Shrew opossum

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

The family Caenolestidae contains the seven surviving species of shrew opossum: small, shrew-like marsupials that are confined to the Andes mountains of South America.<ref name=msw3>Template:MSW3 Paucituberculata</ref> The order is thought to have diverged from the ancestral marsupial line very early. They were once included in the superorder but it is now known that Ameridelphia is paraphyletic, having given rise to Australidelphia, and thus could be considered an evolutionary grade.<ref name = "Nilsson" /> Genetic studies indicate that they are the second most basal order of marsupials, after the didelphimorphs.<ref name = "Nilsson">Template:Cite journal</ref> As recently as 20 million years ago, at least seven genera were in South America. Today, just three genera remain. They live in inaccessible forest and grassland regions of the High Andes.

Shrews were entirely absent from South America until the Great American Interchange three million years ago, and are currently present only in the northwestern part of the continent. Traditionally, it was thought that shrew opossums lost ground to these and other placental invaders that fill the same ecological niches. Evidence suggests, however, that both groups not only overlap, but do not seem to be in direct competition, and the marsupials' larger size seems to imply that they prey on shrews and rodents.<ref name="Luis1996">Template:Cite journal</ref> Several opossums, such as Monodelphis, also occupy small insectivore niches.

Shrew opossums (also known as rat opossums or caenolestids) are about the size of a small rat (9–14 cm long), with thin limbs, a long, pointed snout and a slender, hairy tail. They are largely carnivorous, being active hunters of insects, earthworms, and small vertebrates. They have small eyes and poor sight, and hunt in the early evening and at night, using their hearing and long, sensitive whiskers to locate prey. They seem to spend much of their lives in burrows and on surface runways. Like several other marsupials, they do not have a pouch, and it appears that females do not carry the young constantly, possibly leaving them in the burrow.<ref>Patterson (2008), page 126</ref>

Largely because of their rugged, inaccessible habitat, they are very poorly known and have traditionally been considered rare. Several ecological factors, including density of forest, contribute to the part of the forests the shrew opossums occupy. Recent studies suggest they may be more common than had been thought. Their karyotype has also been described through contemporary research in order to better understand this organism.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Classification

Cladogram of living Caenolestidae<ref name="Upham2019">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	Cladogram of extinct Caenolestidae<ref name="AA"/>
Template:Clade	Template:Clade

Genus Caenolestes Thomas 1895
- C. caniventer (Gray-bellied caenolestid)
- C. condorensis (Andean caenolestid)
- C. convelatus (Northern caenolestid)
- C. fuliginosus (Dusky caenolestid)
- C. sangay<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> (Eastern caenolestid)
Genus †Caenolestoides Arbello, Martin & Cardoso 2021
- †C. miocaenicus Arbello, Martin & Cardoso 2021
Genus †Gaimanlestes Arbello, Martin & Cardoso 2021
- †G. pascuali Arbello, Martin & Cardoso 2021
Genus Lestoros Oehser 1934
- L. inca (Peruvian or Incan caenolestid)
Genus †Pliolestes Reig 1955
- †P. tripotamicus Reig 1955
- †P. venetus Goin, Montalvo & Visconti 2000
Genus †Pseudhalmarhiphus Ameghino 1903
- †P. guaraniticus (Ameghino 1899) Ameghino 1903
Genus Rhyncholestes Osgood 1924
- R. raphanurus (Long-nosed caenolestid)
Genus †Stilotherium Ameghino 1887
- †S. parvum Arbello, Martin & Cardoso 2021
- †S. dissimile Ameghino 1887

However, BublitzTemplate:Citation needed suggested in 1987 there were actually two Lestoros and Rhyncholestes species (those listed here plus L. gracilis and R. continentalis). This is, however, not accepted by most scientists.Template:Citation needed