Saturnalia tupiniquim
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Saturnalia is an extinct genus of basal sauropodomorph dinosaur known from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. It contains one species, Saturnalia tupiniquim. It is one of the earliest known dinosaurs.
Discovery and naming
Fossils of Saturnalia were first collected by the Museum of Science and Technology of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul in the austral summer of 1998.<ref name="Langer2007"/> Some of the specimens were collected during Carnival.<ref name="Langer1999"/> The specimens were found at a site called Wald Sanga or Sanga do Mato, one of several sites called "sangas" in the vicinity of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, where red, fossil-bearing mudstone is exposed.<ref name="Langer2005"/>
In 1999, Max Cardoso Langer, Fernando Abdala, Martha Richter, and Michael J. Benton described the new genus and species Saturnalia tupiniquim based on the three skeletons.<ref name="Langer1999"/> The genus name is derived from the Roman festival of Saturnalia, in reference to the specimens' discovery during the festival of Carnival,<ref name="Langer1999"/> and the species name, tupiniquim, is a word of Guarani origin colloquially used in Portuguese to refer to things of Brazilian origin.<ref name="Langer1999"/><ref name="tupiniquim"/>
Numerous studies have since been published on Saturnalia, making it one of the best-studied Carnian sauropodomorphs.<ref name="Damke2024"/>
Fossil record
Saturnalia tupiniquim is known from three well-preserved partial skeletons and disarticulated remains from at least three other individuals. The holotype, MCP 3844-PV is a partial skeleton including most of the presacral vertebrae and sacrum, the pectoral and pelvic girdles, the right humerus and part of the right ulna, the left femur, and most of the right hind limb.<ref name="Langer1999"/> The paratypes are MCP 3845-PV, a partial skeleton including a partial skull,<ref name="Bronzati2019"/> trunk vertebrae, pectoral girdle, right side of the pelvic girdle, right humerus, and most of the right hind limb, and MCP 3846-PV, a partial skeleton including trunk vertebrae, a tibia, and part of the foot.<ref name="Langer1999"/> Referred material, cataloged as UFSM 11660, consists of the disarticulated remains of at least three other individuals, including a partial skull and remains of the pelvis and hindlimb.<ref name="Damke2024"/>
The known fossils of Saturnalia all come from a single site in the Alemoa Member of the Santa Maria Formation, and are included in the Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone.<ref name="Langer2005"/> A maximum age for the Saturnalia type locality, determined by uranium–lead dating, is 233.23 ± 0.61 million years old. Because this age is derived from detrital zircons, it is a maximum age and the true age might be slightly less, making the rocks approximately equivalent in age to the base of the Ischigualasto Formation, which has been found to be approximately 231.5 million years old.<ref name="Langer2018"/> Saturnalia is among the oldest known dinosaurs.<ref name="Langer2022"/>
Description
Saturnalia was a small, bipedal animal that probably reached a length of Template:Convert<ref name="Langer2022"/> and weighed between Template:Convert.Template:Efn The skull of Saturnalia was only about Template:Convert long, giving it a proportionally small head as in other sauropodomorphs.<ref name="Bronzati2019"/> It was relatively short-snouted compared to contemporary sauropodomorphs.<ref name="Damke2024"/> The neck of Saturnalia was moderately long, about 56–60% the length of the trunk, and was composed of nine or ten vertebrae.Template:Efn<ref name="Bronzati2017"/>
Classification
The primitive nature of Saturnalia, combined with its mixture of sauropodomorph and theropod characteristics, has made it difficult to classify. Paleontologist Max Cardoso Langer and colleagues, in their 1999 description of the genus, assigned it to the Sauropodomorpha.<ref name="Langer1999"/> However, in a 2003 paper, Langer noted that features of its skull and hand were more similar to the theropods, and that Saturnalia could at best be considered a member of the sauropodomorph "stem-lineage", rather than a true member of that group.<ref name="langer2003">Langer, M.C. (2003). "The pelvic and hind limb anatomy of the stem-sauropodomorph Saturnalia tupiniquim (Late Triassic, Brazil)". PaleoBios, 23(2): September 15, 2003.</ref>
José Bonaparte and colleagues, in a 2007 study, found Saturnalia to be very similar to the primitive saurischian Guaibasaurus. Bonaparte placed the two in the same family, Guaibasauridae. Like Langer, Bonaparte found that these forms may have been primitive sauropodomorphs, or an assemblage of forms close to the common ancestor of the sauropodomorphs and theropods. Overall, Bonaparte found that both Saturnalia and Guaibasaurus were more theropod-like than prosauropod-like.<ref name="bonaparteetal2007">Template:Cite journal</ref> However, all more recent cladistic analyses found it to be a very basal sauropodomorph,<ref name=Y07>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=poletal2011>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Leyesaurus>Template:Cite journal</ref> possibly guaibasaurid, as the family was found to nest in a basal position within Sauropodomorpha.<ref name="Ezcurra2010"/><ref name=Indiansaupo>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Ornithoscelida">Template:Cite journal</ref> The subfamily Saturnaliinae was established in 2010 by Martin Ezcurra to include Saturnalia and its close relative Chromogisaurus.<ref name="Ezcurra2010"/>
Paleobiology
Like many other early dinosaurs, but unlike later sauropodomorphs, Saturnalia was most likely carnivorous or omnivorous, with a diet that included insects or small vertebrates.<ref name="Bronzati2019"/><ref name="Ballell2022"/> Its small head and long neck may have allowed it to move its head rapidly enough to catch small, elusive prey.<ref name="Bronzati2019"/>
Paleoecology
Saturnalia may have been prey to the contemporary herrerasaurid Staurikosaurus.<ref name="Paul2016"/> Buriolestes, a carnivorous sauropodomorph similar to Saturnalia, was contemporaneous with it, although the two have yet to be discovered at the exact same locality. Buriolestes was longer-snouted than Saturnalia and the two may demonstrate niche partitioning.<ref name="Damke2024"/>