Scouse
Template:Short description Template:About Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check |unknown=Template:Main other |preview=Page using Template:Infobox language with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| acceptance | agency | aiatsis | aiatsis2 | aiatsis3 | aiatsis4 | aiatsis5 | aiatsis6 | aiatsisname | aiatsisname2 | aiatsisname3 | aiatsisname4 | aiatsisname5 | aiatsisname6 | altname | ancestor | ancestor2 | ancestor3 | ancestor4 | ancestor5 | ancestor6 | ancestor7 | ancestor8 | ancestor9 | ancestor10 | ancestor11 | ancestor12 | ancestor13 | ancestor14 | ancestor15 | boxsize | coordinates | coords | created | creator | date | dateprefix | development_body | dia1 | dia2 | dia3 | dia4 | dia5 | dia6 | dia7 | dia8 | dia9 | dia10 | dia11 | dia12 | dia13 | dia14 | dia15 | dia16 | dia17 | dia18 | dia19 | dia20 | dia21 | dia22 | dia23 | dia24 | dia25 | dia26 | dia27 | dia28 | dia29 | dia30 | dia31 | dia32 | dia33 | dia34 | dia35 | dia36 | dia37 | dia38 | dia39 | dia40 | dialect_label | dialects | ELP | ELP2 | ELP3 | ELP4 | ELP5 | ELP6 | ELPname | ELPname2 | ELPname3 | ELPname4 | ELPname5 | ELPname6 | era | ethnicity | extinct | fam1 | fam2 | fam3 | fam4 | fam5 | fam6 | fam7 | fam8 | fam9 | fam10 | fam11 | fam12 | fam13 | fam14 | fam15 | family | familycolor | fontcolor | glotto | glotto2 | glotto3 | glotto4 | glotto5 | glottoname | glottoname2 | glottoname3 | glottoname4 | glottoname5 | glottopedia | glottorefname | glottorefname2 | glottorefname3 | glottorefname4 | glottorefname5 | guthrie | ietf | image | imagealt | imagecaption | imagescale | iso1 | iso1comment | iso2 | iso2b | iso2comment | iso2t | iso3 | iso3comment | iso6 | isoexception | lc1 | lc2 | lc3 | lc4 | lc5 | lc6 | lc7 | lc8 | lc9 | lc10 | lc11 | lc12 | lc13 | lc14 | lc15 | lc16 | lc17 | lc18 | lc19 | lc20 | lc21 | lc22 | lc23 | lc24 | lc25 | lc26 | lc27 | lc28 | lc29 | lc30 | lc31 | lc32 | lc33 | lc34 | lc35 | lc36 | lc37 | lc38 | lc39 | lc40 | ld1 | ld2 | ld3 | ld4 | ld5 | ld6 | ld7 | ld8 | ld9 | ld10 | ld11 | ld12 | ld13 | ld14 | ld15 | ld16 | ld17 | ld18 | ld19 | ld20 | ld21 | ld22 | ld23 | ld24 | ld25 | ld26 | ld27 | ld28 | ld29 | ld30 | ld31 | ld32 | ld33 | ld34 | ld35 | ld36 | ld37 | ld38 | ld39 | ld40 | linglist | linglist2 | linglist3 | linglist4 | linglist5 | linglist6 | lingname | lingname2 | lingname3 | lingname4 | lingname5 | lingname6 | lingua | lingua2 | lingua3 | lingua4 | lingua5 | lingua6 | lingua7 | lingua8 | lingua9 | lingua10 | linguaname | linguaname2 | linguaname3 | linguaname4 | linguaname5 | linguaname6 | linguaname7 | linguaname8 | linguaname9 | linguaname10 | listclass | liststyle | map | map2 | mapalt | mapalt2 | mapcaption | mapcaption2 | mapscale | minority | module | name | nation | nativename | notice | notice2 | official | posteriori | pronunciation | protoname | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_mapsize | qid | ref | refname | region | revived | revived-cat | revived-category | script | setting | sign | signers | speakers | speakers_label | speakers2 | stand1 | stand2 | stand3 | stand4 | stand5 | stand6 | standards | state | states }}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" /> Template:Listen Template:Listen Template:Listen
Scouse (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell), more formally known as Liverpool English<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> or Merseyside English,Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> is an accent and dialect of English associated with the city of Liverpool and the surrounding Merseyside. The Scouse accent is highly distinctive, as it was heavily influenced by Irish and Welsh immigrants who arrived via the Liverpool docks, as well as Scandinavian sailors who also used the docks.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="thesundaytimes">Template:Cite news</ref> People from Liverpool are known as Liverpudlians, but also called Scousers; the name comes from scouse, a stew originating from Scandinavian lobscouse eaten by sailors and locals.<ref>Chris Roberts, Heavy Words Lightly Thrown: The Reason Behind Rhyme, Thorndike Press, 2006 (Template:ISBN)</ref><ref>Archived at GhostarchiveTemplate:Cbignore and the Wayback MachineTemplate:Cbignore: Template:Cite webTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref name="AC"/><ref>Szlamp, K.: The definition of the word 'Scouser' Template:Webarchive, Oxford English Dictionary</ref>
Liverpool's development since the 1950s has spread the accent into nearby areas such as the towns of Runcorn and Skelmersdale.<ref name="honeybone">Template:Cite web</ref> Variations of Scouse have been noted: the accent of Liverpool's city centre and northern neighbourhoods is usually described as fast, harsh, and nasal,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> while the "Beatles-like" accent found in Liverpool's southern suburbs is typically described as slow, soft, and dark.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Popular colloquialisms have shown a growing deviation from the historical Lancashire dialect previously found in Liverpool,<ref name="honeybone"/> as well as a growth in the influence of the accent in the wider area.<ref name="thesundaytimes"/><ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref> Scouse is often considered by other Britons one of the country's least popular accents due to its difficulty, but it also performs very well in polls of British accents that people perceive as happy and friendly.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Etymology
The word Template:Wikt-lang is a shortened form of lobscouse, the origin of which is uncertain.<ref>"lobscouse" at Oxford English Dictionary; retrieved 13 May 2017</ref> It is related to the Norwegian lapskaus, Swedish lapskojs, Danish labskovs (skipperlabskovs), and the Low German labskaus, and refers to a stew of the same name commonly eaten by sailors. In the 19th century, some people in Liverpool, Bootle and ate scouse as it was a cheap dish familiar to the families of seafarers. Media sources call these people "scousers".<ref>"Scouse" at Oxford English Dictionary; retrieved 13 May 2017</ref> In The Lancashire Dictionary of Dialect, Tradition and Folklore, Alan Crosby suggests that the word became known nationwide only with the popularity of the BBC sitcom Till Death Us Do Part (1965Template:Ndash1975), which featured a Liverpudlian socialist and a Cockney conservative in a regular argument.<ref name="AC">Alan Crosby, The Lancashire Dictionary of Dialect, Tradition and Folklore, 2000, entry for word Scouser</ref>
Origins
After the 1700s, Liverpool developed into a major international trading and industrial centre. The city consequently became a melting pot of several accents and dialects as sailors and migrants from different areas (such as Wales and especially Ireland) established themselves in the area. Until the mid-19th century, the dominant local accent was similar to that of neighbouring areas of Lancashire. For instance, the comedian and actor Robb Wilton (1881–1957), despite coming from the Everton district of Liverpool, spoke with a dry Lancashire accent rather than a Scouse accent.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Better source needed
The influence of immigrants from Ireland (especially Dublin) and Northern Wales, as well as visiting Scandinavian sailors, contributed to a distinctive local Liverpool accent.<ref>Paul Coslett, The origins of Scouse, BBC Liverpool, 11 January 2005. Retrieved 6 February 2015</ref><ref>The Vauxhall and other dockland areas of the city, in particular, retained a strong Irish character that set them apart culturally from other areas. Peter Grant, The Scouse accent: Dey talk like dat, don't dey?, Liverpool Daily Post, 9 August 2008. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.</ref> The first reference to a distinctive Liverpool accent was in 1890. Linguist Gerald Knowles suggested that the accent's nasal quality may have derived from poor public health in the 19th century, by which the prevalence of colds among many people over a long time resulted in a nasal accent coming to be regarded as the norm and copied by newer incomers learning the dialect of the local area.<ref>Scouse: the accent that defined an era, Times Higher Education, 29 June 2007.</ref>
Academic research
The Victorian phonetician Alexander John Ellis said that Liverpool and Birkenhead "had no dialect proper", as he conceived of dialects as speech that had been passed down through generations from the earliest English speakers. Ellis did research some locations on the Wirral, but these respondents spoke in the traditional Cheshire dialect at the time and not in Scouse.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> The 1950s Survey of English Dialects recorded traditional Lancastrian dialect from the town of Halewood, finding no trace of Scouse influence. The phonetician John C. Wells wrote that "the Scouse accent might as well not exist" in The Linguistic Atlas of England, which was the Survey's principal output.<ref>Review of the Linguistic Atlas of England, John C. Wells, The Times Higher Education Supplement, 1 December 1978</ref>
An academic study of Scouse was undertaken by Gerald Knowles at the University of Leeds in 1973. He identified a key problem: that traditional dialect research had focused on developments from a single proto-language, but Scouse (and many other urban dialects) had resulted from interactions between an unknown number of languages.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>
Phonology
Template:IPA notice The phonemic notation used in this article is based on the set of symbols used by Template:Harvcoltxt.
Vowels
- The square–nurse merger in Scouse renders minimal pairs such as fair-fur, stare-stir and pair-purr homophonous as Template:IPA, Template:IPA and Template:IPA. The actual realization is variable, but the current mainstream pronunciation is close to Template:IPAblink, as shown on the vowel chart. Other allophones include Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink as well as the rounded Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink, with all but Template:IPAblink being more conservative than Template:IPAblink. In addition to those, there also exist the diphthongal variants Template:IPA and Template:IPA. Middle class speakers may differentiate Template:Sc2 from Template:Sc2 by using the front Template:IPAblink for the former (so that fair, stare and pair are rendered Template:IPA) and the central Template:IPAblink for the latter (so that fur, stir and purr are rendered Template:IPA), much like in RP.Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
- As other Northern English varieties, Scouse lacks the foot–strut split, so that words like cut Template:IPA, luck Template:IPA and up Template:IPA have the same Template:IPA phoneme as bull Template:IPA, foot Template:IPA and put Template:IPA. Speakers attempting to distinguish between the two typically use a stressed Template:IPA for the former set: Template:IPA, resulting in a Welsh English-like strut–schwa merger. However, this often leads to hypercorrection, so that good luck may be pronounced Template:IPA.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
- Words such as grass, path and sample have a short Template:IPA, rather than the long Template:IPA due to the lack of the trap–bath split: Template:IPA. As with the foot–strut split, an attempt to use Template:IPA in an RP-like way may lead to hypercorrections such as Template:IPA (RP Template:IPA).Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
- The words book, cook and look are typically pronounced with the vowel of Template:Sc2 rather than that of Template:Sc2, which is true within other parts of Northern England and the Midlands. This causes minimal pairs such as book and buck, cook and cuck, and look and luck. The use of a long Template:IPA in such words is more often used in working-class accents; recently, however, this feature has been becoming more recessive, being found less often among younger people.Template:Sfnp
- The weak vowel merger is in transition, making some instances of unstressed Template:IPA merge with Template:IPA, so that eleven Template:IPA and orange Template:IPA are pronounced Template:IPA and Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp The typical g-dropped variant of ing is Template:IPA, which is subject to syllabic consonant formation (as in disputing Template:IPA). As in Geordie, Template:IPAblink for standard Template:IPAblink may also occur, as in maggot Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp
- In final position, Template:IPA tend to be fronting/backing diphthongs with central onsets Template:IPA. Sometimes this also happens before Template:IPA in words such as school Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp
- The Template:Sc2 vowel is tense Template:IPAblink and is best analysed as belonging to the Template:IPA phoneme.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
- There is not a full agreement on the phonetic realisation of Template:IPA:
- According to Template:Harvcoltxt, it is back Template:IPAblink, with front Template:IPAblink being a common realisation for some speakers.Template:Sfnp
- According to Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt, it is typically front Template:IPAblink.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
- The Template:Sc2 vowel is typically central Template:IPAblink, and it may be even fronted to Template:IPAblink so that it becomes the rounded counterpart of Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp
- The Template:Sc2 vowel Template:IPA typically has a front second element Template:IPAblink.Template:Sfnp
- The Template:Sc2 vowel Template:IPA is typically diphthongal Template:IPA, rather than being a monophthong Template:IPAblink that is commonly found in other Northern English accents.Template:Sfnp
- The Template:Sc2 vowel Template:IPA has a considerable allophonic variation. Its starting point can be open-mid front Template:IPAblink, close-mid front Template:IPAblink or mid central Template:IPAblink (similarly to the Template:Sc2 vowel), whereas its ending point varies between fairly close central Template:IPAblink and a more back Template:IPAblink. The most typical realisation is Template:IPA, but Template:IPA and an RP-like Template:IPA are also possible.Template:Sfnp John Wells also lists Template:IPA and Template:IPA, which are more common in Midland English and younger Northern English. To him, variants with central or front onsets sound 'incongruously "poshTemplate:" ' in combination with other broad Scouse vowels.Template:Sfnp
- The Template:Sc2 vowel Template:IPA can be monophthongised to Template:IPAblink in certain environments.Template:Sfnp According to Template:Harvcoltxt and Template:Harvcoltxt, the diphthongal realisation is quite close to the conservative RP norm (Template:IPA),Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp but according to Template:Harvcoltxt it has a rather back starting point (Template:IPA).Template:Sfnp
- The Template:Sc2 vowel Template:IPA is Template:IPA, close to the RP norm.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
Consonants
- H-dropping, as in many other varieties of Northern England English. This renders hear Template:IPA, high Template:IPA and hold Template:IPA variably homophonous with ear Template:IPA, eye Template:IPA and old Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp
- NG-coalescence is not present as with other Northern English accents, for instance realising along as Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp
- Like many other accents around the world, G-dropping also occurs, with Template:IPA being the most common realization of the sequence.Template:Sfnp
- Template:IPA has several allophones depending on environment:
- Intervocalically (including at word boundaries), it is typically pronounced Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink, which is found in several other Northern English varieties.Template:Sfnp
- Pre-pausally, it may be debuccalised to Template:IPAblink, with older speakers only doing this in function words with short vowels: it, lot, not, that, what pronounced Template:IPA respectively. On the other hand, younger speakers may further debuccalise in polysyllabic words in unstressed syllables, hence aggregate Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp This is not differentiated from Template:IPAblink in this article.
- T-glottalisation is rarer than in the rest of England, with Template:IPAblink occurring before Template:IPA and syllabic consonants.Template:Sfnp
- Affrication of Template:IPA as Template:IPAblink word-initially and lenition to Template:IPAblink intervocalically and word-finally. The latter type of allophony does not lead to a loss of contrast with Template:IPA as the articulation is different; in addition, Template:IPA is also longer. For female speakers, the fricative allophone of Template:IPA is not necessarily Template:IPAblink but rather a complex sequence Template:IPA, so that out is pronounced Template:IPA, rather than Template:IPA.Template:Sfnp In this article, the difference is not transcribed and Template:Angbr IPA is used for the latter two allophones.
- Template:IPA can turn into an affricate or a fricative, determined mostly by the quality of the preceding vowel.Template:Sfnp If fricative, a palatal, velar or uvular articulation (Template:IPA respectively) is realised. This is seen distinctively with words like book and clock.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp
- Template:IPA can be fricatised to Template:IPAblink, albeit rarely.Template:Sfnp
- As with other varieties of English, the voiceless plosives Template:IPA are aspirated word-initially, except when Template:IPA precedes in the same syllable. It can also occur word- and utterance-finally, with potential preaspirated pronunciations Template:IPA (which is often perceived as glottal noise or as oral friction produced in the same environment as the stop) for utterance-final environments, primarily found in female speakers.Template:Sfnp
- The voiced plosives Template:IPA are also fricatised, with Template:IPA particularly being lenited to the same extent as Template:IPA, although the fricative allophone is frequently devoiced.Template:Sfnp
- Under Irish influence, the dental stops Template:IPA are often used instead of the standard dental fricatives Template:IPA, leading to a phonemic distinction between dental and alveolar stops. The fricative forms are also found, whereas th-fronting is not as common.Template:Sfnp
- The accent is non-rhotic, meaning Template:IPA is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. When it is pronounced, it is typically realised as a tap Template:IPAblink between vowels (as in mirror Template:IPA) and sometimes in initial clusters as well (as in breath Template:IPA) and as an approximant Template:IPAblink otherwise, a variant sometimes also used in lieu of the tap.Template:Sfnp
Liaison in Scouse
In Scouse, liaison refers to the interaction between word-final and word-initial sounds across word boundaries. A number of distinct liaison types can be observed, particularly involving stops and glottal or fricative realisations.
Stop preservation liaison
Word-final voiceless stops /p/, /t/, and /k/ typically undergo lenition in isolation or before consonants, but are often re-strengthened or fully re-articulated when the following word begins with a vowel.
- /p/: stop it → [stɔh.pɪʔ]
- /t/: get it → [gɛh.tɪʔ]
- /k/: pick it → [pɪx.kɪʔ]
Glottal to oral restoration
Stops realised as glottalised variants (such as [ʔ]) in final position may be restored to oral plosives when followed by vowel-initial words.
- get up → [gɛt̚.ʊp]
- pick out → [pɪk.aʊʔ]
H-bleed or H-insertion
A voiceless or voiced [h]-like segment may surface at the boundary between words, especially before a re-strengthened consonant.
- stop it → [stɔh.pɪʔ]
- shut it → [ʃʊh.tɪʔ]
Consonant duplication or echo
In certain cases, particularly with /k/, a duplicated consonant or an echo effect may occur at the word boundary.
- pick it up → [pɪx.kɪ.ʊp]
Liaison blockage with non-vowel onsets
When the following word does not begin with a vowel, final consonants remain lenited or are not fully restored.
- pick that → [pɪh.ðaʔ]
These liaison effects in Scouse are documented in linguistic studies that describe how stop lenition, glottalisation, and boundary conditions affect the realisation of consonants across word boundaries. In particular, stops such as /t/ and /k/, which are often lenited or glottalised in final position, are frequently re-articulated or reinforced when the following word begins with a vowel.<ref>Watson, Kevin (2007). "Liverpool English". In David Britain (ed.), Language in the British Isles, pp. 160–176. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> Honeybone (2001) discusses how lenition is often inhibited at prosodic boundaries, allowing underlying stops to resurface in contexts like vowel-initial liaison.<ref>Honeybone, Patrick (2001). "Lenition Inhibition in Liverpool English". Lingua 111(3): 191–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3841(00)00032-5</ref> Further discussion of glottalisation, stop preservation, and linking phenomena in Liverpool English is also provided in Clark, Watson, and Honeybone (2013).<ref>Clark, Lynn; Watson, Kevin; and Honeybone, Patrick (2013). "Phonological variation in British English: Glottalisation and linking phenomena". In Penelope Eckert & John R. Rickford (eds.), The Handbook of Sociolinguistic Variation. Wiley-Blackwell.</ref>
Scouse vocabulary
Scouse vocabulary reflects influences from Irish, Norse, Welsh and maritime speech, and includes many unique slang terms.
Common words and phrases
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Boss | adj. | excellent, brilliant | “That film was boss, la!”<ref>The Liverpudlian: “Bevvy And Boss To Baltic…”</ref> |
| Sound | adj. | good, reliable | “Yeah, sound mate.”<ref name="lingopie">Lingopie: “Boss… Scouse slang”</ref> |
| Scran | noun | food | “Let’s get some scran.”<ref name="lingopie"/> |
| Bevvy | noun | alcoholic drink | “Fancy a bevvy?”<ref name="lingopie"/> |
| Jarg | adj. | fake, counterfeit | “That phone’s jarg.”<ref name="lingopie"/> |
| Wool | noun | non‑Scouser (especially from nearby towns) | “He’s a wool.”<ref name="lingopie"/> |
| Baltic | adj. | very cold | “It’s baltic today.”<ref name="lingopie"/> |
| Ozzy | noun | hospital | “She’s in the ozzy.”<ref name="signaturesliverpool">Signature Liverpool: “The Ozzy”</ref> |
| Devoed | adj. | devastated, disappointed | “I’m proper devoed.”<ref name="liverpoolinsider">Liverpool Insider: “Devoed”</ref> |
| Tracky | noun | tracksuit | “In me trackies.”<ref name="liverpoolinsider"/> |
| Scally | noun | mischievous youth | “Watch out for scallies.”<ref name="liverpoolinsider"/> |
| Kecks | noun | trousers | “Nice new kecks!”<ref name="signaturesliverpool"/> |
| Giz | verb | give (me/us) | “Giz a look at that.”<ref name="liverpoolinsider"/> |
| Angin | adj. | disgusting | “That smell’s proper angin’.”<ref name="liverpoolinsider"/> |
| Plazzy | adj. | fake, showy | “He’s plazzy.”<ref name="liverpoolinsider"/> |
| Made up | adj. | very pleased | “I’m made up.”<ref name="Made Up">HelloRayo: “Made Up”</ref> |
| G’wed | interj. | go ahead, carry on | “G’wed lad!”<ref name="signaturesliverpool"/> |
| Lid | noun | mate, dude | “Alright, lid?”<ref name="signaturesliverpool"/> |
| Bifter | noun | cigarette/joint | “Giz a bifter.”<ref name="signaturesliverpool"/> |
| Clobber | noun | clothes | “Where’s your clobber from?”<ref name="lingopie"/> |
| Chocka | adj. | very full | “The pub’s chocka.”<ref name="signaturesliverpool"/> |
| Queen | noun | woman, girlfriend | “She’s a proper queen.”<ref>Secret Liverpool: “Queen”</ref> |
<ref>The Liverpudlian. “Scouse Slang: A List Of 18 Essential Scouse Slang Words & Phrases...” (2023)</ref> <ref>Lingopie. “17 Scouse Slang You Hear on TV” (2025)</ref> <ref name="helloRayo">HelloRayo. “20 words you'll only understand if you speak 'scouse'” (2024)</ref> <ref>Signature Liverpool. “35+ Boss Scouse Slang Phrases...”</ref> <ref>Liverpool Insider. “20 Scouse Slang Words You Need To Know” (2024)</ref> <ref>Secret Liverpool. “11 Words And Phrases That Mean Something Very Different In Liverpool” (2025)</ref>
Grammar notes
Scouse often features double negatives and Irish-influenced constructions:
- “I haven’t got none.”
- “I’m after getting it.”<ref name="Made Up"/>
See also
References
Further reading
- Crowley, Tony. Scouse: A Social and Cultural History (Liverpool University Press)
- Shaw, Frank & Kelly‑Bootle, Stan. How to Talk Proper in Liverpool (Lern Yerself Scouse). Scouse Press
International recognition
Template:Category see also Scouse is highly distinguishable from other English dialects. Because of this international recognition, Keith Szlamp made a request to IANA on 16 September 1996 to make it a recognised Internet dialect.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After citing a number of references,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Szlamp, K.: The definition of the word 'Scouser' Template:Webarchive, Oxford English Dictionary</ref> the application was accepted on 25 May 2000 and now allows Internet documents that use the dialect to be categorised as Scouse by using the language tag "en-Scouse".
Scouse has also become well-known globally as the accent of the Beatles.<ref name="Beatles-change-Scouse">Template:Cite web</ref> While the members of the band are famously from Liverpool,<ref>Template:AllMusic</ref> their accents have more in common with the older Lancashire-like Liverpool dialect found in the southern suburbs; the accent has evolved into Scouse since the 1960s.
The four Gospels of the New Testament have been published as The Gospels in Scouse. This was translated by Dick Williams and Frank Shaw.<ref>Williams, Dick and Frank Shaw. The Gospels in Scouse. The White Lion Publishers; Revised edition.</ref>
See also
Other northern English dialects include:
- Cumbrian (Cumbria)
- Geordie (Newcastle)
- Lanky (Lancashire)
- Mackem (Sunderland)
- Mancunian (Manchester)
- Pitmatic (Durham and Northumberland)
- Tyke (Yorkshire)
References
Bibliography
- Template:Citation
- Template:Citation
- Template:Citation
- Template:Citation
- Template:Citation
- Template:Accents of English
Further reading
External links
- Sounds Familiar: Birkenhead (Scouse) Template:Webarchive — Listen to examples of Scouse and other regional accents and dialects of the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website
- 'Hover & Hear' Scouse pronunciations Template:Webarchive, and compare with other accents from the UK and around the world
- Sound map – Accents & dialects Template:Webarchive in Accents & Dialects Template:Webarchive, British Library.
- BBC – Liverpool Local History – Learn to speak Scouse!
- A. B. Z. of Scouse (Lern Yerself Scouse) (Template:ISBN)
- IANA registration form for the
en-scousetag - IETF RFC 4646 — Tags for Identifying Languages (2006)
- Visit Liverpool — The official tourist board website for Liverpool
- A Scouser in California — A syndicated on-air segment that airs on Bolton FM Radio during Kev Gurney's show (7Template:Nbsppm to 10Template:Nbsppm – Saturdays) and Magic 999 during Roy Basnett's Breakfast (6Template:Nbspam to 10Template:Nbspam – Monday to Friday)
- Clean Air Cleaning Up Old Beatles Accent, ABC News
Template:Liverpool related articles Template:English dialects by continent