Retirement age

File:Average-effective-retirement-men World.svg

Average effective age of retirement for men, 1970 to 2018 (Our World in Data)

This article lists the statutory retirement age in different countries. In some contexts, the retirement age is the age at which a person is expected or required to cease work. It is usually the age at which such a person may be entitled to receive superannuation or other government benefits, like a state pension.

History and establishment

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The first recorded use of a state pension was established in the Roman Empire in 13 BC by Augustus for military veterans who had served for at least 16 years in a legion and four years in the reserves. This was later increased to 20 years in a legion and five years in the reserves.<ref name="auto3">Clark, R. L., Craig, L. A., & Wilson, J. W. (n.d.). A History of Public Sector Pensions in the United States. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4011: University of Pennsylvania Press. Retrieved from https://pensionresearchcouncil.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/0-8122-3714-5-3.pdf</ref>

The first retirement age was set in Germany by Otto von Bismarck in 1881, originally at 70, before being reduced to 65 in 1916.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Following this, more countries began to adopt an official retirement age, such as Britain with the passage of the Old Age Pensions Act 1908, which set the initial retirement age at 70 before it was reduced to 65 for men and 60 for women with the passage of the National Insurance Act 1946.

The United States adopted an initial retirement age of 65, under the bill of the Social Security Act of 1935.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By the mid-20th century, almost all countries had adopted a retirement age.

Arguments

Policymakers usually consider the demography, fiscal cost of aging, health, life expectancy, nature of the profession, supply of labor force, and more, while taking the retirement age into account.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The increase in life expectancy is used in some jurisdictions as an argument to increase the age of retirement in the 21st century.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Arguments for lower retirement ages for parents include the unpaid work of parental care.<ref name="Colombia"/> Lower retirement ages for parents have been criticized for reducing the length of pension contributions, which can result in lower retirement benefits.<ref name="Jefferson"/>

Some countries are equalizing the retirement ages between women and men.<ref name="e032">Template:Cite journal</ref> The expected years in retirement were 22.8 years for women and 18.4 years for men on average in OECD in 2022, contributed by sex differences in life expectancy.<ref name="p857">Template:Citation</ref> The generally longer expected years in retirement result in women requiring higher pension contributions to reach the same annual pension benefits as men without redistribution.<ref name="Jefferson">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Reforms

Reforms tend to be phased in slowly when the retirement age (or pension age) is increased with grandfathering, ensuring a gradual change. One of such examples of grandfathering is the transitional pension rules, which were applied for staff aged 54 years or older, and to some extent, for all staff in place, when in 2014, the retirement age of European civil servants was increased to 66 years of age.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In contrast, when the age of retirement is decreased, changes are often brought about rapidly.<ref name="Blair2014-p107">Template:Cite book</ref>

Retirement age by country and region

Many of the countries listed in the table below are in the process of reforming retirement ages. The actual retirement can be earlier or later than the public retirement age due to private pension plans or incentives to work longer.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In some countries, one's year of birth determines their age of retirement. For example, in the United States as of 2025, while a person born before 1960 can retire with social security benefits at the age of 66, those born after 1960 must be 67, however an added increase can be obtained by retiring after 70.<ref name="site"/>

Denmark, whose currently age for retirees is 67, (men and woman) will also be increased to 70 by 2040.

Many European Union Member States, currently imply a retirement age of 65, in the 2020s. However by 2030 this will be increased to the standard 67 years in most countries.<ref name="et.fi"/>

The average of statutory retirement age in the 34 countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2014 was males 65 years and females 63.5 years, but the tendency all over the world is to increase the retirement age.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This is also reflected by the findings that just over half the Asian investors surveyed region-wide said they agreed with raising the retirement age, with a quarter disagreeing and the remainder undecided.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Retirement age

Country	Men	Women	Year	Notes	Template:Abbr
Template:Flag	65	61 years 8 months	2024	Men: gradually rising by 1 month a year from 2033 onwards from 65 years to 67 years by 2056. Women: gradually rising by 2 months a year from 2021 onwards from 61 years to 67 years by 2056.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	65	60	2024		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	63		2024		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	67		2024	In Australia the retirement age was increased to 67 years in July 2023.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	65	60.5	2024	Women: gradually rising by 6 months per year from 2024 onwards from 60 years to 65 years by 2033.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="vik" /><ref name="report">2009 Ageing Report: Economic and budgetary projections for the EU-27 Member States (2008–2060). Joint Report prepared by the European Commission (DG ECFIN) and the Economic Policy Committee (AWG), {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}, p. 78.</ref>
Template:Flag	65	63.5	2024	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	<ref name=":0" />
Template:Flag	63	58	2024		<ref name="infos">Kłos B., Wiek emerytalny kobiet i mężczyzn, "infos", 7.02.2008 Template:Webarchive</ref>
Template:Flag	59		2024		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	65-67		2024	The legal retirement age (the age at which one can retire, regardless of career length) in Belgium is 65 in 2019. In 2025 it will be 66 and in 2030 it will be 67, both for women and men. Early retirement is possible from 60 onwards with a career of at least 44 years, from 61 onwards with at least 43 years, or from 63 onwards with a career of at least 42 years. Some exceptions exist, mainly in the required number of years. A career year is considered if it contains at least 104 days (in full time equivalent).	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	65		2024		<ref name="vik" />
Template:Flag	65	62	2024	Certain individuals, such as rural workers, teachers and police officers, have a lower minimum age. Brazil also requires workers to have contributed to social security for a minimum amount of time before they become eligible to claim benefits. To start receiving partial benefits, all private-sector workers are required have contributed for at least 20 years (for men) or 15 years (for women). Public-sector workers are required to have contributed for at least 25 years. To receive full benefits all workers must have contributed for at least 40 years (for men) or 35 years (for women).	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	65		2024		<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	64 years 7 months	62 years 1 month	2024	In Bulgaria the retirement age is to be increased gradually and reach 65 years by 2029 for men and by 2037 for women.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	60		2024	Since 2023 the retirement age is 60 years for all.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	65 (standard) 60 (on deduction, up to 36%) 70 (increase of up to 42%)		2024	The standard age to start the pension is 65. However, you can start receiving it as early as age 60 or as late as age 70. If you start receiving your pension earlier, the monthly amount you’ll receive will be smaller. If you decide to start later, you’ll receive a larger monthly amount. There’s no benefit to wait after age 70 to start receiving the pension. The maximum monthly amount you can receive is reached when you turn 70. If you start before age 65, payments will decrease by 0.6% each month (or by 7.2% per year), up to a maximum reduction of 36% if you start at age 60. If you start after age 65, payments will increase by 0.7% each month (or by 8.4% per year), up to a maximum increase of 42% if you start at age 70 (or after).	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	65	60			citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	63	55–58	2024	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The 2024 change marked the first increase of the retirement age since the 1950s.<ref name="npc2024">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The retirement age will apply to men born in and after 1965, female civil servants born in and after 1970 and female workers born in or after 1975. The retirement age increase is based on the individual’s year and month of birth, as it increases by 1 month for every 4-month-block months of birth for males and female civil servants and 1 month for every 2-month-block for female workers until 2040. It is expected to be fully phased in for male workers born in September 1976, female civil servants born in September 1981 and female workers born in November 1984. The New regulation also stipulates that those affected by the change may voluntarily reduce their retirement age by up to 3 years if they have made the minimum length of pension payments, or delay their retirements by up to 3 years if permitted by the employer. The minimum pension payment period will also be increased from 15 years to 20 from 2030.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	62	57	2024	The reform, which will be in force from July 2025, kept the retirement age at 62 for men when they have made contributions for 1,300 weeks of work and 57 for women, though it reduced the number of weeks for women to 1,000. Women can discount 50 weeks of pension contributions from their required amount for each child, for up to three children, under the terms of the reform.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Colombia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	65	63 years 6 months	2024	Men: 65. Women: gradually rising by 3 months per year to 65 years by 2030.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	65	60	2024	Age 65 (men) or age 60 (women) with at least 30 years of employment; age 60 (men) or age 55 (women) if 75% of the insured's total employment history or the 15 years of employment immediately before retirement involved arduous or dangerous work.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	65		2024	The pensionable age is 65. It is possible to receive a pension at the age of 63 under certain conditions. Miners can receive a pension at the age of 63 provided they have worked in a mine for at least 3 years; and they are entitled to a one-month reduction in the retirement age for every 5-month period they worked in a mine on condition that they are no longer engaged in that activity. They may not, however, retire before the age of 58. Cypriot legislation does not provide for early retirement in other cases.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	64 years 2 months		2024	By 2030 the retirement age will be 65. For women, having children reduce the retirement age depending on number of children; from 2037 the retirement age will be 65 for all, regardless of number of children.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	67		2024	Template:See also From 2030 onwards, retirement age will be linked to life expectancy. From 2040 to 2045 the state retirement age was set to 70.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="thelocal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="etk.fi"/><ref name="report" /><ref name="infos" /><ref name="d072">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	60		2015
Template:Flag	64 years 9 months		2024	By 2027, retirement age will be linked to the average life expectancy. Having children may reduce the retirement age by 3–5 years.	<ref name="report" /><ref name="infos" /><ref name="etk.fi"/>
Template:Flag	64.5–69		2024	Flexible retirement age: 64–69 years, national pension 65 years. In 2030, the retirement age will be linked to life expectancy.	<ref name="report" /><ref name="etk.fi"/>
Template:Flag	64–67		2023	Template:See also The minimal retirement age has gradually increased from 60 to 64 years by 2023.	<ref name="vik" /><ref name="report" />
Template:Flag	65	60	2011		<ref name="vik" />
Template:Flag	65 (rising to 67 by 2031)		2025	In Germany the retirement age is being increased and will gradually rise to 67 by 2031.	<ref name=dw-20250801>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	67		2021		<ref name="etk.fi"/>
Template:Flag	60–65		2017	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	65		2021	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	<ref name="etk.fi"/>
Template:Flag	67		2007		<ref name="infos" />
Template:Flag	60–65		2014	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> while in the private sector it depends on the individual company and the maximum being 65.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	58		2022	In Indonesia, provisions relating to pensions are regulated in Government Regulation Number 45 of 2015 Article 15 concerning the Implementation of the Pension Guarantee Program, in PP 45/2015 the following matters are regulated: For the first time the Retirement Age is set at 56 (fifty six years). Starting January 1, 2019, the retirement age as referred to in paragraph (1) will be 57 (fifty seven) years. The Retirement Age as referred to in paragraph (2) is further increased by 1 (one) year for every subsequent 3 (three) years until it reaches the Retirement Age of 65 (sixty five) years. By referring to the regulation, the retirement age limit in Indonesia is 58 years in 2022 and will reach the maximum retirement age limit, which is 65 years in 2043.	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	60	55	2018
Template:Flag	60		2019		<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	66		2021	In Ireland the retirement age is to be increased gradually and reach 68 years by 2028.<ref name="etk.fi"/>	<ref name="vik" /><ref name="report" /><ref name="infos" />
Template:Flag	67	65	2022	In Israel the retirement age for women is to be increased gradually and reach 65 by 2032.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	62–67		2021	Must have paid contributions for at least 20 years (At 67 years and 3 months). Those who have paid contributions for at least 41 years can retire at 62. Those who have paid contributions for at least 41 years and 10 months (women) or 42 years and 10 months (men) can retire regardless of age.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	64	62	2022	Template:See also While the government is at it with early retirement prevention, the age is expected to increase gradually to 65 years of age by 2025.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	<ref name="etk.fi"/><ref>The Point Of The Pension Plan. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Pension Bureau. Template:Webarchive</ref>
Template:Flag	63	58	2015	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Kosovo	65	65	2014		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	63	58	2011		<ref name="vik" />
Template:Flag	64		2021	The age will be 65 by 2025.<ref name="etk.fi" />	<ref name="etk.fi" />
Template:Flag	65	60	2017		<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	64		2007		<ref name="infos" />
Template:Flag	64 years 8 months	64 years 4 months	2024	In Lithuania, the retirement age will be raised to 65 for both men and women by 2026.<ref name="etk.fi" />	<ref name="etk.fi" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	65		2011		<ref name="vik" />
Template:Flag	60		2013	In Malaysia, The Congress of Unions of Employees in the Public and Civil Services (Cuepacs) wants the government to consider extending the retirement age for civil servants from 60 to 62,<ref name="themalaysianinsider">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> but the government has no immediate plan to extend it as the current retirement age is deemed as sufficient.<ref name="therakyatpost">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	64		2024	In Malta the retirement age is being increased gradually to 65 years by 2027.<ref name="etk.fi" />	<ref name="etk.fi" />
Template:Flag	60		2025	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	65		2015	Retirement age is expected to be increased in the coming years.
Template:Flag	63	61	2024	Women: gradually rising by 6 months per year until 63 years in 2028.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	66	64	2022		<ref name="vik" />
Template:Flag	63		2014	Abdelilah Benkirane increased the retirement age to 63 since 2015.
Template:Flag	60		2024	The early retirement age for public employees is 55 years	<ref>Pension Benefits. GIPF. Template:Webarchive Retrieved on 8 February 2016</ref><ref name="namibian">Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	65		2021
Template:Flag	67		2024	67 to be increased to 67 years 3 months in 2028. AOW (Algemene Ouderdomswet, meaning General Old Age Law) eligibility is tied to life expectancy.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	65		2019		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	60	55	1999		<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flag	64	62	2011		<ref name="vik" />
Template:Flag	62–67		2024	Template:See also The general retirement age is currently set to age 67 however, given sufficient pension contributions it is possible to retire as early as at age 62. The longer an individual postpones withdrawing a pension, the greater the government pension provision becomes.	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	60	55	2023	The age is 60.
Template:Flag	60		2012		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	60		2018		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	60		1990	The retirement age for an employee depends on the employment contract. Upon retirement, the retired employee should be given his/her benefits according to the agreement or contract between the employer and the employee. However, if there is no existing retirement plan or agreement for the employee, he/she may retire at the age of 60, given that he/she has served the employer for 5 years, and shall be given a retirement pay of at least half a month's salary for every year of service (6 months of work given is considered as 1 whole year for the retirement pay).	<ref name="Labor Code">Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flag	65	60	2016		<ref name="etk.fi" />
Template:Flag	66.6		2025		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	65	62	2023	The age for women is being increased gradually. It will reach 63 by 2030, 64 in 2033 and 65 in 2035, and then will be linked to life expectancy.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	63	58	2024	From 2019 the retirement age for men (women) would gradually increase from 60 (55) to 65 (60) years by 2028; first it was intended to hike the age for women to 63 but later the plan was softened.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	60		2014	In Saudi Arabia, the retirement age is based on the Hijiri (lunar) calendar.	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	65	63.5	2023	Both men and women can retire when they reach their respective retirement age and have at least 15 years of insurance coverage. Or, have 45 years of insurance coverage regardless of age. The retirement age for women is increased by 2 months every year and it will be the same as for men, 65 in 2032.	<ref name="vik" />
Template:Flag	62–65		2012	In Singapore, the Retirement Age Act (RAA) has been replaced by the Retirement and Re-employment Act (RRA) in 2012. Under the RRA, the statutory minimum retirement age is still 62, but employers are now required to offer re-employment to eligible employees who turn 62, up to the age of 65. The bill will gradually increase the retirement and re-employment ages for Singapore employees to 65 and 70 years old, respectively. By 2030, the retirement age will have been increased to 65 and the re-employment age will have been raised to 70, in a step-by-step approach.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	62		2017	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> The retirement age will be equalized for men and women at 62 in 2017. The retirement age as of October 2022 is 63 years with the conditions.<ref name="etk.fi" />	<ref name="report" />
Template:Flag	65		2021		<ref name="etk.fi" />
Template:Flag	60		2016	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	66.5		2024	Template:See also The age will be 67 by 2027.<ref name="etk.fi"/>	<ref name="vik" /><ref name="report" />
Template:Flag	55		2014		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	67		2024	Early retirement possible from 64. Persons born before 1963 have various lower retirement ages.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="etk.fi" />
Template:Flag	65	65	2021	65 for women as of January 2025.	<ref name="etk.fi"/>
Template:Flag	63	58	2011		<ref name="vik" />
Template:Flag	60		2015	except a president of a university can work beyond 60 years
Template:Flag	60–65		2015		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	62–65		2019
Template:Flag	62	57	2011		<ref name="vik" />
Template:Flag	60	58	2014	Retirement age was gradually increased since the 1970s, from 44 for men and 38 for women.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Originally, there was no exact retirement age. Current ages will increase to 65 for both genders by 2048. Additionally, various minimum days of service is required, which is currently 7000 days. It will become 7200 days (20 years) by 2048. One is subject to the laws on the day he/she started working.	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	60		2021		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	65		2010	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	66		2020	Template:See also State pension age increased to 66 in 2020, and will go up to 67 by 2028,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and to 68 by 2037.<ref name="guk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	(A) Earliest age is 62 (on 25 to 30% reduction) (B) Standard - 66–69 (C) Delayment in receiving benefits out until aged 70, +25% increase<ref name="site"/>		2024	Template:See also The Social Security Administration, is the Government agency responsible for social services in the United States. Pension age in the United States is determined on one's birth year, the earliest a person can retire is 62, but benefits for a single may be a 25% to 30% reduction, as the full benefit amount (100%) is for retirees the earliest is 66 for people born before 1960 or after at 67, however if a prospective retiree delays taking out Government benefits until 70, the full pension amount is increased (125%).	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> <ref name="etk.fi"/>
Template:Flag	60–70		2009	60 years and 30 working years minimum (1995), or 65 years and 25 working years and progressive to 70 in age and 15 working years (2009).
Template:Flag	60	55	2011		<ref name="vik" />
Template:Flag	60	55	2015		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flag	60.5	55.67	2022	The retirement age will gradually increase to 62 for males by 2028 and 60 for females by 2035. In 2021, the retirement age is 60.25 (age 60 and 3 months) for men and 55.33 (age 55 and 4 months) for women, the age will be increased by 3 months each year following for men and 4 months for women.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

France

In France, the maximum working age was recognized in 2009 and set at 70. Up to this age, a company wishing to retire has no choice but to dismiss its employee or negotiate with them. France is one of the few countries to have three legal ages: the minimum (64 years), the maximum (70 years), and the full retirement age (variable, maximum 67 years).

Japan

In Japan, the legal retirement age was 60 until March 31, 2013. It will gradually increase to 65 in 2025 for men, (61 in 2013, 62 in 2016, 63 in 2019, and 64 in 2022), and in 2030 for women (61 in 2018, 62 in 2021, 63 in 2024, and 64 in 2027).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See also

• Ageism
• Mandatory retirement
• Pension systems by country
• Population ageing
• Retirement in Europe