with Baba Balbir Singh, who agreed to shun the consumption of bhang.<ref>No ‘bhang’ at Hola Mohalla. The Tribune. March 10, 2001.</ref>
Other mentioned practices to be avoided, as per the Sikh Rehat Maryada:
- Piercing of the nose or ears for wearing ornaments is forbidden for Sikh men and women.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, k.</ref>
- Female infanticide: A Sikh should not kill his daughter; nor should he maintain any relationship with a killer of daughter.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, l.</ref>
- A Sikh shall not steal, form dubious associations or engage in gambling.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, o.</ref>
- It is not proper for a Sikh woman to wear a veil that covers the face or have the face hidden.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, s.</ref>
- Sikhs cannot wear any token of other faiths. Sikhs must not have their head bare or wear caps. They also cannot wear any ornaments piercing through any part of the body.<ref>Sikh Rehat Maryada: Section Four, Chapter X, Article XVI, i.; Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV, d.</ref>
- Hereditary priestly class – Sikhism does not have priests, as they were abolished by Guru Gobind Singh (the 10th Guru of Sikhism).<ref name=autogenerated2>Template:Cite web</ref> The only position he left was a Granthi to look after the Guru Granth Sahib; any Sikh is free to become Granthi or read from the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name=autogenerated2 />
- Blind spirituality: Idolatry, superstitions, and rituals should not be observed or followed, including pilgrimages, fasting, and ritual purification; circumcision; ancestor worship; grave worship; and compulsory wearing of the veil for women. Observation of the five Ks, however, is not considered blind superstition, as they are intended to help Sikhs in their everyday life.
- Material obsession: Obsession with material wealth is not encouraged in Sikhism.
- Sacrifice of creatures: Animal sacrifice to celebrate holy occasions are forbidden.
- Non-family-oriented living: Sikhs are discouraged from living as a recluse, beggar, yogi/yogini, monastic (monk/nun), or celibate.Template:Cn
- Worthless talk: Bragging, gossip, lying, slander, "backstabbing," et cetera, are not permitted. The Guru Granth Sahib tells the Sikh, "your mouth has not stopped slandering and gossiping about others. Your service is useless and fruitless."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>