Stone Mountain
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy datesTemplate:Infobox mountain
Stone Mountain is a quartz monzonite dome monadnock and the site of Stone Mountain Park, Template:Convert east of Atlanta, Georgia. Outside the park is the city of Stone Mountain, Georgia. The park is the most visited tourist site in the state of Georgia.
Stone Mountain, once owned by the Venable Brothers,<ref name="Venable Brothers">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> was purchased by the state of Georgia in 1958 "as a memorial to the Confederacy."<ref name="Birth">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Stone Mountain Park officially opened on April 14, 1965 – 100 years to the day after Lincoln's assassination,<ref name="McKinney">Template:Cite journal</ref> although recreational use of the park had been ongoing for several years prior.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The park today is owned by the state of Georgia.
The mountain, which ranges in composition from quartz monzonite to granite and granodiorite, is more than Template:Convert in circumference at its base. The summit of the mountain can be reached by a walk-up trail on the west side of the mountain or by the Skyride aerial tram.
At its summit, the elevation is Template:Convert above sea level and Template:Convert above the surrounding area. Stone Mountain is well known for not only its geology, but also the enormous rock relief on its north face, the largest bas-relief artwork in the world.<ref name="GeorgiaGov">"Stone Mountain Template:Webarchive." georgia.gov, retrieved February 2007.</ref> The carving, completed in 1972, depicts three Confederate leaders, Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, and Stonewall Jackson.<ref name="Stone Mountain Controversy">"What Will Happen to Stone Mountain, America’s Largest Confederate Memorial? Template:Webarchive." "smithsonianmag.com," retrieved May 2018.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Geology
Stone Mountain is a pluton, a type of igneous intrusion. Primarily composed of quartz monzonite, the dome of Stone Mountain was formed during the formation of the Blue Ridge Mountains around 300–350 million years ago (during the Carboniferous period), part of the Appalachian Mountains.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It formed as a result of the upwelling of magma from within the Earth's crust. This magma solidified to form granite within the crust Template:Convert below the surface.
The Stone Mountain pluton continues underground Template:Convert at its longest point into Gwinnett County. Numerous reference books and Georgia literature have dubbed Stone Mountain as "the largest exposed piece of granite in the world".<ref name="readersnatural">Template:Cite book</ref> This misconception is most likely a result of misrepresentation by granite companies and early park administration. Stone Mountain, though often called a pink granite dome, actually ranges in composition from quartz monzonite<ref>Herrmann, L.A. 1954. Geology of the Stone Mountain-Lithonia District, Georgia. Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 61. Atlanta, GA.</ref> to granite and granodiorite.<ref>Grant, W.H. 1962. Field excursion, Stone Mountain-Lithonia district. Georgia Geologic Survey Guidebook 2. Atlanta, Georgia</ref>
The minerals within the rock include quartz, plagioclase feldspar, microcline, and muscovite, with smaller amounts of biotite and tourmaline. The tourmaline is mostly black in color, and the majority of it exists as optically continuous skeletal<ref>Skeletal Tourmaline, Undercooling, and Crystallization History of the Stone Mountain Granite, Georgia, U.S.A., Kristen M. Longfellow and Samuel E. Swanson (incomplete ref)</ref> crystals, but much larger, euhedral pegmatitic tourmaline crystals can also be found in the mountain's numerous, cross-cutting felsic dikes. Embedded in the granite are xenoliths or pieces of foreign rocks entrained in the magma.
The granite intruded into the metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont region during the last stages of the Alleghenian Orogeny, which was the time when North America and North Africa collided. Over time, erosion eventually exposed the present mountain of more resistant igneous rock. This intrusion of granite also gave rise to Panola Mountain and Arabia Mountain, both in DeKalb County, smaller outcroppings farther south of Stone Mountain.
Natural history
The top of the mountain is a landscape of bare rock and rock pools, and it provides views of the surrounding area including the skyline of downtown Atlanta, often Kennesaw Mountain, and on very clear days even the Appalachian Mountains. On some days, the top of the mountain is shrouded in a heavy fog, and visibility may be limited to only a few feet.
The clear freshwater pools on the summit form by rainwater gathering in eroded depressions, and are home to unusual clam shrimp and fairy shrimp. The tiny shrimp appear only during the rainy season. Through the process of cryptobiosis, the tiny shrimp eggs (or cysts) can remain dormant for years in the dried out depressions, awaiting favorable conditions. These vernal pools are also home to several federally listed rare and endangered plant species, such as black-spored quillwort (Isoetes melanospora) and pool sprite (also called snorkelwort, Gratiola amphiantha).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The mountain's lower slopes are wooded. The rare Georgia oak was first discovered at the summit, and several specimens can easily be found along the walk-up trail and in the woods around the base of the mountain. In the fall, the Confederate yellow daisy (Helianthus porteri) flowers appear on the mountain, growing in rock crevices and in the large wooded areas. More than 120 wildflowers, most of them native to the Southern Appalachians and including several rare or federally protected species, have been identified on the mountain.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
-
Leaves of the Georgia oak
-
Confederate yellow daisy (Helianthus porteri)
-
Pool sprite (Gratiola amphiantha)
-
Quillwort (Isoetes melanospora)
.jpg){kind=link}
Confederate Memorial Carving
The largest bas-relief sculpture in the world, the Confederate Memorial Carving depicts three Confederate leaders of the Civil War: President Jefferson Davis and Generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson (on their favorite horses, Blackjack, Traveller, and Little Sorrel, respectively). The sculpture was cut Template:Convert deep into the mountain,<ref name=Smith>Template:Cite web</ref> measures Template:Convert in height and Template:Convert in width,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and lies Template:Convert above the ground.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
David Freeman, writing on the origins of the memorial, states: "Who first conceived of a Confederate memorial on the side of Stone Mountain has long been a matter of debate..... The written evidence...points to Francis Ticknor, a nineteenth-century physician and poet from Jones County, Georgia...in an 1869 poem.... William H. Terrell, an Atlanta attorney and son of a Confederate veteran, ...suggested it publicly on May 26, 1914 in an editorial for the Atlanta Constitution."<ref name=Freeman/>Template:Rp Three weeks later, Georgian John Temple Graves, editor of the New York American, suggested it should have a Template:Convert statue of Robert E. Lee.<ref name=Freeman/>Template:Rp
The project was greatly advanced by C. Helen Plane,<ref name="Emory">Stone Mountain collection, 1915-1977. Manuscript Collection No. 95. Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library. Emory University. emory.edu. Retrieved 2017-08-25.</ref> a charter member of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) and first president and Honorary Life President of the Georgia State Division.<ref name=Freeman/>Template:Rp After obtaining the approval of the Georgia UDC, she set up the UDC Stone Mountain Memorial Association in 1914, when she was 85 years old. She convinced Samuel Venable of the Venable Brothers Granite Company, an active Klan member and owner of the mountain, to deed one side of the mountain for the project.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> She chose the sculptor Gutzon Borglum for the project and invited him to visit the mountain (although, despite his Ku Klux Klan involvement,<ref name=Freeman/>Template:Rp she "would not shake his hand—he was, after all, a Yankee").<ref name=Freeman/>Template:Rp She met him at the Atlanta train station, took him to her family's summer home, Mont Rest, at the foot of the mountain, and introduced him to Samuel Venable,.<ref name=Freeman/>Template:Rp Borglum also enlisted Luigi Del Bianco, whom he would also involve in Mount Rushmore.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Borglum's original plan was having five groups of figures, sixty-five mounted officers representing the states (to be chosen by the states), General Nathan Bedford Forrest and his cavalry—some 700 to 1,000 figures, each from Template:Convert to Template:Convert high. In addition, Borglum planned a room cut Template:Convert into the mountain, Template:Convert wide, and Template:Convert high, faced by 13 columns.<ref name=Freeman/>Template:Rp
Venable deeded the north face of the mountain to the UDC in 1916, on the condition that it complete a sizable Civil War monument in 12 years. Finances as well as technical problems slowed progress. The U.S. Mint issued a 1925 Commemorative silver U.S. half dollar, bearing the words "Stone Mountain", as a fundraiser for the monument.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This issue, which required the approval of both the 1926 Congress and President Calvin Coolidge, was the largest issue of commemorative coins by the U.S. government up to that time.<ref name="Freeman">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
Financial conflicts between Borglum and the Association led to his firing in 1925.<ref name=Freeman/>Template:Rp Borglum destroyed his models, claiming that they were his property, but the Association disagreed and had a warrant issued for his arrest. He was warned of the arrest and narrowly escaped to North Carolina, whose governor, Angus McLean, refused to extradite him,<ref name=Freeman/>Template:Rp though he could not return to Georgia. The affair was highly publicized and there was much discussion and discord, including discord between Sam Venable, the Association and Association president Hollins Randolph.<ref name=Freeman/>Template:Rp The face of Lee that Borglum had partially completed was blasted off the mountain in 1928.<ref name=Freeman/>Template:Rp
After a number of sculptors turned them down,<ref name=Freeman/>Template:Rp Augustus Lukeman took up the work in 1925, with a different, smaller design. Fundraising was even more difficult after the public debate and name-calling, and work stopped in 1928. In 1941, segregationist Governor Eugene Talmadge formed the Stone Mountain Memorial Association (SMMA) to continue work on the memorial, but the project was delayed once again by the United States' entry into World War II (1941–45).<ref name=Encycl />
In response to the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling and the birth of the civil rights movement, in 1958, at the urging of segregationist Governor Marvin Griffin,<ref name=McKinney />Template:Rp the Georgia legislature approved a measure to purchase Stone Mountain at a price of $1,125,000. In 1963, Walker Hancock was selected to complete the carving, and work began in 1964. The carving was dedicated in a ceremony on May 9, 1970.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The carving was completed by Roy Faulkner on March 3, 1972.<ref name="SMHistory">Template:Cite web</ref> Faulkner in 1985 opened the Stone Mountain Carving Museum (now closed) on nearby Memorial Drive commemorating the carving's history.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> An extensive archival collection related to the project is now at Emory University, with the bulk of the materials dating from 1915 to 1930; the finding aid provides a history of the project, and an index of the papers contained in the collection.<ref name="Emory" />
Four flags of the Confederacy are flown at the site.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Stone Mountain Memorial Lawn "contains...thirteen terraces—one for each Confederate state.... Each terrace flies the flag that the state flew as member of the Confederacy."<ref name="Myajc">Template:Cite news</ref>
Replica plantation
In 1963, beneath the sculpture, a replica plantation whose slave quarters were described as "neat" and "well furnished" in promotional materials was opened to the public. The slaves were called "hands" or "workers", and black actress Butterfly McQueen (from Gone with the Wind) was hired to guide and inform visitors.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The park states that the plantation was inspired by Gone with the Wind.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "Historic Square was opened in 1963 and was originally known as Stone Acres Plantation and later as the Antebellum Plantation before being renamed Historic Square.... Historic Square's clapboard slave cabins were moved intact from the Graves Plantation near Covington, Georgia, where they were built between 1825 and 1840".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Involvement of the Ku Klux Klan
According to sociologist James W. Loewen, Stone Mountain was "the sacred site to members of the second and third national klans."<ref name="Loewen">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Loewen describes how the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan—the second Klan—was inspired by D. W. Griffith's 1915 Klan-glorifying film, The Birth of a Nation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> That was followed in August by the highly publicized lynching of Leo Frank, who had been convicted of murder, in nearby Marietta, Georgia. On November 25 of the same year, Thanksgiving Day, a small group, including fifteen robed and hooded "charter members" of the new organization, met at the summit of Stone Mountain to create a new iteration of the Klan. Led by William J. Simmons, it included two elderly members of the original Klan. As part of their ceremony, they set up on the summit an altar covered with a flag, opened a Bible, and burned a Template:Cvt cross.<ref name=McKinney />Template:Rp<ref name="time">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
James R. Venable attended the 1915 revival of the KKK on top of Stone Mountain and later became an Imperial Wizard of the National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, which was one of the later KKK factions.<ref name="Gray2017">Template:Cite web</ref> He owned land at the base of the mountain that he had inherited from his ancestors, and in October 1923 he granted the Klan an easement with perpetual right to hold celebrations as they desired.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, the property was condemned in 1960 at the behest of the Stone Mountain Memorial Association.<ref name="CourtCase">Template:Cite web</ref>
The Klan also held cross-burnings at the summit of the mountain on different occasions from 1915 onward.<ref name="Sharpe2017">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This practice came to an end in 1962, when the Klan attempted to hold a mountaintop cross-burning in response to the NAACP holding its national convention in Atlanta.<ref name="Sharpe2017"/> The Stone Mountain Memorial Association did not want either group using state property for demonstrations, and convinced Governor Ernest Vandiver to order state troopers to stop the event.<ref name="Sharpe2017"/> Seventy troopers attempted to stop several hundred Klansmen gathered at the base of the mountain from climbing to the summit, but the Klansmen were armed with billy clubs, flashlights, and stones, and greatly outnumbered the officers.<ref name="Sharpe2017"/> The police negotiated a truce with the local Klan Grand Dragon, under which the Klansmen would refrain from further violence, but 20 of their number would be allowed to climb the mountain for a "religious ceremony", and the cross-burning was substituted with the lighting of a flare.<ref name="Sharpe2017"/>
In August 2017, the Klan was denied a permit for a mountaintop cross-burning.<ref name="Sharpe2017"/>
Fundraising for the monument resumed in 1923. The influence of the UDC continued, in support of Mrs. Plane's vision of a carving explicitly for the purpose of creating a Confederate memorial. She suggested in a letter to the first sculptor, Gutzon Borglum:
The UDC established the Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial Association (SMCMA) for fundraising and on-site supervision of the project. Venable and Borglum, both closely associated with the Klan, arranged to pack the SMCMA with Klan members.<ref name="ngeorgia.com">Template:Cite web</ref> The SMCMA, along with the United Daughters of the Confederacy, continued fundraising efforts. Of the $250,000 (~$Template:Format price in Template:Inflation/year) raised, part came from the federal government, which in 1925 issued commemorative fifty-cent coins with the soldiers Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson on them.<ref>Shaff, Howard & Audrey arl Shaff, Six Wars at a Time: the life and times of Gutzon Borglum, Sculptor of Mt. Rushmore, The Center For Western Studies, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 1985 p. 207</ref> The image on the back of the coin was based on The Last Meeting of Lee and Jackson,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> executed in 1869 by Everett B. D. Fabrino Julio,Template:Efn itself an icon of Lost Cause mythology; it is now in the American Civil War Museum (until 2012 the Museum of the Confederacy).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> When the state completed the purchase in 1960, it condemned the property to void Venable's agreement to allow the Klan perpetual right to hold meetings on the premises.<ref name="ngeorgia.com" />
Proposed removal of the carving
Template:See also After the Charleston church shooting in June 2015, Stone Mountain was the subject of a political debate related to the removal of symbols of the Confederacy.<ref>Template:Cite web.</ref> This controversy was stimulated by a movement in other states to remove the Confederate battle flag and statues of Confederate leaders from public areas.
In July 2015, the Atlanta NAACP proposed removing the Confederate carving from Stone Mountain Park.<ref>Template:Cite news"</ref> However, this would require the approval of the Georgia Legislature, as would any change to a "military monument" in the state.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On October 11, 2015, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported the park was considering a proposal of a permanent "Freedom Bell" honoring Martin Luther King Jr. and the line "Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia", from King's 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The proposed monument is inspired by a bell-ringing ceremony held in 2013 honoring the 50th anniversary of King's speech. It is not supported by the NAACP or King-founded Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), who want the Confederate symbols removed rather than a King symbol added.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Advance Local reported in 2015 that both the DeKalb County branch of the NAACP and the Sons of Confederate Veterans were opposed to the bell because it would have been put next to a Confederate monument. Representatives of the NAACP were quoted in the article saying "It's an attempt to gain support from blacks to keep these racist and demeaning symbols."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Update inline
In August 2017, after the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia—a white nationalist protest against the removal of the Robert E. Lee monument and Stonewall Jackson sculpture in the city—turned violent, many people across the country again demanded the removal of Confederate monuments and memorials as part of a national political debate.<ref name="latimes1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Georgia State Representative and Democratic gubernatorial candidate Stacey Abrams called for the removal, by sandblasting, of Stone Mountain's carving.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She called it "a blight upon our state".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Public opposition
The history of Stone Mountain as a headquarters and site of importance to the Ku Klux Klan has led to public advocacy for the removal of the monument's protected status. Under a 2001 Georgia law, historical monuments cannot be removed, as they are deemed property of the local government in which they reside.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The law explicitly protects war monuments historically significant to the United States, the Confederacy of the United States, or the State of Georgia. Given this, the removal of the carving on Stone Mountain has not been successful under current laws. In addition to its status as a historical monument, Stone Mountain has additional protection under Georgia state law. Part 4 of Article 6 of Chapter 3 of Title 12 of the Official Code of Georgia still requires the SMMA to maintain Stone Mountain as a memorial to the confederacy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2020, the formation of an advocacy organization, Stone Mountain Action Coalition was founded as a movement
dedicated to a more inclusive Stone Mountain Park centered on the principles of healing, transformation and progress. SMAC membership is a diverse coalition of concerned citizens, political leaders, community organizations, faith-based groups and businesses who are dedicated to supporting constructive solutions and ideas that reflect a new, shared vision for the Park.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The coalition became active in 2020 with the objectives to create a more honest portrayal of the history of white supremacy associated with Stone Mountain, and to advance the offerings of the park to attract a broader range of visitors, improving the economic viability of the park. The coalition supports the passage of Georgia state bill HB-243, which would repeal the historical mandate that Georgia operate Stone Mountain as a memorial to the Confederacy. In February 2025, the bill was introduced in the Georgia House of Representatives. The bill is currently sponsored by six Democratic state senators, including Billy Mitchell, Mary Oliver, Angela Moore, Dar'shun Kendrick, Scott Holcomb, and Karen Lupton.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A similar bill, HB 794, introduced in 2023 and supported by the coalition, was stalled in the legislature and did not become law.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Other demands by the coalition are to remove the names of Confederate leaders from the streets bordering the park, issue an anti-racism statement, and refuse permits to hate groups, primarily the Ku Klux Klan, and make SMMA board meetings monthly and open to the public.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On July 5, 2020, 100 to 200 armed protesters came to Stone Mountain to call for the carving's removal.<ref name="Armed Protesters">Template:Cite news</ref> Known as the Not Fucking Around Coalition (NFAC), it was a protest against both overt and systemic racism, calling out white supremacists, with the location being chosen in part due to its history as the place where the Ku Klux Klan was re-formed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On August 15, 2020, the park administration temporarily closed its gates in reaction to a gathering of white nationalists planned there, and the city's public buses were suspended for the day. Despite the closure of the park, a physical altercation took place downtown between a group of white nationalist protesters and far-left counter-protesters, though no injuries were reported.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In April 2025 an annual event for Confederate Memorial Day was held in the park by the Sons of Confederate Veterans. The keynote speaker was Walter Kennedy, a founding member of the League of the South and the Nationalist Front group, two far-right extremists groups responsible for organizing the 2017 Unite the Right Rally. Given its current status as a memorial to the Confederacy, it is popular assembly point for members of the Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV) and similar organizations. SCV has applied for a permit for assembly within the park each year for the Confederate's Memorial Day event since the SMMA required an application for events. In 2021, the group was denied a permit for the event, with concerns for the spread of COVID-19 being cited,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but it was granted one in subsequent years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2022, civil rights activists protested outside the SCV event.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The annual event is controversial in the surrounding city of Stone Mountain and has drawn criticism from the local community due to public safety risks and opposition to hosting the influx of attendees.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
History
Human habitation of Stone Mountain and its surroundings date back into prehistory. When the mountain was first encountered by European explorers, its summit was encircled by a rock wall, similar to that still to be found on Georgia's Fort Mountain. The wall is believed to have been built by early Native American inhabitants of the area, although its purpose remains unclear. By the beginning of the 20th century, the wall had disappeared, the rocks having been taken away by early visitors as souvenirs, rolled down the rockface, or removed by the commercial quarrying operation. The mountain was the eastern end of the Campbellton Trail, a Native American path that ran through what is now the Atlanta area.
Europeans first learned of the mountain in 1567, when Spanish explorers were told of a mountain farther inland which was "very high, shining when the sun set like a fire."Template:Explain By this time, the Stone Mountain area was inhabited by the Creek and (to a lesser extent) Cherokee peoples.
In the early 19th century, the area was known as Rock Mountain. After the founding of DeKalb County and the county seat of Decatur in 1822, Stone Mountain was a natural recreation area; it was common for young couples on dates to ride to the mountain on horseback. The mountain is easy to climb and there has been a path since the nineteenth century.
Entrepreneur Aaron Cloud built a Template:Convert wooden observation tower at the summit of the mountain in 1838, but it was destroyed by a storm and replaced by a much smaller tower in 1851. Visitors to the mountain would travel to the area by rail and road, and then walk up the Template:Convert mountaintop trail to the top, where Cloud also had a restaurant and club.
Granite quarrying started at Stone Mountain in the 1830s, but became a major industry following the completion of a railroad spur to the quarry site in 1847. This line was rebuilt by the Georgia Railroad in 1869. Over the years, Stone Mountain granite was used in many buildings and structures, including the locks of the Panama Canal, the steps to the East Wing of the United States Capitol and the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. In recent years, granite suppliers in Georgia sent stone samples cut from Stone Mountain to the group responsible for planning the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial in Washington, D.C.; the foundation later chose to use granite imported from China.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Quarrying during earlier periods also destroyed several spectacular geological features on Stone Mountain, such as the Devil's Crossroads, which was located on top of the mountain.
In 1887, Stone Mountain was purchased for $45,000 by the Venable Brothers of Atlanta, who quarried the mountain for 24 more years, and descendants of the Venable family would retain ownership of the mountain until it was purchased by the State of Georgia in 1958.
Martin Luther King Jr. mentioned the monument in his "I Have a Dream" speech at the August 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, when he said "let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!"<ref name="yale king">Template:Cite web</ref>
During the 1996 Summer Olympics, Stone Mountain Park provided venues for Olympic events in tennis, archery and track cycling.<ref>1996 Summer Olympics official report. Template:Webarchive Volume 1. p. 543.</ref><ref>1996 Summer Olympics official report. Template:Webarchive Volume 3. pp. 448, 453.</ref> The venues for archery and cycling were temporary and are now part of the songbird and habitat trail.<ref>Driving Map: Stone Mountain Park (2009). Pamphlet. Stone Mountain, Georgia: Stone Mountain Park.</ref>
Some of the outdoor scenes for the Netflix series Stranger Things were filmed in the park.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Aviation incidents
According to George Weiblen's annotated calendar for Monday, May 7, 1928: "Mail plane crashed on mountain at 8:00 P.M."<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> The pilot, Johnny S. Kytle (1905–1931), not only survived the crash, but managed to grab the mail and walk down the mountain.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Around dusk on September 16, 2003, in clear weather, a small airplane circled the mountain five times, crashed headlong into the south side, and burst into flames. The pilot was killed. A witness testifying at the NTSB investigation stated that the pilot, a 69-year-old accountant, had threatened on multiple occasions to commit suicide by flying into the mountain. The official NTSB accident report lists the probable cause as "the pilot's intentional flight into the ground for the purpose of suicide while impaired by alcohol."<ref>NTSB Accident Report: Stone Mountain Template:Webarchive, 16 September 2003.</ref>
Governance
Stone Mountain Park, which surrounds the Confederate Memorial, is owned by the state of Georgia and managed by the Stone Mountain Memorial Association (SMMA), a Georgia state authority. As of August, 2022, the board entered a 10-year contract (with the option to renew for up to 30 years) with Thrive Attractions Management Group, LLC, to operate park attractions. The SMMA retains ownership, while Thrive keeps 2% of the annual gross revenues from the park's hotels and 3% of gross revenues from other areas.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref>
From 1999 to 2022, park attractions were managed by Herschend Family Entertainment Corporation, which had a 30-year contract to operate attractions. Under terms of a 1999 agreement, Herschend paid the state of Georgia $11 million (~$Template:Format price in Template:Inflation/year) annually, while the Stone Mountain Memorial Association had the right to reject any project deemed unfit. In 2018, Herschend Family Entertainment Corporation decided to end their contract early after only 20 years due to record losses in 2017 and 2018, citing decreased revenues and "protests and division" fueled by the park's ubiquitous Confederate imagery as factors. Bids for a new management company for Stone Mountain Park were submitted in October 2021.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Thrive Attractions Management Group, LLC, started by the previous Vice President of Herschend Family Entertainment Corporation and general manager of Stone Mountain Park for 10 years, Michael Dombrowski, submitted the only bid to the SMMA, which was approved on May 23, 2022.<ref name=":0" />
Since 2022, Thrive Attractions has jointly managed the park alongside the SMMA in a public-private partnership. In the years following management change, the park has operated at a financial loss. In April 2025, it was reported in a public board meeting that the park is operating at a $1.6 million loss for the year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Board reported no receipt of funds from Thrive Attractions. The current CEO is Bill Stephens and the Chair of the Board of Directors is Reverend Abraham Mosley.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Places of interest
Template:More citations needed section
Confederate Hall, operated directly by the Stone Mountain Memorial Association (SMMA), is a museum that educates students and park guests on the geology and ecology of Stone Mountain as well as historical aspects of the area.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A small theater shows a historical documentary about the Civil War in Georgia called The Battle for Georgia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The education department is host to thousands of students each school year, teaching the subjects of geology, ecology, and history. Classes are designed to meet the Georgia Performance Standards and the North American Association for Environmental Education guidelines.
Historic Square (formerly The Antebellum Plantation and Farmyard) is an open-air museum composed of 19 historic buildings, built between 1790 and 1875, that have been re-erected on the site to represent a pre-Civil War Georgia plantation. The historic houses have been furnished with an extensive collection of period furniture and decorations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The farm features a petting zoo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A grist mill dates from 1869 and was moved to the park in 1965. A covered bridge dates from 1892 and originally spanned the Oconee River in Athens, Georgia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The park provides daily concerts on a large carillon that originated at the 1964 New York World's Fair. The instrument consists of 732 bell-tone rods, electronically amplified through 60 speakers in a decorative 13-story structure.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Broadcast tower
The short broadcast tower on the top of the mountain transmits two non-commercial stations: television station WGTV TV 8, and weather radio station KEC80 on 162.55 MHz. FM radio station WABE FM 90.1 was located on this tower from 1984 until 2005, when it was required to relocate to accommodate WGTV's digital conversion.Template:Citation needed W266BW FM 101.1 now has a permit as well. Atop the tower also sits the W4BOC amateur radio repeater, which operates on a frequency of 146.760 MHz. The tower is also used for the park's Project 25 two-way radio systems.<ref>Stone Mountain Park Memorial Association system: WPRF799 (public safety) Template:Webarchive FCC website</ref><ref>Stone Mountain Park Memorial Association system: WNAU431 (businesses) Template:Webarchive FCC website</ref>
Scenic railroad
Stone Mountain trails
Walk Up Trail is a Template:Convert trail to the top of Stone Mountain ascending Template:Convert in elevation to a height of Template:Convert. The trail is steep, but spectacular panoramic views and cool winds await hikers at the top.
Cherokee Trail is an Template:Convert National Recreation Trail.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It loops around the mountain base, with a mile section going up and over the west side of the mountain (crosses Walk Up Trail). It passes primarily through an oak-hickory forest, but views of the lakes, streams, and mountain are common.
Nature Garden Trail is a scenic Template:Convert loop trail through a mature oak-hickory forest community. It is excellent for viewing shade-loving native plants. A small garden with interpretive native plant signs is at the entrance to the trail.
Songbird Habitat Trails consists of two loop trails each running Template:Convert. The field trail is a birding spot and the woodland trail provides shade and numerous native plants. Dogs are not allowed.
Park attractions
The park is located in Stone Mountain, Georgia off of Highway 78. The park is located at 1000 Robert E. Lee Boulevard in Stone Mountain. Two other streets which intersect with Robert E. Lee Boulevard and encircle the Stone Mountain Park hold the names of the confederate general Stonewall Jackson and confederate commander-in-chief Jefferson Davis.
As of May 2025, the park is jointly managed by SMMA and Thrive Attractions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The park features several attractions. The Skyride, a Swiss-built cable car to the summit of the mountain, passes by the carving on the way up.
Historic Square is a collection of historic buildings relocated from around the state of Georgia, including three plantation houses dating from 1794, 1850 and 1845; two slave cabins; a barn; and other outbuildings. The Historic Square Farmyard features historic breeds of sheep, goats and pigs. Atlanta architect James Means, investor Christie Bell Kennedy, and antiques dealer Kenneth Garcia chose, moved, arranged, altered, and decorated the buildings between 1960 and 1963. Modeled after Colonial Williamsburg, the commercial concession originally opened as the "Antebellum Plantation".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Crossroads is a recreation of an 1872 Southern town with several attractions that include a modern 4-D movie theater, an adventure mini-golf course and a duck-tour ride. The duck boats have been replaced by the Rockin' Land and Lake Tour in 2019 due to several deaths in other locations caused by duck-boat accidents.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The tour includes a ride on a double-decker open-top bus and a pontoon boat ride at the marina. There are stores and restaurants. Craft demonstrators include glass blowing and candy-making.
The Dinotorium is a children's activity area that features 65 interactive games, climbing structures, trampoline floors and slides. Sky Hike is a family ropes adventure course; Geyser Towers is a playground featuring a large fountain at the entrance.
On summer evenings, the mountain hosts the Stone Mountain Laser Show Spectacular, a fireworks and laser lighting display. The laser light show projects images of the Deep South as well as Georgia history onto the Confederate Memorial carving. During Memorial Day Weekend of 2011, Stone Mountain unveiled its overhaul of the laser show, dubbed Mountainvision, which incorporates digital projections, lasers, special effects, and pyrotechnics. On Memorial Day Weekend of 2023 Stone Mountain park officially retired the Laser Show to make way for the brand new Music Across America Light Show. The Laser Show currently runs on selected nights as of 2023.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Documentary
Monument: The Untold Story of Stone Mountain is a 2022 documentary made by the Atlanta History Center.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
- Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Hudson, Paul Stephen, and Laura Pond Mirza (2011). Atlanta's Stone Mountain: A Multicultural HistoryTemplate:Full citation needed
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite web
- Template:Cite book
External links
Template:Commons category Template:Wikiquote
- Monument: The Untold Story of Stone Mountain
- Atlanta, Georgia, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
- City of Stone Mountain, Georgia, from the City of Stone Mountain
- Main Street Stone Mountain
- Stone Mountain article, from the New Georgia Encyclopedia
- Stone Mountain Park and City Information
- Stone Mountain Park Photos
- Stone Mountain Park website
- Stone Mountain Park guide, with current and historical photos
- Detailed history, Stone Mountain Park
- View from the top of Stone Mountain looking Northeast (1934)Template:Dead link and Granite Quarry at Stone Mountain (1913)Template:Dead link from the Georgia Geological Survey photographs in the collection of the Georgia Archives.
- Stone Mountain Granite Corporation – Producers and Manufacturers Stone Mountain Light Gray Granite For Building Work – Dorian Gray For Mausoleums and Monuments & Stone Mountain Granite Corporation Granite Price List, circa 1914 (Office, quarries, and finishing plant located at Stone Mountain, Georgia)
- Southeast Granite Company – Stone Mountain Granite Memorial/Monumental Stones Catalog (1920s)
- Shades of Gray: The Changing Focus of Stone Mountain Park
- Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Stone Mountain collection, 1915-1977
Template:Gutzon Borglum Template:Walker Hancock Template:Mountains of Georgia (U.S. State) Template:1996 Summer Olympic venues Template:Olympic venues archery Template:Olympic venues cycling Template:Navbox with collapsible groups Template:Georgia state parks Template:Stonewall Template:HFEC Template:Authority control
- Pages with broken file links
- Stone Mountain
- Aerial tramways in the United States
- American Civil War museums in Georgia (U.S. state)
- Colossal statues in the United States
- Confederate States of America monuments and memorials in Georgia
- Equestrian statues in Georgia (U.S. state)
- Granite domes
- Herschend Family Entertainment
- Inselbergs of North America
- Ku Klux Klan in Georgia (U.S. state)
- Landforms of DeKalb County, Georgia
- Lost Cause of the Confederacy
- Monoliths of the United States
- Monuments and memorials to Jefferson Davis
- Monuments and memorials to Robert E. Lee
- Mountains of Georgia (U.S. state)
- Museums in DeKalb County, Georgia
- Olympic archery venues
- Olympic cycling venues
- Open-air museums in Georgia (U.S. state)
- Outdoor sculptures in Georgia (U.S. state)
- Parks in Georgia (U.S. state)
- Plantations in the United States
- Protected areas established in 1958
- Protected areas of DeKalb County, Georgia
- Reliefs in the United States
- Rock reliefs
- Sculptures by Gutzon Borglum
- Sculptures by Walker Hancock
- Seven Natural Wonders of Georgia (U.S. state)
- Slave cabins and quarters in the United States
- Stonewall Jackson
- Tourist attractions in Atlanta
- Tourist attractions in DeKalb County, Georgia
- United Daughters of the Confederacy monuments and memorials
- Venues of the 1996 Summer Olympics
- Sculptures of horses