Skierniewice

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox settlement Skierniewice (Template:IPA) is a city in central PolandTemplate:TERYT with 45,184 inhabitants (2023),<ref name="population" /> situated in the Łódź Voivodeship. It is the capital of Skierniewice County. Through the town runs the small river Łupia, also called Skierniewka.

Located in the historic region of Masovia, Skierniewice dates back to the medieval period. It prospered as a local trade center with annual fairs and engaged in domestic and international trade. In the 17th and 18th centuries it hosted the residence of the Primates of Poland, and was home of leading Polish Enlightenment poet Ignacy Krasicki. Skierniewice is known as the "Polish Capital of Horticultural Sciences" with local tradition of horticultural studies dating back to 1922. It hosts the annual Skierniewice Festival of Flowers, Fruits and Vegetables.

It is a railway junction, located on the main railway line almost exactly halfway between the two largest cities of central Poland, Łódź and Warsaw.

History

Early history

File:AGAD Jan Olbracht, krol polski, poleca urzednikom nie pobierac cel, targowego i innych oplat od mieszczan skierniewickich.png
Royal privilege of John I Albert from 1499 for Skierniewice

The oldest known mention of Skierniewice comes from 1359, although it had existed earlier.<ref name=ski>Template:Cite web</ref> A palace of the archbishops of Gniezno already existed in the village at that time.<ref name=ski/> Skierniewice gained municipal rights in 1457 and was vested with various privileges in 1456–1458.<ref name=ski/> Administratively it was part of the Rawa Voivodeship of the Greater Poland Province until the Partitions of Poland. Skierniewice was located on a trade route connecting major Polish cities Toruń and Lwów.<ref name=ski/> Local merchants also participated in trade with Gdańsk, Lesser Poland and Podolia, as well as Brandenburg.<ref name=ski/> One yearly fair took place since 1457, in 1527 King Sigismund I the Old established a second fair, and in 1641 the Sejm established two more fairs.<ref name=ski/> The town suffered in the 18th-century as a result of the Swedish invasion of Poland and epidemics, and in 1793 it was annexed by Prussia in the Second Partition of Poland.<ref name=ski/>

Late modern period

File:Skierniewice rail station 1872.jpg
Skierniewice railway station in 1872

Regained by Poles as part of the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw in 1806, in 1815 it became part of so-called Congress Poland and fell to the Russian Partition.<ref name=ski/> In 1845 the Warsaw-Vienna Railway was opened, which passed through Skierniewice. Subjected to anti-Polish and Russification policies, many inhabitants took part in the unsuccessful Polish January Uprising in 1863 and in 1905–1906 Polish protests took place in the town.<ref name=ski/> On September 15, 1884 it was the setting for the meeting of the Three Emperors' League.

During World War I it was occupied by Germany, and after the war, in 1918, it became part of the re-established Polish state. According to the 1921 census, the town's population was 74.6% Polish and 25.3% Jewish.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1922, the Department of Vegetable Cultivation of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences was established in Skierniewice, starting the local tradition of horticultural studies.Template:Sfn In 1926, the Department of Pomology was founded.Template:Sfn

World War II

During the invasion of Poland, which marked the beginning of World War II, in September 1939, the Germans raided the town, bombing the railway station, as well as houses, the hospital and a church during a church service.<ref name=wp>Template:Cite web</ref> Around 150 people were killed, and another 200 were wounded, 100 buildings were destroyed.<ref name=wp/> Captured by the Wehrmacht on September 10, 1939,<ref name=wp/> the next day German troops carried out an execution of 60 Poles in the town (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> On September 11–12, Adolf Hitler visited the town.<ref name=ski/>

During the occupation, the Germans established a transit camp for Polish prisoners of war, later deported to Nazi Germany, and a ghetto for 6,900 Jews, later deported to the Warsaw Ghetto and Nazi concentration camps.<ref name="ski" /> The Germans executed over 200 people in the town, however, the Polish underground resistance movement still operated there.<ref name="ski" /> Resistance activities included sabotage actions, secret Polish education and the assassination of a German V-2 rocket expert.<ref name="ski" /> In 1941, expelled Poles from Kwiatkowo and Linne, were deported to Skierniewice.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In May 1944, the Stalag 319 prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs of various nationalities was relocated from Chełm to Skierniewice, and then eventually dissolved in August 1944.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Afterwards the Dulag 142 transit camp was based in the city, and about 3,000 Poles captured during the Warsaw Uprising passed through it.<ref>Megargee; Overmans; Vogt, p. 88</ref> The head of the Department of Pomology, Professor Włodzimierz Gorjaczkowski, was murdered by the Germans in Warsaw in 1944.Template:Sfn After the Warsaw Uprising, many Polish professors from Warsaw found refuge in Skierniewice.Template:Sfn

Before evacuation, the Germans looted the library and some of the equipment of the institutions of horticultural sciences.Template:Sfn On January 17, 1945, Skierniewice was captured by Soviet forces. On January 18, a general meeting of 13 Warsaw University of Life Sciences professors was held in Skierniewice, at which the situation of the university was discussed and a rector was elected.Template:Sfn

Post-war period

The new Institute of Pomology, Institute of Cultivation, Fertilization and Soil Science and Institute of Olericulture were founded in the city in 1951, 1957 and 1964, respectively, and then merged into the Institute of Horticulture in 2010.Template:Sfn

Sights

Among the historic sights of Skierniewice are:

Skierniewice is also next to Bolimów Landscape Park, a large park that attracts tourists for hiking, camping, and kayaking.<ref>https://parkilodzkie.pl/bpk</ref>

Education

File:Skierniewice, Akademia Nauk Stosowanych Stefana Batorego, kampus.jpg
State Higher Vocational School in Skierniewice

Sports

Template:Interlanguage link and Template:Interlanguage link football clubs are based in Skierniewice.

International relations

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Twin towns – Sister cities

Skierniewice is twinned with:

Notable people

File:Jan Leon Kozietulski.PNG
Jan Leon Kozietulski

Notable people connected with the Skierniewice region:

References

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Bibliography

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