Socialist Party of Serbia
Template:Short description Template:Pp-semi-indef Template:Good article Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox political party
The Socialist Party of Serbia (Template:Langx, abbr. SPS) is a social democratic and populist political party in Serbia. Ivica Dačić, the former prime minister of Serbia, has led SPS as its president since 2006.
SPS was founded in 1990 as a merger of the League of Communists of Serbia and Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia with Slobodan Milošević as its first president. In the 1990 general elections, SPS became the ruling party of Serbia while Milošević was elected president of Serbia. During Milošević's rule, SPS relied on the Serbian Radical Party (SRS) from 1992 to 1993 while it later led several coalition governments with SRS, New Democracy, and Yugoslav Left. Mass protests against SPS were held in 1991, and after being accused of falsifying votes in major urban cities, such as Belgrade and Niš, 1996–1997 protests were also organised. The Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition defeated SPS in the 2000 general elections but Milošević declined to accept the results. This resulted in Milošević's overthrow.
SPS was in opposition until 2003 after which it served as confidence and supply to the government led by Vojislav Koštunica until 2007. Dačić led SPS into a coalition government with the Democratic Party after the 2008 parliamentary election, while four years later he became the prime minister of Serbia after the formation of a coalition government with the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS). He remained prime minister until 2014, while SPS has since then remained a junior member of SNS-led governments. Although it described itself as a democratic socialist party, SPS promoted mixed economy and populist nationalism under Milošević's leadership and was accused of authoritarianism. SPS has remained populist under Dačić but it shifted towards social democracy and a centre-left and more pragmatic, pro-European image. SPS is affiliated and cooperates with United Serbia and Greens of Serbia.
History
Formation
After the World War II, the Communist Party consolidated power in Yugoslavia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Each constituent republic had its own branch of the party, with Serbia having the Communist Party of Serbia, which was renamed to League of Communists of Serbia (SKS) in 1952.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> SKS elected Slobodan Milošević as its president in 1986, after an endorsement coming from then-incumbent president of SKS, Ivan Stambolić.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Milošević came to power by promising to reduce the autonomy of provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina.<ref name="MalloyOsipov2015">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Kosmidou2013">Template:Cite book</ref> At a congress that was held in January 1990, rifts between SKS and League of Communists of Slovenia occurred which ultimately led to the dissolution of the federal Communist Party.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This also led to the establishment of multi-party systems in the constituent republics.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite web</ref>
Milošević organised a congress on 17 July 1990, during which its delegates voted in favour of merging SKS and the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia (SSRNJ) to create the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS).<ref name=":1">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Milošević was elected as the party's president.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to political scientist Jerzy Wiatr, the merger "did not substantially change either the organisational structure of the party or its administration", although SPS did gain control of a large amount of infrastructure, including material and financial assets.<ref name=":3" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":6">Template:Cite web</ref> Milošević as president of the SPS was able to wield considerable power and influence in the government and the public and private sectors, while members of SPS who had shown their independence from loyalty towards Milošević were expelled from the party.<ref name="Krieger2001">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
1990–1992: Early years
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SPS took part in the general elections which was organised for December 1990.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The parliamentary election was conducted in a first-past-the-post system, where members were elected in 250 single-member constituency seats; this system strengthened the position of SPS.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":11">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp This resulted into SPS winning 194 out of 250 seats in the National Assembly, despite only winning 48% of the popular vote.<ref name=":6" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Opposition parties, such as the Democratic Party (DS) and Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), tried to challenge the legitimacy of the election, citing alleged abuse of postal voting and manipulation during vote counting.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" />Template:Rp In the presidential election, Milošević won 65% of the popular vote in the first round of the election.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By January 1991, sociologist Laslo Sekelj reported that SPS had 500,000 members.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> SPS was faced with protests in March 1991, while Milošević was succeeded by Borisav Jović as the president of SPS on 24 May 1991; he held the position until 24 October 1992, when Milošević returned as president of SPS, following the second party congress.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp<ref name=":3" />Template:Rp<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp
After the break-up of Yugoslavia, Serbia became a part of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> With the opposition boycotting the May 1992 parliamentary election, due to claiming that there were no free and fair electoral conditions,<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp SPS won 49% of the popular vote.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp<ref name=":8">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Protests were held shortly after the election, after which snap elections were called for December 1992, in which SPS won 33% of the popular vote.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp<ref name=":8" />Template:Rp Simultaneously with these elections, the 1992 general elections occurred in Serbia as a result of an early elections referendum that was organised in October 1992.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp The parliamentary election in 1992 was conducted under a proportional representation system, and in it SPS won 101 out of 250 seats in the National Assembly; because of that the SPS minority government had to rely on the far-right Serbian Radical Party (SRS), which had won 73 seats.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the presidential election however, Milošević won 57% of the popular vote in the first round, while his opponent Milan Panić won 35% of the popular vote.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1993–2000: Leading government party
After the announcement that SPS would abandon its hardline position regarding the Bosnian War and Croatian War of Independence in favour of a compromise and after a dispute regarding the rebalancing of the federal budget in July 1993, the coalition between SPS and SRS was disintegrated.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp SRS then unsuccessfully called a motion of no confidence against SPS in September 1993, though Milošević ended up dissolving the National Assembly to call a snap parliamentary election for December 1993.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp<ref name=":9">Template:Cite web</ref> In the parliamentary election, SPS won 123 seats, though still short 3 seats of a majority, Milošević then persuaded the New Democracy (ND), which as part of the SPO-led Democratic Movement of Serbia coalition won 5 seats, to enter a coalition government with SPS.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10">Template:Cite web</ref> ND accepted this and the new government headed by Mirko Marjanović was sworn in March 1994.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />
SPS soon formed the Left Coalition with ND and the Yugoslav Left (JUL), a far-left political party headed by Milošević's wife Mirjana Marković,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> to contest the parliamentary elections for the federal parliament in November 1996.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp The Left Coalition emerged with 64 out of 108 seats in the election.<ref name=":8" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> SPS was accused of falsifying votes in cities such as Belgrade and Niš in the 1996 local elections.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Electoral Commission also invalidated the results.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp This led to mass protests that were organised up until February 1997, when SPS ultimately accepted the defeat.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Milošević, who was constitutionally limited to two terms as president of Serbia, was elected president of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in July 1997, shortly before the general elections in Serbia.<ref name=":11" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> SPS took part with ND and JUL under the Left Coalition banner and won 110 seats in the National Assembly.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> ND declined to join the government and the coalition was subsequently disintegrated after SPS and JUL formed a government with SRS.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the presidential election, SPS nominated Zoran Lilić, although the election ended up being annulled as the election's turnout was less than 50%.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp This led to another presidential election which was held in December 1997; Milan Milutinović, the SPS-nominated candidate, won in the second round of the election.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp<ref name=":11" />Template:Rp
The new SPS-led government was faced with the Kosovo War which ended up making a major impact on SPS.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp<ref name=":11" />Template:Rp SPO joined the SPS-led federal government in January 1999.<ref name=":12">Template:Cite web</ref> Vuk Drašković, the leader of SPO, supported the proposed Rambouillet Agreement, though Milošević declined to sign it, which ultimately led to the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.<ref name=":12" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Additionally, SPS and SPO entered into a conflict after the assassination of journalist Slavko Ćuruvija, which led to dismissal of SPO from the federal government.<ref name=":12" /> In the same year, Milošević proposed constitutional changes to the federal parliament to allow him to run for another term in the 2000 election; the amendments were passed by the parliament.<ref name=":11" />Template:Rp Otpor, a student resistance movement formed in October 1998, and the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS), a wide alliance of opposition parties formed in January 2000, called for early elections, though the elections ended up being organised for September 2000.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp<ref name=":11" />Template:Rp<ref name=":12" /> Milošević faced Vojislav Koštunica, the DOS-nominated candidate, in the presidential election.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp The Federal Election Committee reported that Milošević placed second although that Koštunica also won less than 50% of the popular vote.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp Milošević declined to accept the results, which resulted into DOS-organised mass protests that culminated into the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":29">Template:Cite web</ref> Milošević accepted defeat on 5 October 2000, while the Federal Election Committee published actual results on 7 October.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":29" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Shortly after the elections, SPS, SPO, and DOS agreed to organise a snap parliamentary election in Serbia in December 2000.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp<ref name=":12" /> This parliamentary election, and all subsequent ones, were conducted in a proportional electoral system with only one electoral unit.<ref name=":12" /> SPS suffered defeat and only won 37 out of 250 seats in the National Assembly, which put the party in opposition for the first time since its formation in 1990.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":25">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Following the 2000 elections, Milorad Vučelić formed the Democratic Socialist Party while Zoran Lilić also left and formed the Serbian Social Democratic Party.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2001–2008: Opposition
Milošević, who was still the president of SPS, was arrested in March 2001 on suspicion of corruption and abuse of power, and was shortly after extradited to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia to stand trial for war crimes instead.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the presidential election in September 2002, SPS nominated actor Bata Živojinović; he placed sixth.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":13">Template:Cite web</ref> This election ended up being annulled as the turnout in the second round was less than 50%.<ref name=":13" /> This resulted into another presidential election which was held in December 2002;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":14">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp SPS supported Vojislav Šešelj, the leader of SRS.<ref name=":14" />Template:Rp He placed second in the presidential election, which ended up being annulled again as the turnout was less than 50%.<ref name=":14" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At a party congress in January 2003, Ivica Dačić, a reformist within SPS, was elected president of the party's main board.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was reported that Milošević subsequently demanded his exclusion of the party, although Dačić denied this.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Another presidential election was held in November 2003 which SPS ended up boycotting.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A month later, SPS took part in a snap parliamentary election in which it won 22 seats; the drop in popularity occurred due to their voters shifting towards SRS.<ref name=":15">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> SPS ended up serving as confidence and supply to Koštunica's government in the National Assembly.<ref name=":15" /> In 2004, the 50% turnout rule for presidential elections was abolished, after which SPS nominated Dačić as their presidential candidate for the 2004 presidential election; he placed fifth.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
After the death of Milošević in March 2006, a conflict between Dačić and Vučelić emerged regarding who would continue leading the party.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At the party congress in December 2006, Dačić was officially elected president of SPS, after previously serving as the party's de facto leader since 2003.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":16">Template:Cite web</ref> In the parliamentary election that was held in January 2007, SPS dropped to 16 seats in the National Assembly, after which SPS returned to opposition.<ref name=":16" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A year later, SPS nominated Milutin Mrkonjić, the party's deputy president, as its candidate in the presidential election.<ref name=":17">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Mrkonjić campaigned on social issues and issues regarding the economy, insisting that SPS is "the true party of the left" and that Serbia should join the European Union.<ref name=":17" />Template:Rp He placed fourth, winning 6% of the popular vote.<ref name=":17" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> SPS shortly after formed a coalition with United Serbia (JS) and Party of United Pensioners of Serbia (PUPS) which took part in the snap parliamentary election in May 2008.<ref name=":18">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":19">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The coalition won 20 seats, 12 of which went to SPS alone.<ref name=":19" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Initially, SPS negotiated with SRS, Democratic Party of Serbia, and New Serbia to form a government, however SPS ended up abandoning those negotiations in favour of those with the For a European Serbia coalition, which was led by DS.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" />Template:Rp The DS–SPS coalition government was sworn in July 2008, with Dačić serving as first deputy prime minister while Slavica Đukić Dejanović became the president of the National Assembly.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" />Template:Rp
2009–2014: DS and SNS governments
While in government, SPS was faced with challenges regarding the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence and the 2008 financial crisis, which led to low rates of economic growth.<ref name=":20">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Additionally, SPS signed a reconciliation agreement with its government partner DS, although clashes between the parties had continued to occur even after the agreement.<ref name=":21">Template:Cite web</ref> Further, protests that were organised in 2011 led Boris Tadić, the president of Serbia, to call snap elections for 2012.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During the 2012 campaign period, SPS campaigned with JS and PUPS, with Dačić being their joint presidential candidate.<ref name=":20" />Template:Rp<ref name=":21" /> He campaigned on workers' rights, free education, and ending neoliberalism, as well as rising wages and pensions, while SPS also campaigned on criticising post-Milošević governments.<ref name=":20" />Template:Rp<ref name=":21" /> In the parliamentary election, the coalition led by SPS won 44 seats in the National Assembly, while SPS alone won 25.<ref name=":20" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Dačić placed third in the presidential election, winning 15% of the popular vote.<ref name=":20" />Template:Rp After the announcement that Tomislav Nikolić, the leader of the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS), had won the presidential election, Dačić abandoned the coalition with DS and pursued to form a government with SNS instead.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This resulted into Dačić becoming the prime minister of Serbia in July 2012.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
As prime minister, Dačić worked on normalisation between Serbia and Kosovo, which was formalised under the Brussels Agreement in April 2013.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His government was re-shuffled on his order in September 2013, after which SPS and SNS continued to govern alone without the United Regions of Serbia.<ref name=":22">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp However, president Nikolić called for snap parliamentary elections to be held in March 2014.<ref name=":22" />Template:Rp<ref name=":23">Template:Cite web</ref> SPS took part in the election with JS and PUPS and campaigned on the protection of workers, peasants, and pensioners.<ref name=":22" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They won 44 seats in the National Assembly, while their coalition partner, SNS, won 158 seats in total.<ref name=":22" />Template:Rp<ref name=":23" /> SPS remained in government, although Dačić was succeeded by Aleksandar Vučić, the leader of SNS, as prime minister of Serbia.<ref name=":22" />Template:Rp<ref name=":23" /> At a party congress in December 2014, SPS adopted its new logo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2015–present: Minority partner
Throughout of 2015, it was discussed whether a snap parliamentary election would occur.<ref name=":24">Template:Cite web</ref> This was confirmed in January 2016, when a parliamentary election was announced to be held in April 2016.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Following the announcement, PUPS left the SPS–JS coalition and joined the one that was led by SNS, while SPS and JS formalised a coalition with the Greens of Serbia (Zeleni).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The SPS-led ballot list also included Joška Broz, the leader of the Communist Party and the grandson of Josip Broz Tito.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This coalition won 29 seats in the National Assembly, 21 out of which were occupied by SPS.<ref name=":24" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Following the election, SPS agreed to again serve as a junior member in the SNS-led coalition government, which was inaugurated in August 2016.<ref name=":24" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> SPS did not take part in the 2017 presidential election and instead it supported Vučić, who ended up winning 56% of the popular vote in the first round of the election.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His election as president was followed by mass protests.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
At the end of 2018, a series of anti-government protests began and they lasted until March 2020.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During this period, the opposition Alliance for Serbia announced that it would boycott the 2020 parliamentary elections.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This led the SPS-led coalition to win 32 seats, despite getting less votes than in the 2016 election.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp SPS offered to continue its cooperation with the SNS-led coalition, which now had 188 out of 250 seats in the National Assembly.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> SPS remained in government with SNS after the election, while Dačić, who had been the first deputy prime minister of Serbia since 2014, became the president of the National Assembly in October 2020.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Dačić presided over the dialogues to improve election conditions from May to October 2021.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> SPS affirmed its position to continue its support for SNS after these dialogues, while in January 2022, SPS announced that it would support Vučić in the 2022 presidential election.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the parliamentary election, SPS took part in a coalition with JS and Zeleni, while it campaigned on greater cooperation with China and Russia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It won 31 seats in total, 22 out of which went to SPS, while Vučić won 60% of the popular vote in the presidential election.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> SPS agreed to continue governing with SNS after the election, which led to Dačić being re-appointed as first deputy prime minister in October 2022.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="SPSm">Template:Cite news</ref>
After Vučić announced the formation of the People's Movement for the State in March 2023, Dačić has affirmed that it could bring "a new, even higher stage of cooperation between SNS and SPS".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, a faction opposed to joining the movement was formed inside SPS with individuals, such as vice-president Predrag J. Marković who has said that "SPS would lose its identity if it joins the movement".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Despite this, SPS again formed an electoral alliance with JS and Zeleni for the early 2023 parliamentary election.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="RIK_SPS">Template:Cite web</ref> SPS suffered from defeat in the elections, only winning 12 seats as part of the SPS-led coalition.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Dačić expressed his willingness of electing a new president of SPS, however, the main board of SPS expressed its support for Dačić to remain president of SPS and to continue the cooperation with SNS.<ref name=":51">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In an unprecedent move, SPS formed a joint electoral list with SNS for the 2024 Belgrade City Assembly election.<ref name=":162">Template:Cite web</ref> Their electoral list won 52 percent of the popular vote and 64 out of 110 seats in the City Assembly of Belgrade.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
As of November 2024, the SNS-led government, which includes SPS, has been faced with the student-led anti-corruption protests.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In April 2025, SPS became a minority partner in Đuro Macut's cabinet.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Ideology and platform
Milošević era
SPS adopted its first political programme in October 1990, which had the intention to develop "Serbia as a socialist republic, founded on law and social justice".<ref name=":3" />Template:Rp<ref name=":2" />Template:Rp The party made economic reforms outside of Marxist ideology such as recognising all forms of property and intended a progression to a market economy while at the same time advocating some regulation for the purposes of "solidarity, equality, and social security".<ref name=":2" />Template:Rp While in power, SPS enacted policies that were negative towards workers' rights, while beginning in 1992, SPS moved its support towards a mixed economy with both public and private sectors.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp SPS maintained connections with trade unions, although independent trade unions faced hostility and their activities were brutalised by the police.<ref name=":2" />Template:Rp During Milošević's era, SPS was positioned on the left-wing on the political spectrum,<ref name=":3" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and was associated with anti-liberalism.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> SPS declared itself to be a "democratic socialist party" and "the follower of the ideas of Svetozar Marković, Dimitrije Tucović, and the Serbian Social Democratic Party".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Political scientists Heinz Timmermann and Luke March, and Marko Stojić, a Metropolitan University Prague lecturer, associated SPS during Milošević's era with nationalist form of populism.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Political scientist Jean-Pierre Cabestan noted that SPS thrived on the growth of nationalism, but was not nationalist itself, and instead associated SPS with communism.<ref name="com">Template:Cite book</ref> Mirjana Prošić-Dvornić, an ethnologist, noted that SPS "usurped the nationalist rhetoric of opposition parties".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Janusz Bugajski, a political scientist, described SPS as nationalist, but also noted that it never identified as such.<ref name=":25" />Template:Rp<ref name="Bugajski1995">Template:Cite book</ref> Warren Zimmermann, the last United States ambassador to Yugoslavia, argued that Milošević was "not a genuine nationalist but an opportunist".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
SPS nominally endorsed the principle of full equality of all the Yugoslav peoples and ethnic minorities, while it was also supportive of Yugoslavism.<ref name=":2" />Template:Rp Up until 1993, it supported Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia who wished to remain in Yugoslavia.<ref name=":2" />Template:Rp As Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence, the involvement by SPS as a ruling party had become more devoted to helping external Serbs run their own independent entities.<ref name=":2" />Template:Rp Milošević denied that the government of Serbia helped Serb military forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina, instead stating that they had the right to self-determination; Jović stated in a 1995 BBC documentary that Milošević endorsed the transfer of Bosnian Serb federal army forces to the Bosnian Serb Army in 1992 to help achieve Serb independence from Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Though shortly before the Dayton Agreement in 1995, SPS began to oppose the government of Republika Srpska, which was headed by Radovan Karadžić.<ref name=":2" />Template:Rp The opposition accused SPS of authoritarianism, as well as personal profiteering from illegal business transactions in the arms trade, cigarettes and oil; this illegal business was caused by the UN sanctions, and none of accusations for personal profiteering were ever proven at the court.<ref name=":2" />Template:Rp Political scientists Nebojša Vladisavljević, Karmen Erjavec, and Florian Bieber also described Milošević's rule as authoritarian.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Independent media during the SPS administration received threats and high fines.<ref name=":2" />Template:Rp
Dačić era
After Dačić came to power, SPS shifted towards democratic socialism,<ref name=":28">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp and then to social democracy in the 2010s.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":26">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref name=":27">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Although SPS is still affiliated and has promoted populist rhetoric,<ref name=":4" />Template:Rp<ref name=":27" />Template:Rp its nationalist image has softened.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is now positioned on the centre-left on the political spectrum.<ref name=":26" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Prior to mid-2000s, SPS was Eurosceptic and it also promoted anti-globalist and anti-Western sentiment.<ref name=":26" />Template:Rp It also promoted anti-imperialist criticism towards the European Union and NATO.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Since then, SPS had adopted its support for the accession of Serbia to the European Union,<ref name=":26" />Template:Rp and a more pro-European image after it came back to government in 2008,<ref name=":11" />Template:Rp which scholars Nataša Jovanović Ajzenhamer and Haris Dajč described as rather pragmatic.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> Besides this, SPS has also been also described as pro-Russian.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Demographic characteristics
Before the federal parliamentary election in December 1992, the Institute of Social Studies polled that a majority of SPS supporters preferred a citizen state over a nation state.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp According to political scientist Dragomir Pantić, supporters of SPS in the early 2000s were mostly elderly people, traditionalists, and those without higher education.<ref name=":42">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp In comparison with its demographic from the 1990s, the percentage of workers and farmers increased amongst its base in the 2000s.<ref name=":42" />Template:Rp According to a CeSID opinion poll from 2005, SPS supporters consisted of unskilled and semi-skilled workers.<ref name=":42" />Template:Rp
In 2007, political scientist Srećko Mihailović noted that most of the SPS supporters saw themselves on the far-left, that 19 percent of them saw themselves on the left-wing, while 8 percent only saw themselves as centre-left.<ref name="Vujačić2">Template:Cite book</ref> According to CeSID in 2008, a majority of supporters of the SPS–PUPS–JS coalition were Eurosceptics.<ref name=":19" />Template:Rp In 2014, CeSID and National Democratic Institute polled that 59 percent of SPS supporters were women and that 58 percent of all SPS supporters were 50 years old or older.<ref name=":22" />Template:Rp However, by 2016 a majority of the supporters were over 60 years old.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Heinrich Böll Foundation conducted a research in November 2020 in which most SPS supporters were against the accession of Serbia to the European Union, preferred closer relations with Russia instead, and wanted to implement laws to preserve patriarchal family values.<ref name=":310">Template:Cite web</ref>
Organisation
The current president of SPS is Dačić, who was most recently re-elected in December 2022, while the current vice-presidents are Aleksandar Antić, Branko Ružić, Dušan Bajatović, Novica Tončev, Predrag J. Marković, Slavica Đukić Dejanović, Đorđe Milićević, and Žarko Obradović.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The president of its parliamentary group is Snežana Paunović.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The headquarters of SPS is located at Bulevar Mihajla Pupina 6 in Belgrade.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It has a youth wing named Socialist Youth and a women's wing named Women's Forum.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Its membership from its foundation in 1990 to 1997 involved many elements of the social strata of Serbia, including state administrators and business management elites of state-owned enterprises, employees in the state-owned sector, less privileged groups of farmers, and the unemployed and pensioners.<ref name=":2" />Template:Rp From 1998 to 2000, its membership included apparatchiks at administrative and judicial levels, the nouveau riche, whose business success was founded solely from their affiliation with the government, and top army and police officials and a large majority of the police force.<ref name=":2" />Template:Rp In 2011, SPS reported to have had 120,000 members, while in 2014 SPS stated that they had around 200,000 members.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> SPS reported to have 65,000 members in 2015.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2016, it was reported that SPS had 195,000 members.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
International cooperation
SPS cooperated with Momir Bulatović in Montenegro and the parties he led, while in Bosnia and Herzegovina SPS used to cooperate with Karadžić's Serb Democratic Party and with the Socialist Party.<ref name=":28" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> SPS cooperates with Syriza, a political party in Greece.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Following the 2008 elections, SPS sent an application to join the Socialist International while Dačić also met with its then-president George Papandreou.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, the Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina opposed this move and called for its application to be declined, while Jelko Kacin, a Liberal Democracy of Slovenia politician, claimed that Tadić blocked SPS from joining the Socialist International.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Its candidature has not yet been accepted, although SPS also seeks associate member status in the Party of European Socialists.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, SPS is represented by Dunja Simonović Bratić, who sits in the Socialists, Democrats and Greens Group.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
List of presidents
| Template:No. | President | Birth–Death | Term start | Term end | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | style="background:Template:Party color"| | Slobodan Milošević | A photo of Slobodan Milošević in 2001 | 1941–2006 | 17 July 1990 | 24 May 1991 |
| 2 | style="background:Template:Party color"| | Borisav Jović | A photo of Borisav Jović in 2009 | 1928–2021 | 24 May 1991 | 24 October 1992 |
| 3 | style="background:Template:Party color"| | Slobodan Milošević | A photo of Slobodan Milošević in 2001 | 1941–2006 | 24 October 1992 | 11 March 2006 |
| 4 | style="background:Template:Party color"| | Ivica Dačić | A photo of Ivica Dačić in 2023 | 1966– | 11 March 2006 | Incumbent |
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Electoral performance
Parliamentary elections
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DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1990 till:31/12/2024 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/1990 Legend = columns:3 left:40 top:75 columnwidth:90
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Presidential elections
| Year | Candidate | 1st round popular vote | % of popular vote | 2nd round popular vote | % of popular vote | Notes | Template:Refh | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | Slobodan Milošević | Template:Yes2 | 3,285,799 | 67.71% | Template:N/a | — | — | <ref name="izbori1990"/> | |
| 1992 | Template:Yes2 | 2,515,047 | 57.46% | Template:N/a | — | — | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
| Sep 1997 | Zoran Lilić | Template:Yes2 | 1,474,924 | 37.12% | Template:No2 | 1,691,354 | 49.38% | Election annulled due to low turnout | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Dec 1997 | Milan Milutinović | Template:Yes2 | 1,665,822 | 44.62% | Template:Yes2 | 2,181,808 | 61.19% | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | |
| Sep–Oct 2002 | Bata Živojinović | Template:No2 | 119,052 | 3.34% | Template:N/a | — | — | Election annulled due to low turnout | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Dec 2002 | Vojislav Šešelj | Template:No2 | 1,063,296 | 37.10% | Template:N/a | — | — | Supported Šešelj; election annulled due to low turnout | |
| 2003 | Election boycott | Election annulled due to low turnout | |||||||
| 2004 | Ivica Dačić | Template:No2 | 125,952 | 4.09% | Template:N/a | — | — | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | |
| 2008 | Milutin Mrkonjić | Template:No2 | 245,889 | 6.09% | Template:N/a | — | — | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | |
| 2012 | Ivica Dačić | Template:No2 | 556,013 | 14.89% | Template:N/a | — | — | <ref name="izbori2012"/> | |
| 2017 | Aleksandar Vučić | Template:Yes2 | 2,012,788 | 56.01% | Template:N/a | — | — | Supported Vučić | <ref>Template:Cite book</ref> |
| 2022 | Template:Yes2 | 2,224,914 | 60.01% | Template:N/a | — | — | <ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | ||
Federal parliamentary elections
| Year | Leader | Popular vote | % of popular vote | Template:No. | # of seats | Seat change | Coalition | Status | Notes | Template:Refh |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 1992 | Slobodan Milošević | 1,655,485 | 49.05% | Template:Increase 1st | Template:Composition bar | Template:Increase 73 | – | Template:Yes2 | <ref name=":7"/>Template:Rp | |
| 1992–1993 | 1,478,918 | 33.34% | Template:Steady 1st | Template:Composition bar | Template:Decrease 26 | – | Template:Yes2 | <ref name=":7"/>Template:Rp | ||
| 1996 | 1,848,669 | 45.34% | Template:Steady 1st | Template:Composition bar | Template:Increase 5 | Left Coalition | Template:Yes2 | <ref name=":7"/>Template:Rp | ||
| 2000 | 1,532,841 | 33.95% | Template:Decrease 2nd | Template:Composition bar | Template:Decrease 8 | – | Template:No2 | Chamber of Citizens election | <ref name=":7"/>Template:Rp | |
| 1,479,583 | 32.68% | Template:Increase 2nd | Template:Composition bar | Template:Increase 7 | – | Template:No2 | Chamber of Republics election | <ref name=":7"/>Template:Rp |
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Federal presidential elections
| Year | Candidate | 1st round popular vote | % of popular vote | 2nd round popular vote | % of popular vote | Template:Refh | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Slobodan Milošević | Template:No2 | 1,826,799 | 38.24% | Template:N/a | — | — | <ref name=":7"/>Template:Rp |
References
External links
Template:Serbian political parties Template:Socialist Party of Serbia Template:Authority control