Sakurajima

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Sakurajima (Template:Langx, Template:Literal) is an active stratovolcano, formerly an island and now a peninsula, in Kagoshima Prefecture in Kyushu, Japan.<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Sakurajima" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 814; see photo, caption -- Kagoshima after Sakurashima eruption, Illustrated London News. January 1914.</ref> The lava flows of the 1914 eruption connected it with the Ōsumi Peninsula.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It is the most active volcano in Japan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:As of, the volcanic activity continues,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Mainichi16112025"/> dropping volcanic ash on the surroundings. Earlier eruptions built the white sand highlands in the region. On September 13, 2016, a team of experts from Bristol University and the Sakurajima Volcano Research Centre in Japan suggested that the volcano could have a major eruption within 30 years; since then many eruptions have occurred.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Mainichi16112025"/>

Sakurajima is a stratovolcano. Its summit has three peaks, Kita-dake (northern peak), Naka-dake (central peak) and Minami-dake (southern peak) which is active now.

Kita-dake is Sakurajima's highest peak, rising to Template:Convert above sea level. The mountain is in a part of Kagoshima Bay known as Kinkō-wan. The former island is part of the city of Kagoshima which is only 4 km across the bay.<ref name="nussbaum447">Nussbaum, "Kagoshima prefecture" at p. 447.</ref> The surface of this volcanic peninsula is about Template:Convert.

Sakurajima has a population of a few thousand residents, formerly incorporated as Sakurajima town, with a number of schools, shrines, and shops on the island. It is serviced by the Sakurajima Ferry which runs 24/7. It is a tourist destination known for its onsen, local pottery made from volcanic ash, and produce such as the Sakurajima daikon radish and Sakurajima komikan orange which grow in the immensely fertile volcanic soil.

Sakurajima has many natural areas and the ecosystems in different areas where recent eruptions have taken place have been researched as an example of ecological succession.

History

Geological history

File:Sakurajima 1902 survey.jpg
A map of Sakurajima in 1902, showing it as a distinct island.

Sakurajima is in the 25 km (15 mi)-wide Aira caldera, which formed in an enormous "blow-out-and-cave-in" eruption around 22,000 years ago.<ref name="VOWO">Template:Cite web</ref> Several hundred cubic kilometres of ash and pumice were ejected, causing the magma chamber underneath the erupting vents to collapse. The resulting caldera is over Template:Cvt across. Tephra fell as far as Template:Convert from the volcano. Sakurajima is a modern active vent of the same Aira caldera volcano.

Sakurajima was formed by later activity within the caldera, beginning about 13,000 years ago.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is about Template:Convert south of the centre of the caldera. Its first eruption in recorded history was in 963 AD.<ref name="VOWO2">Template:Cite web</ref> Most of its eruptions are Strombolian,<ref name="VOWO2"/> affecting only the summit areas, but larger Plinian eruptions have occurred in 1471–1476, 1779–1782 and 1914.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Volcanic activity at Kita-dake ended around 4,900 years ago: later eruptions have been centered on Minami-dake.<ref>Template:Cite gvp</ref> Initially since 2006, activity was centred on Showa crater, to the east of the summit of Minami-dake,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> but by 2025 had moved to the summit crater.<ref name="Mainichi16112025"/>

1914 eruption

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File:Buried torii near Kurokami-Cho, Kagoshima.JPG
A torii in Kurokami-Cho, Kagoshima is half-buried by ash and stones caused by the 1914 eruption.

The 1914 eruption began on January 11 and was the most powerful in twentieth-century Japan. The volcano had been dormant for over a century until 1914.<ref name="VOWO"/> Almost all residents had left the island in the previous days; several large earthquakes had warned them that an eruption was imminent. Initially, the eruption was very explosive, generating eruption columns and pyroclastic flows, but after a very large earthquake on January 12, and another the day after, it became effusive, generating a large lava flow.<ref name="VOWO"/> The January 12 earthquake killed 35, and in total, 58 people died.<ref name=auto/><ref name=VOWO/> Lava flows filled the narrow strait between the island and the mainland, turning it into a peninsula. Lava flows are rare in Japan—because the silica content of the magmas is high, explosive eruptions are far more common<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>—but the lava flows at Sakurajima continued for months.<ref name="VOWO"/> The island grew, engulfing several smaller islands nearby, and eventually became connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. Parts of Kagoshima Bay became significantly shallower, and it made tides higher.<ref name="VOWO"/>

During the last stages of the eruption, emptying of the underlying magma chamber sank the centre of the Aira Caldera by about Template:Convert.<ref name="VOWO"/> This showed that Sakurajima draws its magma from the same magma reservoir that fed the ancient caldera-forming eruption.<ref name="VOWO"/> The eruption partly inspired a 1914 movie, The Wrath of the Gods, centering on a family curse that ostensibly causes the eruption.

Recent activity

File:Sakurajima Relief Map, SRTM-1.jpg
Topographic map
File:ISS034-E-027139.jpg
An image taken from the International Space Station showing Sakurajima and its surroundings on January 10, 2013
File:Sakurajima oli 2013231.jpg
Sakura-jima eruption as seen on August 18, 2013

Sakurajima's activity became more prominent in 1955, and the volcano has been erupting almost constantly ever since. Thousands of small explosions happen each year, throwing ash to heights of up to a few kilometers above the mountain. The Sakurajima Volcano Observatory was set up in 1960 to monitor these eruptions.<ref name="VOWO2"/>

Monitoring of the volcano and predictions of large eruptions are particularly important because it is in a densely populated area, with the city of Kagoshima's 680,000 residents just a few kilometers from the volcano. The city conducts regular evacuation drills, and a number of shelters have been built where people can take refuge from falling volcanic debris.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In light of the dangers it presents to nearby populations, Sakurajima was designated a Decade Volcano in 1991, identifying it as worthy of particular study as part of the United Nations' International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Sakurajima is part of the Kirishima-Yaku National Park, and its lava flows are a major tourist attraction. The area around Sakurajima contains several hot spring resorts. One of the main agricultural products of Sakurajima is a huge basketball-sized white radish (Sakurajima daikon).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2009

On March 10, 2009, Sakurajima erupted, sending debris up to Template:Convert. An eruption had been expected following a series of smaller explosions over the weekend. It is not thought there was any damage caused.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

2010

An eruption occurred from the Minami-dake summit crater at 5:38 on Sunday, August 9, 2010, sending debris up to 5000 m (16,000 ft).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2011 2012

In 2011 and 2012, Sakurajima experienced several significant eruptions; volcanic activity continued into 2013.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2013

On August 18, 2013, the volcano erupted from Showa crater and produced its highest recorded plume of ash since 2006, rising 5,000 metres high and causing darkness and significant ash falls on the central part of Kagoshima city. The eruption occurred at 16:31 and was the 500th eruption of the year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

2015

In August 2015, Japan's meteorological agency issued a level 4 emergency warning, which urges residents to prepare to evacuate.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Scientists warned that a major eruption could soon take place at the volcano;<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> it eventually did erupt around 20:00 on February 5, 2016.<ref name="2016eruption">Template:Cite news</ref>

2016

After a long pause of eruptions at the vent, the eruptions abruptly stopped there and returned to the Showa crater, on April 4, 2016, some 8–9 days preceding major earthquakes on the Median Tectonic Line near Kumamoto, Japan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Then, three months later, on July 26, it spewed volcanic ash Template:Convert into the air.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2020

On October 3, 2020, at 07:35 UTC, the volcano erupted once again, this time from the Aira caldera. A volcanic ash advisory for aviation was issued by the Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Tokyo (VAAC) at 07:43 UTC, showing the ash cloud to be stationary and reaching FL100 (10,000 feet).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2022

On July 24, 2022, at 20:05 JST, an explosive eruption occurred at the summit crater of the volcano, and cinders scattered up to Template:Cvt from the crater.<ref name="NHK-k10013734191000">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Following this eruption, at 20:50 JST, the Japan Meteorological Agency raised the eruption alert level from Level 3 to Level 5, the highest level, and urged maximum precaution and evacuation.<ref name="NHK-k10013734191000" /> This was the first time an eruption alert level 5 has been issued for Sakurajima.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2023

On February 9, 2023, an eruption occurred at the Showa crater on Sakurajima at 10:52 JST.<ref name = 'news showa'>Template:Cite news</ref> The plumes had risen to Template:Convert at 11:10 JST, according to the Kagoshima Meteorological Office.<ref name = 'news showa'/> People in a Template:Cvt radius were sent a warning by the local weather observatory against pyroclastic flows and falling rocks.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

2024

On February 14, 2024, an eruption occurred at the southern peak's Minamidake crater on Sakurajima at 18:33 JST, emitting plumes of over Template:Convert in height and spewing rocks as far as Template:Cvt away.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Minamidake crater again erupted on October 18, 2024 with a plume above Template:Cvt.<ref name="Mainichi16112025">Template:Cite news</ref>

2025

Between May 15 and May 16, 2025 multiple small eruptions with volcanic plumes up to Template:Cvt high occurred disturbing local air travel.<ref name="Sakurajima volcano on Volcano Discovery">Template:Cite news</ref> On November 16, 2025, Minamidake crater erupted at 00:57 JST with an eruption plume that reached Template:Cvt high.<ref name="Mainichi16112025"/> Volcanic rocks from the eruption reached as far as the fifth station, some Template:Cvt from the crater and a level 3 alert was issued.<ref name="yomiuri">Template:Cite web</ref>

Culture

A sculpture of a man's head screaming at the sky with a guitar by its side, carved out of volcanic rock.
Sculpture of Nagabuchi at the site of the All Night Concert on Sakurajima.

Sakurajima is a novella written in 1946 by the Japanese writer Haruo Umezaki, about a disillusioned Navy officer stationed on the island towards the end of World War II as American planes bomb Japan. The story is one of Umezaki's most famous works. It is based on his own experience; during World War II, he was stationed at a military cipher base in the nearby city of Kagoshima.

"Sakurajima" is also the name of a song by Japanese singer Tsuyoshi Nagabuchi. In 2004, Nagabuchi held an Template:Ill at a quarry of Sakurajima that attracted an audience of 75,000. After the concert, a statue showing Nagabuchi screaming with a guitar was installed on the site of the concert.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

See also

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Notes

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References

Further reading

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