Smedley Butler
Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox military person Smedley Darlington Butler (July 30, 1881Template:Spaced ndashJune 21, 1940) was an American major general in the United States Marine Corps, writer, anti-war activist, and whistleblower. During his 34-year military career, he fought in the Philippine–American War, the Boxer Rebellion, the Mexican Revolution, World War I, and the Banana Wars. At the time of his death, Butler was the most decorated Marine in U.S. military history. By the end of his career, Butler had received sixteen medals, including five for heroism; he is the only Marine to be awarded the Marine Corps Brevet Medal as well as two Medals of Honor, all for separate actions.
In 1933, Butler became involved in a controversy known as the Business Plot, when he told a United States congressional committee that a group of wealthy American industrialists were planning a coup d'état to overthrow President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Butler also claimed that the plotters of the alleged coup intended on using Butler, at the head of a group of veterans, to place the federal government under arrest. The individuals alleged to be involved in the coup all denied the existence of such a plot and the media ridiculed Butler's allegations, but a final report following an investigation by a special House of Representatives committee confirmed at least some of his testimony.
After retiring from the Marine Corps, Butler became an outspoken critic of American foreign policy and military interventions, which he saw being driven primarily by U.S. business interests. In 1935, Butler wrote the book War Is a Racket, where he argued that imperialist motivations had been the cause behind several American interventions, many of which he personally participated in. Butler became an anti-war advocate, speaking at meetings organized by veterans, pacifists, and church groups until his death in 1940.
Early life
Smedley Darlington Butler was born July 30, 1881, in West Chester, Pennsylvania, the eldest of three sons. His parents, Maud (née Darlington) and Thomas Butler,Template:Sfn were descendants of local Quaker families. Both parents were of entirely English ancestry, and their families had been in North America since the 17th century.Template:Sfn
Smedley's father, Thomas, was a lawyer, a judge, and later served in the U.S. House of Representatives for 31 years, serving as chairman of the House Naval Affairs Committee during the Harding and Coolidge administrations. Smedley's Marine Corps career successes occurred while his father held that politically influential Congressional seat, controlling the Marine Corps manpower and budget.<ref name="mlb" /> His maternal grandfather was Smedley Darlington, a Republican congressman from 1887 to 1891.<ref name="WhosWho">Template:Cite web</ref> His paternal grandfather was Samuel Butler, who served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and served as Pennsylvania State Treasurer from 1880 to 1882. Butler's childhood home is a registered landmark.
Butler attended West Chester Friends Graded High School, followed by the Haverford School, a (then) Quaker-affiliated secondary school, popular with sons of upper-class Philadelphia families.Template:Sfn He became captain of the school baseball team and quarterback of its football team.Template:Sfn Against the wishes of his father, he left school 38 days before his seventeenth birthday to enlist in the Marine Corps during the Spanish–American War. Haverford awarded him his high school diploma, nevertheless, on June 6, 1898, before the end of his final year. His transcript stated that he completed the scientific course "with Credit".Template:Sfn
Military career
Spanish–American War
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In the Spanish war fervor of 1898, Butler lied about his age to receive a direct commission as a Marine second lieutenant.Template:Sfn He trained at Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C. In July 1898, he went to Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, arriving shortly after its invasion and capture.Template:Sfn His company soon returned to the U.S., and after a short break, he was assigned to the armored cruiser Template:USS for four months.Template:Sfn He came home to be mustered out of service in February 1899,Template:Sfn but on April 8, 1899, he accepted a commission as a first lieutenant in the Marine Corps.Template:Sfn
Philippine–American War
The Marine Corps sent him to Manila, Philippines.Template:Sfn On garrison duty with little to do, Butler turned to alcohol to relieve the boredom. He once became drunk and was temporarily relieved of command after an unspecified incident in his room.Template:Sfn
In October 1899, he saw his first combat action when he led 300 Marines to take the town of Noveleta from Filipino troops of the new Philippine republic. In the initial moments of the assault, his first sergeant was wounded. Butler briefly panicked, but he quickly regained his composure and led his Marines in pursuit of the fleeing enemy.Template:Sfn By noon, the Marines had dispersed the native defenders and taken the town. One Marine had been killed, 10 were wounded, and another 50 had been incapacitated by the humid tropical heat.Template:Sfn
After the excitement of this combat, garrison duty again became routine. He met Littleton Waller, a fellow Marine with whom he maintained a lifelong friendship. When Waller received command of a company in Guam, he was allowed to select five officers to take with him. Butler was amongst his choices. Before they had departed, their orders were changed, and they were sent to China aboard the Template:USS to help put down the Boxer Rebellion.Template:Sfn
Boxer Rebellion
Once in China, Butler was initially deployed in Tianjin (then often romanized as Tientsin). He took part in the Battle of Tientsin on July 13, 1900, and in the subsequent Gaselee Expedition, during which he saw the mutilated remains of Japanese soldiers. When he saw another Marine officer fall wounded, he climbed out of a trench to rescue him. Butler was then shot in the thigh. Another Marine helped him get to safety, but he was also shot. Despite his leg wound, Butler assisted the wounded officer to the rear. Four enlisted men would receive the Medal of Honor in the battle. Butler's commanding officer, Major Waller, personally commended him and wrote that "for such reward as you may deem proper the following officers: Lieutenant Smedley D. Butler, for the admirable control of his men in all the fights of the week, for saving a wounded man at the risk of his own life, and under a very severe fire." Commissioned officers were not then eligible to receive the Medal of Honor, and Butler instead received a promotion to captain by brevet while he recovered in the hospital, two weeks before his 19th birthday.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
He was eligible for the Marine Corps Brevet Medal when it was created in 1921, and was one of only 20 Marines to receive it.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His citation reads: Template:Blockquote
Banana Wars
Butler participated in a series of occupations, "police actions", and interventions by the United States in Central America and the Caribbean, later called the Banana Wars due to their goal of protecting American commercial interests in the region, particularly those of the United Fruit Company. This company had significant financial stakes in the production of bananas, tobacco, sugar cane, and other products throughout the Caribbean, Central America, and the northern portions of South America. The U.S. was also trying to advance its own political interests by maintaining its influence in the region and especially its control of the Panama Canal. These interventions started with the Spanish–American War in 1898 and ended with the withdrawal of troops from Haiti and President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy in 1934.Template:Sfn After his retirement, Butler became an outspoken critic of the United States' business interests in the Caribbean, criticizing the ways in which American businesses and Wall Street bankers imposed their agenda on U.S. foreign policy.Template:Sfn
Honduras
In 1903, Butler was stationed in Puerto Rico on Culebra Island. Hearing rumors of a Honduran revolt, the United States government ordered his unit and a supporting naval detachment to sail to Honduras, Template:Convert to the west, to defend the U.S. Consulate there. Using a converted banana boat renamed the Panther, Butler and several hundred Marines landed at the port town of Puerto Cortés. In a letter home, he describes the action: they were "prepared to land and shoot everybody and everything that was breaking the peace",Template:Sfn but instead found a quiet town. The Marines re-boarded the Panther and continued up the coastline, looking for rebels at several towns, but found none.
When they arrived at Trujillo, however, they heard gunfire and came upon a battle in progress that had been ongoing for 55 hours between rebels called Bonillista and Honduran government soldiers at a local fort. At the sight of the Marines, the fighting ceased, and Butler led a detachment of Marines to the American consulate, where he found the consul, wrapped in an American flag, hiding among the floor beams. As soon as the Marines left the area with the shaken consul, the battle resumed, and the Bonillistas soon controlled the government.Template:Sfn During this expedition, Butler earned the first of his nicknames: "Old Gimlet Eye". It was attributed to his feverish, bloodshot eyes (he was suffering from some unnamed tropical fever at the time) that enhanced his penetrating and bellicose stare.Template:Sfn
Marriage and business
After the Honduran campaign, Butler returned to Philadelphia. He married Ethel Conway Peters of Philadelphia, a daughter of civil engineer and railroad executive Richard Peters, on June 30, 1905.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His best man at the wedding was his former commanding officer in China, Lieutenant Colonel Littleton Waller.Template:Sfn The couple eventually had three children, a daughter, Ethel Peters Butler, and two sons, Smedley Darlington Jr. and Thomas Richard.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Butler was next assigned to garrison duty in the Philippines, where he once launched a resupply mission across the stormy waters of Subic Bay after his isolated outpost ran out of rations. In 1908, he was diagnosed as having a nervous breakdown and received nine months sick leave, which he spent at home. He successfully managed a coal mine in West Virginia, but returned to active duty in the Marine Corps at the first opportunity.Template:Sfn
Central America
From 1909 to 1912, Butler served in Nicaragua, enforcing U.S. policy. With a 104-degree fever, he led his battalion to the relief of the rebel-besieged city of Granada. In December 1909, he commanded the 3rd Battalion, 1st Marine Regiment on the Isthmus of Panama. On August 11, 1912, he was temporarily detached to command an expeditionary battalion he led in the Battle of Masaya on September 19, 1912, and the bombardment, assault, and capture of Coyotepe Hill, Nicaragua, in October 1912. He remained in Nicaragua until November 1912, when he rejoined the 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines at Camp Elliott, Panama.<ref name="WhosWho" /> In private Butler was highly critical of the operation, writing to his parents:
What makes me mad is that the whole revolution is inspired and financed by Americans who have wild cat investments down here and want to make them good by putting in a Government which will declare a monopoly in their favor . . . The whole business is rotten to the core.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Veracruz and first Medal of Honor
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Butler and his family were living in Panama in January 1914, when he was ordered to report as the Marine officer of a battleship squadron massing off the coast of Mexico, near Veracruz, to monitor a revolutionary movement. He did not like leaving his family and the home they had established in Panama, so he intended to request orders home as soon as he determined he was not needed.Template:Sfn
On March 1, 1914, Butler and Navy Lieutenant Frank J. Fletcher (not to be confused with his uncle, Rear Admiral Frank F. Fletcher) "went ashore at Veracruz, where they met the American superintendent of the Inter-Oceanic Railway and surreptitiously rode in his private [railway] car up the line 75 miles to Jalapa and back".Template:Sfn One reason for the trip was to allow Butler and Fletcher to discuss the details of a future expedition into Mexico. Fletcher's plan required Butler to make his way into the country and develop a more detailed invasion plan while inside its borders. It was a spy mission, and Butler was enthusiastic to get started. When Fletcher explained the plan to the commanders in Washington, DC, they agreed to it. Butler was given the go-ahead.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A few days later, he set out by train on his spy mission to Mexico City, with a stopover at Puebla. He made his way to the U.S. Consulate in Mexico City, posing as a railroad official named "Mr. Johnson".
- March 5. As I was reading last night, waiting for dinner to be served, a visitant, rather than a visitor, appeared in my drawing-room incognito – a simple "Mr. Johnson," eager, intrepid, dynamic, efficient, unshaven! * * *<ref name="O'Shaughnessy">Template:Cite book</ref>
He and the chief railroad inspector scoured the city, saying that they were searching for a lost railroad employee; there was no lost employee, and in fact, the employee who they said was lost never existed. The ruse gave Butler access to various areas of the city. In the process of the so-called search, they located weapons in use by the Mexican army and determined the size of units and states of readiness. They updated maps and verified the railroad lines for use in an impending U.S. invasion.Template:Sfn On March 7, 1914, he returned to Veracruz with the information he had gathered and presented it to his commanders. The invasion plan was eventually scrapped, when authorities loyal to Mexican General Victoriano Huerta detained a small American naval landing party (that had gone ashore to buy gasoline) in Tampico, Mexico, which led to what became known as the Tampico Affair.Template:Sfn
When President Woodrow Wilson discovered that an arms shipment was about to arrive in Mexico, he sent a contingent of Marines and sailors to Veracruz to intercept it on April 21, 1914. Over the next few days, street fighting and sniper fire posed a threat to Butler's force, but a door-to-door search rooted out most of the resistance. By April 26, the landing force of 5,800 Marines and sailors secured the city, which they held for the next six months. By the end of the conflict, the Americans reported 17 dead and 63 wounded; the Mexican forces had 126 dead and 195 wounded. After the actions at Veracruz, the U.S. decided to minimize the bloodshed and changed their plans from a full invasion of Mexico to simply maintaining the city of Veracruz.Template:Sfn For his actions on April 22, Butler was awarded his first Medal of Honor.<ref name="WhosWho" /><ref name="Militarytimes" /> The citation reads:
After the occupation of Veracruz, an unusually high number of U.S. military personnel received the Medal of Honor. The Army presented one, nine went to Marines, and 46 were bestowed upon naval personnel. During World War I, Butler attempted to return his medal, explaining he had done nothing to deserve it. The medal was returned to him with orders to keep it and to wear it, as well.<ref name="AboveAndBeyond114">Template:Cite book</ref>
Haiti and second Medal of Honor
In 1915, Haitian President Vilbrun Guillaume Sam was killed by a mob. In response, the United States ordered the Template:USS to Haiti, with Major Butler and a group of Marines on board. On October 24, 1915, an estimated 400 Cacos (Haitian rebels) ambushed Butler's patrol of 44 mounted Marines when they approached Fort Dipitie. Surrounded by Cacos, the Marines maintained their perimeter throughout the night. The next morning, they charged the much-larger enemy force by breaking out in three directions. The startled Haitians fled.Template:Sfn In early November, Butler and a force of 700 Marines and sailors returned to the mountains to clear the area. At their temporary headquarters base at Le Trou, they fought off an attack by about 100 Cacos. After the Americans took several other forts and ramparts during the following days, only Fort Rivière, an old, French-built stronghold atop Template:Interlanguage link, was left.Template:Sfn
For the operation, Butler was given three companies of Marines and some sailors from the USS Connecticut, about 100 men. They encircled the fort and gradually closed in on it. Butler reached the fort from the southern side with the 15th Company and found a small opening in the wall. The Marines entered through the opening and engaged the Cacos in hand-to-hand combat. Butler and the Marines took the rebel stronghold on November 17, 1915, an action for which he received his second Medal of Honor, as well as the Haitian Medal of Honor.<ref name="Militarytimes">Template:Hall of Valor</ref> The entire battle lasted less than 20 minutes. Reportedly, only one Marine was injured in the assault; he was struck by a rock and lost two teeth.Template:Sfn About 50 Haitians in the fort were killed.Template:Sfn Butler's exploits impressed Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, who recommended the award, based on Butler's performance during the engagement.Template:Sfn Once the medal was approved and presented in 1917, Butler became one of only two Marines to receive the Medal of Honor twice for separate actions, a distinction shared with Dan Daly.<ref name="WhosWho" /> Butler's citation reads:
Subsequently, as the initial organizer and commanding officer of the Gendarmerie d'Haïti (the native police force), Butler established a record as a capable administrator. Under his supervision, social order, administered by the Haitian government of Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave, was largely restored.Template:Sfn He recalled later that during his time in Haiti, he and his troops "hunted the Cacos like pigs."Template:Sfn
World War I
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During World War I, Butler was (to his disappointment) not assigned to a combat command on the Western Front. He made several requests for a posting in France, writing letters to his personal friend and fellow Medal of Honor recipient, Wendell Cushing Neville, who was in command of the 5th Marines in Europe. While Butler's superiors considered him brave and brilliant, they described him as "unreliable."Template:Sfn
In October 1918, at the age of 37, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and placed in command of Camp Pontanezen at Brest, France, a debarkation depot that funneled troops of the American Expeditionary Force to the battlefields. The camp had been unsanitary, overcrowded, and disorganized. U.S. Secretary of War Newton Baker sent novelist Mary Roberts Rinehart to report on the camp. She later described how Butler tackled the sanitation problems. He began by solving the problem of mud. "[T]he ground under the tents was nothing but mud, [so] he had raided the wharf at Brest of the duckboards no longer needed for the trenches, carted the first one himself up that four-mile hill to the camp, and thus provided something in the way of protection for the men to sleep on."Template:Sfn Gen. John J. Pershing authorized a duckboard shoulder patch for the units. This earned Butler another nickname: "Old Duckboard." For his exemplary service, he was awarded both the Army Distinguished Service Medal and the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, as well as the French Order of the Black Star.<ref name="WhosWho" /> The citation for the Army Distinguished Service Medal states: Template:Blockquote The citation for the Navy Distinguished Service Medal states: Template:Blockquote
Quantico
Following the war, in 1919, he became commanding general of the Marine barracks at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia.<ref name=MCU-bio/> At Quantico, he transformed the wartime training camp into a permanent Marine post. He directed the Quantico camp's growth until it became the "showplace" of the Corps.Template:Sfn Butler won national attention by taking thousands of his men on long field marches (many of which he led from the front) to Gettysburg and other Civil War battle sites, where they conducted large-scale re-enactments before crowds of distinguished spectators.Template:Sfn
In 1921, during a training exercise near the Wilderness battlefield in Virginia, he was told by a local farmer that Stonewall Jackson's arm was buried nearby, to which he replied, "Bosh! I will take a squad of Marines and dig up that spot to prove you wrong!"Template:Sfn Butler found the arm in a box. He later replaced the wooden box with a metal one and reburied the arm. He left a plaque on the granite monument marking the burial place of Jackson's arm; the plaque is no longer on the marker, but it can be viewed at the Chancellorsville Battlefield visitor center.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Philadelphia Director of Public Safety
In January 1924, newly elected Mayor of Philadelphia W. Freeland Kendrick asked President Calvin Coolidge to lend the city a military general to help him rid Philadelphia's municipal government of crime and corruption. At the urging of Butler's father,<ref name=mlb/> Coolidge authorized Butler to take the necessary leave from the Corps to serve as Philadelphia's director of public safety, in charge of running the city's police and fire departments. (Butler held this position from January 1924 until December 1925).<ref name="WhosWho" /> He began his new job by assembling all 4,000 of the city police into the Metropolitan Opera House in shifts to introduce himself and inform them that things would change while he was in charge. Since he had not been given authority to fire corrupt police officers, he switched entire units from one part of the city to another,<ref name=mlb/> in order to undermine local protection rackets and profiteering.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Within 48 hours of taking over, Butler organized raids on more than 900 speakeasies, ordering that they be padlocked and destroyed in many cases. In addition to raiding the speakeasies, he also attempted to eliminate other illegal activities, including bootlegging, prostitution, gambling, and police corruption. More zealous than he was political, he ordered crackdowns on the social elite's favorite hangouts, such as the Ritz-Carlton and the Union League, as well as on drinking establishments that served the working class.<ref name="MarineCorps">Template:Cite journalTemplate:Cbignore</ref> Although he was effective in reducing crime and police corruption, he was a controversial leader. In one instance, he made a statement that he would promote the first officer to kill a bandit and stated, "I don't believe there is a single bandit notch on a policeman's guns Template:Sic in this city; go out and get some."Template:Sfn Although many of the local citizens and police felt that the raids were just a show, they continued for several weeks.Template:Sfn
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Among his many accomplishments as the director of public safety, he implemented programs to improve city safety and security, established policies and guidelines for the administration, and developed a Philadelphia police uniform that resembled that of the Marine Corps.Template:Sfn Other changes included military-style checkpoints into the city and bandit-chasing squads, who were armed with sawed-off shotguns and armored police cars.Template:Sfn The press began reporting on both the good and the bad aspects of Butler's personal war on crime. They praised the new uniforms, the new programs, and the reductions in crime, but they also reflected the public's negative opinion of their new public safety director. Many felt that he was being too aggressive in his tactics and resented the reductions in their civil rights, such as the stopping of citizens at the city checkpoints. Butler frequently swore in his radio addresses, causing many citizens to suggest that his behavior, and particularly his language, was inappropriate for someone of his rank and stature.Template:Sfn Some even suggested that Butler was acting like a military dictator, even charging that he wrongfully used active-duty Marines in some of his raids.Template:Sfn Maj. R.A. Haynes, the federal prohibition commissioner, visited the city in 1924, six months after Butler was appointed. He announced that "great progress"Template:Sfn had been made in the city, and he attributed that success to Butler.Template:Sfn
Eventually, Butler's leadership style and the directness of actions undermined his support within the community, so his departure seemed imminent. Mayor Kendrick reported to the press, "I had the guts to bring General Butler to Philadelphia and I have the guts to fire him."Template:Sfn Feeling that his duties in Philadelphia were coming to an end, Butler contacted Gen. Lejeune to prepare for his return to the Marine Corps. Not all of the citizens felt that Butler was doing a bad job, though, and when the news started to leak that he would be leaving, people began to gather at the Academy of Music. A group of 4,000 supporters assembled and negotiated a truce between him and the mayor to keep him in Philadelphia for a while longer, and the president authorized a one-year extension.Template:Sfn
Butler devoted much of his second year to executing arrest warrants, cracking down on crooked police, and enforcing prohibition. On January 1, 1926, his leave from the Marine Corps ended, and the president declined a request for a second extension. Butler received orders to report to San Diego and prepared his family and his belongings for the new assignment.Template:Sfn In light of his pending departure, he began to defy the mayor and other key city officials. On the eve of his departure, he had an article printed in the paper that stated his intention to stay and "finish the job".Template:Sfn The mayor was surprised and furious when he read the press release the next morning and demanded Butler's resignation.Template:Sfn After almost two years in office, Butler resigned under pressure, stating later that "cleaning up Philadelphia was worse than any battle I was ever in."<ref name="MarineCorps" />
San Diego duty
Following the period of service as the director of public safety in Philadelphia, Butler assumed command on February 28, 1926, of the U.S. Marine Corps base in San Diego, California, in ceremonies involving officers and the band of the 4th Marine Regiment.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He oversaw base construction efforts and established it as the expeditionary force base for the Far East.<ref name=Delco>Template:Cite news</ref>
China and stateside service
From 1927 to 1929, Butler was commander of a Marine Expeditionary Force in Tianjin, China, (the China Marines). While there, he cleverly parlayed his influence among various generals and warlords to the protection of U.S. interests, ultimately winning the public acclaim of contending Chinese leaders. When he returned to the United States in 1929 he was promoted to major general, becoming, at age 48, the youngest major general of the Marine Corps. But, the death of his father on May 26, 1928, ended the Pennsylvania Congressman's ability to protect Smedley from political retribution for his outspoken views.<ref name="mlb">Template:Cite journal</ref>
In 1931, Butler violated diplomatic norms by publicly recounting gossip<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> about Benito Mussolini in which the dictator allegedly struck and killed a child with his speeding automobile in a hit-and-run accident. The Italian government protested and President Hoover, who strongly disliked Butler,<ref name="Talbot2010">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp forced Secretary of the Navy Charles Francis Adams III to court-martial him. Butler became the first general officer to be placed under arrest since the Civil War. He apologized to Secretary Adams and the court-martial was canceled with only a reprimand.Template:Sfn
Military retirement
When Commandant of the Marine Corps Maj. Gen. Wendell C. Neville died July 8, 1930, Butler, at that time the senior major general in the Corps, was a candidate for the position.Template:Sfn Although he had significant support from many inside and outside the Corps, including John Lejeune and Josephus Daniels, two other Marine Corps generals were seriously considered, Ben H. Fuller and John H. Russell Jr. Lejeune and others petitioned President Herbert Hoover, garnered support in the Senate and flooded Secretary of the Navy Charles Adams' desk with more than 2,500 letters of support.Template:Sfn With the recent death of his influential father, however, Butler had lost much of his protection from his civilian superiors. The outspokenness that characterized his run-ins with the mayor of Philadelphia, the "unreliability" mentioned by his superiors when they were opposing Butler's World War I posting to the Western Front, and his comments about Benito Mussolini resurfaced. In the end, the position of commandant went to Fuller, who had more years of commissioned service than Butler and was considered less controversial. Butler requested retirement and left active duty on October 1, 1931.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Later years
Even before retiring from the Corps, Butler began developing his post-Corps career. In May 1931, he took part in a commission established by Oregon Governor Julius L. Meier, which laid the foundations for the Oregon State Police.<ref name="OregonPolice">Template:Cite web</ref> He also began lecturing at events and conferences. After he retired from the Marines in 1931, he took to the lecture circuit full time, and donated much of his earnings from his lucrative lectures to Philadelphia unemployment relief. He toured the western United States, making 60 speeches before returning for his daughter's marriage to Marine aviator Lt. John Wehle. Her wedding was the only time he wore his dress blue uniform after he left the Marines.Template:Sfn
Senate campaign
In March 1932, Butler announced his candidacy for the upcoming U.S. Senate election in Pennsylvania. He ran in Republican primary in Pennsylvania as a proponent of Prohibition.Template:Sfn Butler allied with Pennsylvania governor Gifford Pinchot, but was defeated in the April 26, 1932, primary election with only 37.5% of the vote to incumbent Sen. James J. Davis's 60%.Template:Sfn Butler voted for Norman Thomas of the Socialist Party for president in 1936.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Bonus Army
During his Senate campaign, Butler spoke out forcefully about the veterans' bonus. Veterans of World War I, many of whom had been out of work since the beginning of the Great Depression, sought immediate cash payment of Service Certificates granted to them eight years earlier via the World War Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924. Each Service Certificate, issued to a qualified veteran soldier, bore a face value equal to the soldier's promised payment, plus compound interest. The problem was that the certificates, like bonds, matured 20 years from the date of original issuance; thus, under extant law, the Service Certificates could not be redeemed until 1945. In June 1932, approximately 43,000 marchers, including 17,000 World War I veterans, their families, and affiliated groups, protested in Washington, D.C.<ref name=FBI>Template:Cite web</ref> The Bonus Expeditionary Force, also known as the "Bonus Army", marched on Washington to advocate the passage of the "soldier's bonus" for service during World War I. After Congress adjourned, bonus marchers remained in the city and became unruly. On July 28, 1932, two bonus marchers were shot by police, causing the entire mob to become hostile and riotous. The FBI, then known as the United States Bureau of Investigation, checked its fingerprint records to obtain the police records of individuals who had been arrested during the riots or who had participated in the bonus march.<ref name=FBI />Template:Sfn
The veterans made camp in the Anacostia flats while they awaited the congressional decision on whether or not to pay the bonus. The motion, known as the Patman bill, was decisively defeated, but the veterans stayed in their camp. On July 19, Butler arrived with his young son Thomas, the day before the official eviction by the Hoover administration. He walked through the camp and spoke to the veterans; he told them that they were fine soldiers and they had a right to lobby Congress just as much as any corporation. He and his son spent the night and ate with the men, and in the morning Butler gave a speech to the camping veterans. He instructed them to keep their sense of humor and cautioned them not to do anything that would cost public sympathy.Template:Sfn On July 28, army cavalry units led by General Douglas MacArthur dispersed the Bonus Army by riding through it and using tear gas. During the conflict several veterans were killed or injured. Butler declared himself a "Hoover-for-Ex-President-Republican".Template:Sfn
Anti-war lectures
After his retirement and later years, Butler became widely known for his outspoken lectures against war profiteering, U.S. military adventurism, and what he viewed as nascent fascism in the United States.
In December 1933, Butler toured the country with James E. Van Zandt to recruit members for the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW). He described their effort as "trying to educate the soldiers out of the sucker class." In his speeches he denounced the Economy Act of 1933, called on veterans to organize politically to win their benefits, and condemned the FDR administration for its ties to big business. The VFW reprinted one of his speeches with the title "You Got to Get Mad" in its magazine Foreign Service. He said: "I believe in...taking Wall St. by the throat and shaking it up."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He believed the rival veterans' group the American Legion was controlled by banking interests. On December 8, 1933, he said: "I have never known one leader of the American Legion who had never sold them out—and I mean it."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In addition to his speeches to pacifist groups, he served from 1935 to 1937 as a spokesman for the American League Against War and Fascism.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In 1935, he wrote the exposé War Is a Racket, a trenchant condemnation of the profit motive behind warfare. His views on the subject are summarized in the following passage from the November 1935 issue of the socialist magazine Common Sense:Template:Sfn
Business Plot
In November 1934, Butler claimed the existence of a political conspiracy by business leaders to overthrow President Roosevelt, a series of allegations that came to be known in the media as the Business Plot.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A special committee of the House of Representatives headed by Representatives John W. McCormack of Massachusetts and Samuel Dickstein of New York, who was later alleged to have been a paid agent of the Soviet Union's NKVD,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> heard his testimony in secret.<ref name="NYTNov21">Template:Cite journal</ref> The McCormack–Dickstein committee was a precursor to the House Un-American Activities Committee.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In November 1934, Butler told the committee that one Gerald P. MacGuire told him that a group of businessmen, supposedly backed by a private army of 500,000 ex-soldiers and others, intended to establish a fascist dictatorship. Butler had been asked to lead it, he said, by MacGuire, who was a bond salesman with Grayson M. P. Murphy & Co. The New York Times reported that Butler had told friends that General Hugh S. Johnson, former head of the National Recovery Administration, was to be installed as dictator, and that the J.P. Morgan banking firm was behind the plot. Butler told Congress that MacGuire had told him the attempted coup was backed by three million dollars, and that the 500,000 men were probably to be assembled in Washington, D.C. the following year. All the parties alleged to be involved publicly said there was no truth in the story, calling it a joke and a fantasy.<ref name="NYTNov21" />
In its report to the House, the committee stated that, while "no evidence was presented... to show a connection... with any fascist activity of any European country... [t]here was no question that these attempts were discussed, were planned, and might have been placed in execution..." and that "your committee was able to verify all the pertinent statements made by General Butler, with the exception of the direct statement about the creation of the organization. This, however, was corroborated in the correspondence of MacGuire with his principal, Robert Sterling Clark...."Template:Sfn
No prosecutions or further investigations followed, and historians have questioned whether or not a coup was actually contemplated. Historians have not reported any independent evidence apart from Butler's report on what MacGuire told him. One of these, Hans Schmidt, says MacGuire was an "inconsequential trickster".Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn The news media dismissed the plot, with a New York Times editorial characterizing it as a "gigantic hoax".<ref name="nyt112234">Template:Cite news</ref> When the committee's final report was released, the Times said the committee "purported to report that a two-month investigation had convinced it that General Butler's story of a Fascist march on Washington was alarmingly true" and "... also alleged that definite proof had been found that the much publicized Fascist march on Washington, which was to have been led by Major Gen. Smedley D. Butler, retired, according to testimony at a hearing, was actually contemplated".<ref name="time">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The individuals involved all denied the existence of a plot.
Death
After his retirement, Butler bought a home in Newtown Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, where he lived with his wife.<ref name=Behan2017/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In June 1940, he checked himself into the hospital after becoming sick a few weeks earlier. His doctor described his illness as an incurable condition of the upper gastro-intestinal tract, which was reported to be cancer.Template:Sfn His family remained by his side, even bringing his new car so he could see it from the window. He never had a chance to drive it. On June 21, 1940, Smedley Butler died at Naval Hospital, Philadelphia.Template:Sfn
The funeral was held at his home, attended by friends and family as well as several politicians, members of the Philadelphia police force, and officers of the Marine Corps.Template:Sfn He was buried at Oaklands Cemetery in West Goshen Township, Pennsylvania.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His modest gravestone is located in Section B-1 (see site map). After his death, until 2014, his family maintained his home as it was when he died, including a large quantity of memorabilia he collected throughout his storied career.Template:Sfn<ref name="Behan2017">Template:Cite news</ref>
Honors, awards, and promotions
Military awards
Butler's awards and decorations included the following:Template:Sfn<ref name="WhosWho" /><ref name="Militarytimes" />Template:SfnTemplate:Efn
Other honors and recognition
- Template:USS, a Template:Sclass, was named in his honor in 1942.<ref name="WhosWho" /> This vessel participated in the European and Pacific theaters of operations during the Second World War. She was later converted to a high speed minesweeper.<ref name="WhosWho" /><ref name="DANFS">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D. Butler in Okinawa, Japan, established in 1955, is named in his honor
- The Boston, Massachusetts, chapter of Veterans for Peace is called the Smedley D. Butler Brigade in his honor.<ref name="SBVFP">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Butler was featured in the 2003 Canadian documentary film The Corporation.<ref name="TheCorporation">Template:Cite web</ref>
- In his book My First Days in the White House, Senator Huey Long of Louisiana stated that, if elected to the presidency, he would name Butler as his Secretary of War.Template:Sfn
- His childhood home at West Chester, The Butler House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.<ref>Template:NRISref</ref>
- A fictionalized version of Butler is portrayed by Robert De Niro as a retired marine named Gilbert Dillenbeck in the 2022 film Amsterdam, the plot of which revolves around Dillenbeck foiling an attempted business plot by fascist conspirators.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Promotions and retirement
| Rank<ref>Table data from Marine Corps Muster Rolls, unless otherwise cited.</ref><ref name=MCU-bio/> | Promotion Date | Age | Location | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Second Lieutenant | June 10, 1898 | 16 | Washington, D.C. | attachment date |
| First Lieutenant | April 8, 1899 | 17 | en route to Cavite, Philippines | |
| Captain | July 23, 1900Template:SfnTemplate:Efn | 19 | Tianjin, China | breveted to captain for actions on July 13Template:Sfnm before receiving full promotion |
| Major | October 1908Template:Sfn | 27 | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | |
| Lieutenant Colonel | April 22, 1917 | 35 | Port-au-Prince, Haiti | retroactive to August 29, 1916 |
| Colonel | August 2, 1918 | 37 | Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia | awarded upon taking command of new training base |
| Brigadier General | November 19, 1918 | 37 | Camp Pontanezen, Brest, France | retroactive to October 7, 1918; awarded upon taking command of camp; Butler became the youngest general in M.C. historyTemplate:Sfn |
| Major General | July 13, 1929 | 47 | Marine Corps Base Quantico | |
| Retirement | October 1, 1931 | 50 | Marine Corps Base Quantico |
Published works
Books
- Walter Garvin in Mexico (1927, with Arthur J. Burks)
- Paraguay: A Gallant Little Nation: The Story of Paraguay's War with Bolivia (1935, with Philip de Ronde)
- War Is a Racket (1935)
Articles
- Smashing Crime and Vice (30-part syndicated newspaper series), Bell Syndicate, April–May 1926 [ghostwritten by Eli Zachary DimitmanTemplate:Sfn]
- "American Marines in China", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, July 1929, 128-134, Template:OCLC
- The Marines Who Wouldn't Fight (8-part syndicated series), North American Newspaper Alliance, September 1929 [ghostwritten by DimitmanTemplate:Sfn]
See also
- List of Medal of Honor recipients
- List of Medal of Honor recipients (Veracruz)
- List of historically notable United States Marines
Notes
References
Sources
- Template:Marine Corps
- Public Domain This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.{{#if:|{{#if:| The entries can be found [{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}} here] and [{{#if:1|{{{2}}}}} here].| The entry can be found [{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}} here].}}}}
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Further reading
- Template:Cite web, transcript of Butler's speech to the Bonus Army
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External links
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