Shan language
Template:Short description Template:Redirect-distinguish-text {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check |unknown=Template:Main other |preview=Page using Template:Infobox language with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| acceptance | agency | aiatsis | aiatsis2 | aiatsis3 | aiatsis4 | aiatsis5 | aiatsis6 | aiatsisname | aiatsisname2 | aiatsisname3 | aiatsisname4 | aiatsisname5 | aiatsisname6 | altname | ancestor | ancestor2 | ancestor3 | ancestor4 | ancestor5 | ancestor6 | ancestor7 | ancestor8 | ancestor9 | ancestor10 | ancestor11 | ancestor12 | ancestor13 | ancestor14 | ancestor15 | boxsize | coordinates | coords | created | creator | date | dateprefix | development_body | dia1 | dia2 | dia3 | dia4 | dia5 | dia6 | dia7 | dia8 | dia9 | dia10 | dia11 | dia12 | dia13 | dia14 | dia15 | dia16 | dia17 | dia18 | dia19 | dia20 | dia21 | dia22 | dia23 | dia24 | dia25 | dia26 | dia27 | dia28 | dia29 | dia30 | dia31 | dia32 | dia33 | dia34 | dia35 | dia36 | dia37 | dia38 | dia39 | dia40 | dialect_label | dialects | ELP | ELP2 | ELP3 | ELP4 | ELP5 | ELP6 | ELPname | ELPname2 | ELPname3 | ELPname4 | ELPname5 | ELPname6 | era | ethnicity | extinct | fam1 | fam2 | fam3 | fam4 | fam5 | fam6 | fam7 | fam8 | fam9 | fam10 | fam11 | fam12 | fam13 | fam14 | fam15 | family | familycolor | fontcolor | glotto | glotto2 | glotto3 | glotto4 | glotto5 | glottoname | glottoname2 | glottoname3 | glottoname4 | glottoname5 | glottopedia | glottorefname | glottorefname2 | glottorefname3 | glottorefname4 | glottorefname5 | guthrie | ietf | image | imagealt | imagecaption | imagescale | iso1 | iso1comment | iso2 | iso2b | iso2comment | iso2t | iso3 | iso3comment | iso6 | isoexception | lc1 | lc2 | lc3 | lc4 | lc5 | lc6 | lc7 | lc8 | lc9 | lc10 | lc11 | lc12 | lc13 | lc14 | lc15 | lc16 | lc17 | lc18 | lc19 | lc20 | lc21 | lc22 | lc23 | lc24 | lc25 | lc26 | lc27 | lc28 | lc29 | lc30 | lc31 | lc32 | lc33 | lc34 | lc35 | lc36 | lc37 | lc38 | lc39 | lc40 | ld1 | ld2 | ld3 | ld4 | ld5 | ld6 | ld7 | ld8 | ld9 | ld10 | ld11 | ld12 | ld13 | ld14 | ld15 | ld16 | ld17 | ld18 | ld19 | ld20 | ld21 | ld22 | ld23 | ld24 | ld25 | ld26 | ld27 | ld28 | ld29 | ld30 | ld31 | ld32 | ld33 | ld34 | ld35 | ld36 | ld37 | ld38 | ld39 | ld40 | linglist | linglist2 | linglist3 | linglist4 | linglist5 | linglist6 | lingname | lingname2 | lingname3 | lingname4 | lingname5 | lingname6 | lingua | lingua2 | lingua3 | lingua4 | lingua5 | lingua6 | lingua7 | lingua8 | lingua9 | lingua10 | linguaname | linguaname2 | linguaname3 | linguaname4 | linguaname5 | linguaname6 | linguaname7 | linguaname8 | linguaname9 | linguaname10 | listclass | liststyle | map | map2 | mapalt | mapalt2 | mapcaption | mapcaption2 | mapscale | minority | module | name | nation | nativename | notice | notice2 | official | posteriori | pronunciation | protoname | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_mapsize | qid | ref | refname | region | revived | revived-cat | revived-category | script | setting | sign | signers | speakers | speakers_label | speakers2 | stand1 | stand2 | stand3 | stand4 | stand5 | stand6 | standards | state | states }}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" /> Template:Contains special characters
Shan is the native language of the Shan people and is mostly spoken in Shan State, Myanmar. It is also spoken in pockets in other parts of Myanmar, in Northern Thailand, in Yunnan, in Laos, in Cambodia, in Vietnam and decreasingly in Assam and Meghalaya. Shan is a member of the Kra–Dai language family and is related to Thai. It has five tones, which do not correspond exactly to Thai tones, plus a sixth tone used for emphasis. The term Shan is also used for related Northwestern Tai languages, and it is called Tai Yai or Tai Long in other Tai languages. Standard Shan, which is also known as Tachileik Shan, is based on the dialect of the city of Tachileik.Template:Citation needed
In 2019, Ethnologue estimated there were 3.3 million Shan speakers, including 3.2 million in Myanmar.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="e25" /> The Mahidol University Institute for Language and Culture estimates there are gave the number of Shan speakers in Thailand as 95,000 in 2006.Template:Uncited Many Shan speak local dialects as well as the language of their trading partners.
History
Template:More Historically, the dominance of Shan as a regional lingua franca made it the source of many loanwords in other regional languages, especially Jingpo and Palaung.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Influence from Burmese
By the same token, Shan has been significantly influenced by Burmese, mediated by centuries of historical and ongoing contact and exchange between Burmese and Shan speakers, especially between the Burmese royal court and Shan principalities.<ref name=":0" /> For instance, the lack of a Template:IPA sound in most Shan dialects is attributed to Burmese influence; this sound is present in the closely related Khün and Northern Thai languages. Shan vocabulary has been significantly enriched by Burmese contact, with Burmese loan words appearing throughout the Shan lexicon,<ref name=":0" /> including loanwords borrowed from Pali via Burmese. Burmese appears to have also influenced Shan grammar, with respect to the use of complex prepositions and certain word patterns that do not exist in closely related Tai languages.<ref name=":0" />
Due to Shan's status as a lingua franca in the region, it has served as an intermediary, passing loanwords from Burmese into other regional languages.<ref name=":0" />
Influence from Thai
Due to labour migration in recent decades, one million ethnic Shan now live in Thailand.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As a result of ongoing language contact, Thai has increasingly become a competing source of loanwords into Shan, especially for scientific and political concepts.<ref name=":0" /> These Thai loanwords are often more difficult to detect, because of phonetic and structural similarities between Shan and Thai.<ref name=":0" /> Some recent phonological developments, like the reversal of the historical Template:IPA > Template:IPAslink shift especially among younger Shan speakers, is attributed to contact with Thai.
Names
The Shan language has a number of names in different Tai languages and Burmese.
- In Shan, the spoken language is commonly called kwam tai (Template:Lang, Template:IPA, Template:Lit). The written language is called lik tai (Template:Lang, Template:IPA).
- In Burmese, it is called hram: bhasa (Template:Lang-my-Mymr, Template:IPA), whence the English word "Shan". The term "Shan," which was formerly spelt hsyam: (Template:Lang-my-Mymr) in Burmese, is an exonym believed to be a Burmese derivative of "Siam" (an old term for Thailand).
- In Thai and Southern Thai, it is called phasa thai yai (Template:Lang, Template:IPA, Template:Lit) or more informally or even vulgarly by some phasa ngiao (Template:Lang, Template:IPA, an outdated term that now sounds like the word for "snake").
- In Northern Thai, it is called kam tai (Template:Lang, Template:IPA, literally "Tai language") or more informally or even vulgarly by some kam ngiao (Template:Lang, Template:IPA), Template:Lit).
- In Lao, it is called phasa tai yai (Template:Lang, Template:IPA, Template:Lit) or more informally or even vulgarly by some phasa ngiao (Template:Lang, Template:IPA).
- In Tai Lü, it is called kam ngio (Template:Lang, Template:IPA).
Dialects
The Shan dialects spoken in Shan State can be divided into three groups, roughly coinciding with geographical and modern administrative boundaries, namely the northern, southern, and eastern dialects. Dialects differ to a certain extent in vocabulary and pronunciation, but are generally mutually intelligible.
While the southern dialect has borrowed more Burmese words, eastern Shan is somewhat closer to Northern Thai language and Lao in vocabulary and pronunciation, and the northern so-called "Chinese Shan" is much influenced by the Yunnan-Chinese dialect.Template:Clarify
A number of words differ in initial consonants. In the north, initial Template:IPA and Template:IPA, when combined with certain vowels and final consonants, are pronounced Template:IPA (written ky), Template:IPA (written khy) and Template:IPA (written my). In Chinese Shan, initial Template:IPA becomes Template:IPA. In southwestern regions Template:IPA is often pronounced as Template:IPA. Initial Template:IPA only appears in the east, while in the other two dialects it merges with Template:IPA.
J. Marvin Brown divides the three dialects of Shan State as follows:<ref>Brown, J. Marvin. 1965. From Ancient Thai To Modern Dialects and Other Writings on Historical Thai Linguistics. Bangkok: White Lotus Press, reprinted 1985.</ref>
- Northern — Lashio, Burma; contains more Chinese influences
- Southern — Taunggyi, Burma (capital of Shan State); contains more Burmese influences
- Eastern — Kengtung, Burma (in the Golden Triangle); closer to Northern Thai and Lao
Prominent divergent dialects are considered separate languages, such as Khün (called Kon Shan by the Burmese), which is spoken in Kengtung valley. Chinese Shan is also called Tai Mao, referring to the old Shan State of Mong Mao. Tai Long is used to refer to the Southern Shan State dialect spoken in southern and central regions west of the Salween River,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> the Northern Shan State dialect,<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> and the dialect spoken in Laos. There are also dialects still spoken by a small number of people in Kachin State, such as Tai Laing, and Khamti spoken in northern Sagaing Region.
Phonology
Consonants
Shan has 19 consonants. Unlike Thai and Lao (Isan) there are no voiced plosives /d/ and /b/.
Vowels and diphthongs
Shan has ten vowels and 13 diphthongs:
Shan has less vowel complexity than Thai, and Shan people learning Thai have difficulties with sounds such as "ia," "ua," and "uea" Template:IPA. Triphthongs are absent. Shan has no systematic distinction between long and short vowels characteristic of Thai.
Tones
Shan has phonemic contrasts among the tones of syllables. There are five to six tonemes in Shan, depending on the dialect. The sixth tone is only spoken in the north; in other parts it is only used for emphasis.
Contrastive tones in unchecked syllables
The table below presents six phonemic tones in unchecked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in sonorant sounds such as [m], [n], [ŋ], [w], and [j] and open syllables.
| No. | Description | IPA | Description | Transcription* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | rising (24) | Template:IPA | Starting rather low and rising pitch | Template:IPA | a (not marked) |
| 2 | low (11) | Template:IPA | Low, even pitch | Template:IPA | a, |
| 3 | mid-falling (32) | Template:IPA | Medium level pitch, slightly falling in the end | Template:IPA link (not marked) | a; |
| 4 | high (55) | Template:IPA | High, even pitch | Template:IPA | a: |
| 5 | high-falling and creaky (42) | Template:IPA | Short, creaky, strongly falling with lax final glottal stop | Template:IPA, Template:IPA | a. |
| 6 | emphatic (343) or middle (33) | Template:IPA / Template:IPA | Starting mid level, then slightly rising, with a drop at the end (similar to tones 3 and 5) | Template:IPA link | a- |
- * The symbol in the first transcription column corresponds to conventions used for other tonal languages; the second is derived from the Shan orthography.
The following table shows an example of the phonemic tones:
| Tone | Shan | IPA | Transliteration | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rising | Template:Script/shn-Mymr | Template:IPA | na | thick |
| low | Template:Script/shn-Mymr | Template:IPA | na, | very |
| mid-falling | Template:Script/shn-Mymr | Template:IPA | na; | face |
| high | Template:Script/shn-Mymr | Template:IPA | na: | paddy field |
| high-falling and creaky | Template:Script/shn-Mymr | Template:IPA | na. | aunt, uncle |
| emphatic or middle | Template:Script/shn-Mymr | Template:IPA | na- | (for interjection / transcription) |
The Shan tones correspond to Thai tones as follows:
- The Shan rising tone is close to the Thai rising tone.
- The Shan low tone is equivalent to the Thai low tone.
- The Shan mid-tone is different from the Thai mid-tone. It falls in the end.
- The Shan high tone is close to the Thai high tone. But it is not rising.
- The Shan falling tone is different from the Thai falling tone. It is short, creaky and ends with a glottal stop.
Contrastive tones in checked syllables
The table below presents four phonemic tones in checked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in a glottal stop [ʔ] and obstruent sounds such as [p], [t], and [k].
| Tone | Shan | Phonemic | Phonetic | Transliteration | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high | Template:Script/shn-Mymr | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | lak: | post |
| creaky | Template:Script/shn-Mymr | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | lak. | steal |
| low | Template:Script/shn-Mymr | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | laak, | differ from others |
| mid | Template:Script/shn-Mymr | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | laak; | drag |
Syllable structure
The syllable structure of Shan is C(G)V((V)/(C)), which is to say the onset consists of a consonant optionally followed by a glide, and the rhyme consists of a monophthong alone, a monophthong with a consonant, or a diphthong alone. (Only in some dialects, a diphthong may also be followed by a consonant.) The glides are: -w-, -y- and -r-. There are seven possible final consonants: Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, and Template:IPA.
Some representative words are:
- CV Template:IPA also
- CVC Template:IPA market
- CGV Template:IPA to go
- CGVC Template:IPA broad
- CVV Template:IPA far
- CGVV Template:IPA water buffalo
Typical Shan words are monosyllabic. Multisyllabic words are mostly Pali loanwords, or Burmese words with the initial weak syllable Template:IPA.
Pronouns
| Person | Pronoun | IPA | Meaning<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
|---|---|---|---|
| first | Template:Script | Template:IPA | I/me (informal) |
| Template:Script | Template:IPA | I/me (informal) | |
| Template:Script | Template:IPA | I/me (formal) "servant, slave" | |
| Template:Script | Template:IPA | we/us two (familiar/dual) | |
| Template:Script | Template:IPA | we/us (general) | |
| Template:Script | Template:IPA | we/us (formal) "we servants, we slaves" | |
| second | Template:Script | Template:IPA | you (informal/familiar) |
| Template:Script | Template:IPA | you (formal) "master, lord" | |
| Template:Script | Template:IPA | you two (familiar/dual) | |
| Template:Script | Template:IPA | you (formal/singular, general/plural) | |
| Template:Script | Template:IPA | you (formal/singular, general/plural) "you masters, you lords" | |
| third | Template:Script | Template:IPA | he/she/it (informal/familiar) |
| Template:Script | Template:IPA | they/them two (familiar/dual) | |
| Template:Script | Template:IPA | he/she/it (formal), or they/them (general) | |
| Template:Script | Template:IPA | he/she/it (formal), or they/them (formal) "they masters, they lords" | |
| Template:Script | Template:IPA | they/them, others |
Resources
Given the present instabilities in Burma, one choice for scholars is to study the Shan people and their language in Thailand, where estimates of Shan refugees run as high as two million, and Mae Hong Son Province is home to a Shan majority. The major source for information about the Shan language in English is Dunwoody Press's Shan for English Speakers. They also publish a Shan-English dictionary. Aside from this, the language is almost completely undescribed in English.Template:Citation needed
References
Further reading
- Sai Kam Mong. The History and Development of the Shan Scripts. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, 2004. Template:ISBN
- The Major Languages of East and South-East Asia. Bernard Comrie (London, 1990).
- A Guide to the World's Languages. Merritt Ruhlen (Stanford, 1991).
- Shan for English Speakers. Irving I. Glick & Sao Tern Moeng (Dunwoody Press, Wheaton, 1991).
- Shan – English Dictionary. Sao Tern Moeng (Dunwoody Press, Kensington, 1995).
- Shan phonology and morphology. Aggasena Lengtai. (MA thesis, Mahidol University, 2009).
- Loss, Daniel (2017). A Comparison of Grammaticalization in Shan and Thai. Master's thesis, Payap University. Available online
- An English and Shan Dictionary. H. W. Mix (American Baptist Mission Press, Rangoon, 1920; Revised edition by S.H.A.N., Chiang Mai, 2001).
- Grammar of the Shan Language. J. N. Cushing (American Baptist Mission Press, Rangoon, 1887).
- Myanmar – Unicode Consortium [1]
External links
- An English-Shan dictionary translator
- Shan-language Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
- SIL Padauk Font (Shan Unicode)
- SEAlang Library Shan Dictionary
- Titles of Shan-foreign language dictionaries
Template:Languages of Burma Template:Languages of Thailand Template:Tai-Kadai languages