Suwon
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox settlement Suwon (Template:Korean; Template:IPA) is the largest city and capital of Gyeonggi Province, South Korea's most populous province. The city lies approximately Template:Convert south of the national capital, Seoul. With a population of 1.2 million,<ref name="Population">Template:Cite web</ref> Suwon has more inhabitants than Ulsan,<ref name="Population" /><ref name="UlsanPopulation">Template:Cite web</ref> though it enjoys a lesser degree of self-governance as a 'special case city'.<ref name="SpecialCaseKBS">Template:Cite news</ref>
Traditionally known as the 'City of Filial Piety',<ref name="Piety">Template:Cite news</ref> modern Suwon retains a variety of historical landmarks. As a walled city, it is a popular destination for day-trippers from Seoul,<ref name="NightTourismInitiative">Template:Cite news</ref> with the wall itself—Hwaseong Fortress—receiving 1½ million visits in 2015.<ref name="HwaseongNumbersJoongang">Template:Cite news</ref>
Suwon plays an important economic role as it is home to Samsung Electronics, Korea's largest and most profitable company.<ref name="SamsungSales">Template:Cite news</ref> The company's research and development centre is in Yeongtong District in eastern Suwon, where its headquarters have also been located since 2016.<ref name="SamsungHQ">Template:Cite news</ref> Samsung's prominence in Suwon is clear: the company is partnered with Sungkyunkwan University,<ref name="SamsungSKKU">Template:Cite web</ref> which has a campus in the city; it also owns the professional football team Suwon Samsung Bluewings. This team has won the K League four times<ref name="BluewingsHistoryGoalzz">Template:Cite web</ref> and the Asian Super Cup twice.<ref name="AsianSuperCup2001Stats">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="AsianSuperCup2002BBC">Template:Cite news</ref> The city is also home to the K League 1 team Suwon FC and the KBO League baseball team KT Wiz.
Suwon houses several well-known universities, most notably Sungkyunkwan University and Ajou University.<ref name="Suwon Statistics">Template:Cite web</ref> It is served by three expressways, the national railway network, and three lines on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway.
Name
Suwon means literally "water source".<ref name="LiteralMeaning">Template:Cite web</ref> The area has gone by different names since antiquity, but almost all of them have this meaning.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The name originally comes from the name of the statelet Template:Ill, from around the Proto–Three Kingdoms period.<ref name=":0" /> Afterwards, the area and what is now Hwaseong were together called Maehol, Maetkol, or Mulgol (Template:Korean).<ref name="OldNames">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":0" /> In Template:Nobr, the name was changed to Susŏng-gun (Template:Korean),<ref name="OldNames" /><ref name=":0" /> in order to disambiguate it from another territory with a similar-sounding name.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> In 940, its name was changed to Su-ju (Template:Korean).<ref name="OldNames" /><ref name=":0" /> In the 11th century, it went by either Susŏng (different Hanja: Template:Langx) or Hannam (Template:Korean).<ref name=":0" /> In 1310, it received the name Suwon.<ref name=":0" />
In English, the name was formerly often spelt Template:Nobr.<ref name="SouwenEncBrit">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
History
Early history
The area now corresponding to Suwon has been inhabited since at the latest the early Bronze Age. Artifacts from that period to the early Iron Age have been found in the area, and include objects such as pottery, sculpture, and arrowheads.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> One location where these materials have been found is at Template:Ill, which is now a Template:Ill.<ref name=":0" />
During the Three Kingdoms of Korea period, the area was described as being of the territory of the statelet Mosuguk, part of the Mahan confederacy.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The area came under the influence of Goguryeo in the late 5th century CE, and then later became part of Unified Silla (668–935).<ref name=":0" /><ref name="OldNames" />
It became part of Goryeo after a military campaign led by King Taejo.<ref name=":0" /> In the 13th and 14th centuries, the area was promoted, demoted, merged, and made part of various administrative districts. The area then became a part of Joseon upon its founding, and in 1395 was made an administrative center of Gyeonggi Province.<ref name=":0" />
Until the late 18th century, Suwon's administrative centre was in modern-day Annyeong-dong at the foot of Hwasan (a hill in Hwasan-dong, Hwaseong).<ref name="Relocation">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":0" /> In 1796, King Jeongjo relocated it to its current location at the foot of Paldalsan.<ref name="Relocation" /><ref name=":0" /> To protect this new city, he commanded the building of Hwaseong Fortress—a protective wall around the town.<ref name="UNESCO">Template:Cite web</ref>
An 1899 administrative report had the population at 49,708 people in 12,579 households.<ref name=":0" />
Japanese colonial period
During the 1910–1945 Japanese colonial period, a number of prominent Korean independence activists came from or operated in Suwon. Template:Ill and Yi Sŏn-gyŏng (Template:Korean) were both arrested for their activities.<ref name=":0" />
Liberation to Korean War periods
On 15 August 1949, Suwon was promoted from a county to a city, with some of its former territory made into Hwaseong County.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="HwaseongSplit">Template:Cite web</ref>
When the Korean War began, the United States Air Force 49th Fighter Wing, then stationed in Japan, was sent to Korea<ref name="49JapanKorea">Template:Cite web</ref> with an initial mission of evacuating civilians from Suwon and Gimpo.<ref name="SuwonUSArmy">Template:Cite web</ref> While on this mission, on Template:Nobr 1950, US planes in Suwon were attacked by North Korean fighters. The ensuing Battle of Suwon Airfield became the first aerial combat of the war.<ref name="FirstBattleMilitary">Template:Cite web</ref> Suwon Airfield was attacked again two days later while General Douglas MacArthur was on site.<ref name="MacArthurAttack">Template:Cite web</ref> Though the US repelled both attacks, Suwon fell to the advancing North Koreans one week later, on Template:Nobr 1950.<ref name="SuwonCaptureWestAustralian">Template:Cite news</ref> The following day saw the first land conflict between United States and North Korean forces, the Battle of Osan.
North Korean troops were not the only threat to life: in the early days of the war, southern authorities feared left-leaning civilians, and many were killed.<ref name="AdmissionSydneyHerald">Template:Cite news</ref> Suwon was a site of such killings: eyewitness account from US intelligence officer Donald Nichols places Suwon as the location of a massacre of approximately 1,800 in late June 1950.<ref name="MassacreNichols">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="MassacreKim">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="MassacreCBS">Template:Cite news</ref>
Suwon was retaken, fell again to the North, before being recaptured for the final time. In total, the city changed hands four times during the war.<ref name="ChangedHandsFourTimesManchesterRegiment">Template:Cite web</ref>
While under southern authority, Suwon hosted forces from several countries. For example, on Template:Nobr 1950, the Greek Expeditionary Force relocated from Busan to Suwon, attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division.<ref name="GreekForce">Template:Cite book</ref> The city also appeared strategically important, as in late 1951, the US Air Force's top fighter pilot Gabby Gabreski was placed in charge of Suwon Air Base.<ref name="SuwonUSArmy" /><ref name="Gabreski">Template:Cite book</ref>
A memorial to French forces was erected in 1974 near the Yeongdong Expressway's North Suwon exit.<ref name="FrenchMemorial">Template:Cite web</ref> This was renovated in 2013.<ref name="FrenchMemorialDetails">Template:Cite web</ref>
Recent history
In 1964, the headquarters of Gyeonggi Province began a process of relocation from Seoul to Suwon.<ref name="CouncilHistory">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":0" /> Seoul had left the province in 1949.<ref name="SeoulSeparationLaw">Template:Cite web</ref> When the construction of the headquarters was completed on 23 June 1967, the date was set as a new annual holiday: Suwon Citizen's Day (Template:Korean). The Hwahong Cultural Festival (now Template:Ill) was established to celebrate the occasion.<ref name=":0" />
Suwon has experienced a number of administrative territory changes since the 1960s. In 1963, Suwon expanded greatly as 20 villages were incorporated from Hwaseong-gun.<ref name="1963Law">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1983, two more villages were acquired from Yongin.<ref name="1983Law">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":0" /> In 1987, Suwon expanded westwards, acquiring another two villages from Hwaseong.<ref name="1987Law">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="HomaesilTransfer">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":0" /> Gwonseon District and Paldal District were established in 1988.<ref name=":0" /> It received more territory from Hwaseong and Yongin in 1994,<ref name="1994Law">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":0" /> and again from Hwaseong in 1995.<ref name=":0" /> It established Yeongtong District in 2003.<ref name=":0" />
In preparation for the construction of a new planned city Gwanggyo, there were two-way exchanges of land between Suwon and Yongin in 2007<ref name="2007Law">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="GwanggyoExchange">Template:Cite news</ref> and 2019.<ref name="2019Law">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="SecondGwanggyoExchange">Template:Cite news</ref> Suwon's most recent land exchange occurred in 2020, when it swapped some land parcels with Hwaseong.<ref name="2020Law">Template:Cite web</ref>
Geography
Suwon lies in the north of the Gyeonggi plain, Template:Convert south of the national capital, Seoul. It is bordered by the cities of Uiwang to the north-west, Yongin to the east, Hwaseong to the south-west, and Ansan to the west.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Suwon is near the Yellow Sea coast: at its closest point, on the Template:Convert Chilbosan ridge to the west, Suwon lies Template:Convert from Ueumdo<ref name="CoastDistanceFreeMapTools">Template:Cite web</ref> in Sihwa Lake, a coastal inlet cordoned off to drive the world's largest tidal power station.<ref name="Chilbosan">Template:Cite news</ref>
Geology and topography
Suwon is primarily composed of Precambrian metamorphic rock. It has amphibolites that intrude through these, and also granites from the Mesozoic Era.<ref name="GeologyOverview">Template:Cite web</ref>
Most of Suwon is composed of biotite granite (Jbgr) from the Jurassic period. This granite is centred on Paldalsan. A form of Daebo granite, this rock is distributed through Homaesil-dong, Geumgok-dong, Dangsu-dong, Seryu-dong, Seodun-dong, Gwonseon-dong, and other areas. Its main constituent minerals are quartz, plagioclase, orthotic, biotite, and amphibole.<ref name="GeologyOverview"/>
Precambrian biotite gneiss (PCEbgn) is found in northern Suwon, specifically Pajang-dong, Gwanggyo-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong. Visible rocks here are composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, amphibole, and muscovite; and are generally dark grey or dark green. Mesozoic biotite granite intrudes through these.<ref name="GeologyOverview"/>
Precambrian quartzo-feldspathic gneiss (PCEqgn) is distributed in some mountainous areas in Hagwanggyo-dong and Sanggwanggyo-dong in northern Suwon. This gneiss has primarily undergone silicification, and is mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, and muscovite. It is grey, grey-brown, and white.<ref name="GeologyOverview"/>
Suwon's single tectonic fault splits from the Singal Fault in Iui-dong, creating the Woncheonri Stream. The stream follows the fault through Ha-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong till it joins the Hwangguji Stream in Annyeong-dong, Hwaseong. This is a Template:Nobr-long vertical fault running SSW, eventually to the Yellow Sea. In Suwon, biotite gneiss and biotite granite are brought into contact by the fault.<ref name="GeologyOverview"/>
While the low-lying fault sits in the south of Suwon, the north is hillier: the city's highest point is Gwanggyosan (Template:Convert) on the border with Yongin.<ref name="Gwanggyosan">Template:Cite web</ref>
Streams and lakes
Most of Suwon's streams originate on Gwanggyosan or other nearby peaks. Since the city is bounded to the north by Gwanggyosan, to the west by Chilbosan, and to the east by other hills, the streams, chiefly the Hwanggujicheon, Suwoncheon, Seohocheon, and Woncheollicheon, flow southwards.<ref name="Streams">Template:Cite journal</ref> After merging, they eventually empty into the Yellow Sea at Asan Bay. The entirety of Suwon is drained in this manner.<ref name="WaterFlowJinwi">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Several of Suwon's streams feature lakes. Since there are few natural lakes on the Korean mainland,<ref name="FewNaturalLakesSeoEtAl">Template:Cite journal</ref> Suwon's lakes are small reservoirs. These 11 reservoirs are Template:Ill, otherwise known as Seoho (Template:Korean) near Hwaseo Station;<ref name="ChungmanjeEKC">Template:Cite web</ref> Irwol Reservoir (Template:Korean) near Sungkyunkwan University; Bambat Reservoir (Template:Korean) near Sungkyunkwan University Station;<ref name="BambatGGN">Template:Cite news</ref> Template:Ill, otherwise known as Irwang Reservoir (Template:Korean) in Manseok Park;<ref name="ManseokkeoEKC">Template:Cite web</ref> Pajang Reservoir (Template:Korean) near the North Suwon exit of the Yeongdong Expressway; Template:Ill (Template:Korean) and Hagwanggyo Reservoir (Template:Korean) at the foot of Gwanggyosan; Woncheon and Sindae Reservoirs (Template:Korean, Template:Korean) in Gwanggyo Lake Park; and Geumgok Reservoir (Template:Korean), a small lake at the foot of Chilbosan. Irwang Reservoir (Manseokkeo) has been designated a world heritage site for irrigation.<ref name="IrwangIrrigationYonhap">Template:Cite news</ref> Wangsong Reservoir (Template:Korean), on the border with Uiwang, used to be partly in Suwon, but after controversial boundary changes, it is now entirely in Uiwang.<ref name="BoundaryChangeControversy">Template:Cite news</ref>
Climate
Suwon has both a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa), and a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa).<ref name="ClimateData">Template:Cite web</ref>
The city is prone to occasional flooding: the 1998 flood caused the death of a US soldier,<ref name="1998FloodBBC">Template:Cite news</ref> and Template:Convert of rain fell in 24 hours in 2010.<ref name="2010FloodAlJazeera">Template:Cite news</ref>
Administrative divisions
The city is composed of four gu (districts).<ref name="Suwon Statistics" /> Jangan District (Template:Korean) and Gwonseon District (Template:Korean) were established on Template:Nobr 1988. On Template:Nobr 1993, parts of Jangan District and Gwonseon District became a new district, Paldal District (Template:Korean). The newest district is Yeongtong District (Template:Korean), which separated from Paldal District on Template:Nobr 2003. These districts are in turn divided into 42 dong.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Suwon has several new 'towns', e.g., Homaesil<ref name="HomaesilTraffic">Template:Cite news</ref> and Gwanggyo. The latter is perhaps the most notable of these: the first stage of its construction was completed in 2011.<ref name="GwanggyoStart">Template:Cite web</ref>
Demography
Template:Historical populationsSuwon is 50.3% male (49.7% female), and 2.9% foreign. On average, there are 2.3 residents per household. Further details for each district are shown below (figures from 31 December 2023).<ref name="Population" />
| Total people | Korean males | Korean females | Korean (total) | Foreign males | Foreign females | Foreign (total) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suwon (total) | 1,233,424<ref name="Population" /> | 602,346 | 594,911 | 1,197,257 | 17,837 | 18,330 | 36,167 |
| Gwonseon District | 375,574 | 184,970 | 181,197 | 366,167 | 4,558 | 4,849 | 9,407 |
| Jangan District | 277,645 | 136,145 | 134,704 | 270,849 | 3,312 | 3,484 | 6,796 |
| Paldal District | 208,791 | 99,290 | 97,923 | 197,213 | 5,917 | 5,661 | 11,578 |
| Yeongtong District | 371,414 | 181,941 | 181,017 | 363,028 | 4,050 | 4,336 | 8,386 |
Religion
Template:See also The Catholic Diocese of Suwon was created in 1963 by Pope Paul VI.<ref name="NewDiocese">Template:Cite act Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=DioceseStats>Template:Cite web</ref> The cathedral—St Joseph's—is at Template:Nobr Jeongja-dong.
Suwon is the birthplace of the former president of the Baptist World Alliance, Kim Janghwan (Billy Kim).<ref name="BillyKimChristianPost">Template:Cite web</ref> Mr founded the Suwon Central Baptist Church,<ref name="BillyKimFounding">Template:Cite web</ref> though this is located in Yongin.
Mireukdang (Template:Korean), a small shrine to Maitreya, is located in Pajang-dong. This has a religious basis fusing Buddhism and traditional local religions.<ref name="MireukdangDimensions">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="MireukdangSWINews">Template:Cite web</ref>
Crime
Illegal dumping of household waste has been a problem in Suwon, and the city council has addressed this by increasing urban greenery. This approach appears to have reduced the scale of the problem.<ref name="IDHGUrbanGreenery">Template:Cite journal</ref>
| Category | Crime | Number |
|---|---|---|
| Property crime | Theft | 4,202 |
| Possession of stolen property | 8 | |
| Fraud | 6,183 | |
| Embezzlement | 1,277 | |
| Breach of trust | 70 | |
| Destruction | 1,510 | |
| Violent crime (serious) | Murder | 16 |
| Robbery | 7 | |
| Arson | 28 | |
| Sexual assault | 934 | |
| Violent crime (lesser) | Violence | 2,988 |
| Injury | 429 | |
| Intimidation | 540 | |
| Extortion | 159 | |
| Kidnapping, abduction | 4 | |
| False arrest, confinement | 33 | |
| Violation of The Punishment of Violence, Etc. Act (e.g., burglary) | 29 | |
| Violation of The Punishment of Violences, Etc. Act (e g., Formation of illegal organizations, and such activities) | 0 | |
| Forgery | Currency | 7 |
| Valuable securities, revenue stamp, postage | 2 | |
| Documents | 228 | |
| Seal | 11 | |
| Public official crime | Abandonment of duties | 18 |
| Abuse of authority | 30 | |
| Receiving bribes | 2 | |
| Giving bribes | 0 | |
| Crime against morality | Gambling, lotteries | 1,342 |
| Deceased person | 1 | |
| Other obscene acts | 79 | |
| Negligence | Inflicting bodily injury or death through negligence | 52 |
| Inflicting bodily injury or death through occupational negligence | 47 | |
| Fire caused by negligence | 57 | |
| Misc. | Defamation | 759 |
| Obstruction of rights | 134 | |
| Credit business, auction | 438 | |
| Trespass | 439 | |
| Violation of secrecy | 4 | |
| Abandonment | 5 | |
| Traffic obstruction | 10 | |
| Obstruction of official duties | 186 | |
| Escape, harbouring criminals | 4 | |
| Perjury, destruction, and concealment of evidence | 83 | |
| False accusation | 108 | |
| Breach of the peace | 4 | |
| Insurrection | 0 | |
| Drinking water crimes | 0 | |
| Water use crimes | 0 |
Education
There are several universities and colleges in Suwon. These include Sungkyunkwan University's Natural Sciences Campus, Kyonggi University, Ajou University, Dongnam Health University, Gukje Cyber University, Hapdong Theological Seminary, and Suwon Women's University. Despite their names, the University of Suwon and Suwon Science College are not actually in Suwon, but in neighboring Hwaseong. Seoul National University's agriculture campus was located in Suwon until 2005; it is now in Seoul.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Suwon has 44 high schools, 57 middle schools, 100 primary schools, and 180 kindergartens.<ref name="Schools">Template:Cite web</ref> Three schools are dedicated to special education: Jahye School (Template:Nobr Tap-dong),<ref name="Jahye">Template:Cite journal</ref> Suwon Seokwang School (Template:Nobr Imok-dong),<ref name="Seokwang">Template:Cite web</ref> and Areum School (Template:Nobr Iui-dong).<ref name="Areum">Template:Cite news</ref> Special education is also provided in some regular schools, e.g., Suwonbuk Middle School (Template:Nobr Yeonghwa-dong).<ref name="SuwonbukSpecial">Template:Cite web</ref> There is also a centre for lifelong learning at Kyemyung High School (Template:Nobr Imok-dong),<ref name="KyemyungGyeongginambu">Template:Cite news</ref> and there are two international schools in the city: Gyeonggi Suwon International School<ref name="GSISISIK">Template:Cite web</ref> and Suwon Chinese International School (Template:Korean)<ref name="SCISISI">Template:Cite web</ref>
| Gwonseon District | Jangan District | Paldal District | Yeongtong District | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kindergarten | Public (dedicated k'gtn) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 11 |
| Public (in elem. sch.) | 32 | 19 | 11 | 23 | 85 | |
| Private | 29 | 21 | 10 | 24 | 84 | |
| Elementary school | Public | 33 | 22 | 15 | 28 | 98 |
| Private | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
| Middle School | Public | 13 | 13 | 5 | 20 | 51 |
| Private | 1 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 6 | |
| High School | Public | 7 | 9 | 3 | 12 | 31 |
| Private | 2 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 13 |
Environment
Throughout South Korea, water management is a challenge.<ref name="OECDWater">Template:Cite web</ref> Suwon is 11% self-sufficient in its use of water, and plans to increase this to 50% through rainwater harvesting, including building retention facilities; and by treating and reusing sewage.<ref name="WSSC">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Air pollution in Suwon appears to be from a range of industrial and other sources, with origins of coarse particulate matter (PM10) shown in the pie chart.<ref name="PM10Sources">Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Pie chart
Economy
The largest employer in Suwon is Samsung Electronics, which was founded in the city in 1969.<ref name="SamsungCambridge">Template:Cite report</ref> Its headquarters remain in Suwon, located today with the company's large R&D complex in Maetan-dong. Samsung's presence in the city can be seen through its sponsorship of local sports teams such as Suwon Samsung Bluewings Football Club<ref name="BluewingsHistory">Template:Cite web</ref> and two of the oldest domestic basketball teams—Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx—both of which have since left Suwon.<ref name="ThundersMoveChosun">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ThundersMoveKyeonggi">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="SamsungLifeMoveChosun">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="SamsungLifeMoveKyeonggi">Template:Cite news</ref> Other major companies in Suwon include SK Chemical,<ref name="SKC">Template:Cite news</ref> Samsung SDI,<ref name="SDIBusinessKorea">Template:Cite news</ref> and Samsung Electro-Mechanics.<ref name="SamsungElectroMechanicsForbes">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Samsung Electronics On September 1, 1973, Samsung Electronics moved its headquarters from Euljiro, Seoul to Suwon. This was to establish an electronic components facility process with Japan's SANYO Electric Co., Ltd. As a result, the status of Suwon City grew along with the growth of Samsung Electronics.
Landmarks
Hwaseong Fortress
Template:Main Hwaseong Fortress, built under the orders of King Jeongjo in 1796, is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref name="UNESCO" /> The entire city used to be encircled by the fortress walls,<ref name="HwaseongKOCIS">Template:Cite web</ref> but Suwon has long since expanded far beyond this boundary. There are four main gates in the walls,<ref name="UNESCO" /> and Haenggung Palace lies in the centre of the fortress.<ref name="HaenggungLocationSWCF">Template:Cite web</ref>
Hwaseong was built under the guidance of philosopher Chŏng Yagyong.<ref name="UNESCO" /> Workers were paid for their labor for one of the first times in Korea's history, corvée labor having been common previously.<ref name="PaidLabor">Template:Cite thesis</ref> Construction details were meticulously recorded in the text Hwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe (Template:Korean).<ref name="Uigwe">Template:Cite journal</ref> This document was invaluable after the Korean War: reconstruction efforts from 1964 to the present day have relied heavily on this.<ref name="UNESCO" />
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Hyanggyo
Suwon Hyanggyo (Template:Korean) was a government-run school and Confucian ceremonial centre during the Goryeo and Joseon periods. During the Joseon Dynasty, it was the largest and oldest state school in Gyeonggi Province.<ref name="AHA">Template:Cite web</ref> The school was originally built in 1291 beside Hwasan in Wau-ri, Hwaseong-gun. It was moved to its current location at Template:Nobr Gyo-dong around 1795, when Hwaseong Fortress was built.<ref name="VisitKorea">Template:Cite web</ref> The school houses memorial tablets to Confucius, Mencius, and 25 Korean figures noteworthy to Confucianism.<ref name="Trippose">Template:Cite web</ref> It is open to the public on weekdays from Template:Nobr till Template:Nobr, but it is closed at weekends.<ref name=VisitKorea />
Bugugwon
Bugugwon (Template:Korean), built prior to 1923, is a cultural centre at Template:Nobr Gyo-dong. There is no record of the 85.95 m2 building's construction, but exterior photographs were published in 1923. Under Japanese rule, the building was the headquarters of Bugugwon Co., Ltd., which sold agricultural products such as fertilizers. After liberation, from 1952 to 1956, it temporarily housed the Suwon Court and the Public Prosecutor's Office. From 1957 to 1960, it was used as the Suwon City Education Support Office, and in 1974 the Republican Party used it as their Gyeonggi Province base. In 1979, the Suwon Arts Foundation was based here, and in 1981 it became an internal medicine clinic.<ref name="KNH">Template:Cite web</ref> Since 2018, it has been a public cultural space.<ref name="BugugwonCulturalSpace">Template:Cite web</ref>
Adams Memorial Hall
Template:Ill served as a focal point for the independence movement. The building was constructed in 1923 under Pastor William Noble with funding from various sources, including a church in the United States, Suwon Jongno Church, and residents. Here, independence activists including Park Template:Nobr and Lee Template:Nobr met weekly to discuss their activities.<ref name="Adams">Template:Cite web</ref>
Culture and contemporary life
Housing
As is typical of urban South Korea,Template:Clarify Suwon has many apartment complexes. The city has been affected greatly by real estate price fluctuations.<ref name="PriceFluctuationsHankyung">Template:Cite news</ref>
Food
Suwon is known for Suwon galbi, a variation on beef ribs enjoyed throughout Korea.<ref name="GalbiGyeonggiGrandTour">Template:Cite web</ref>
Sport
Suwon World Cup Stadium was built for the 2002 FIFA World Cup.<ref name="WCStadium">Template:Cite book</ref> Today, it is home to the K League 2 team Suwon Samsung Bluewings. Local rivals Suwon FC and Suwon FC Women play in K League 1 and WK League respectively. They both play home matches at Suwon Sports Complex.<ref name="SuwonFCGroundKLeagueUnited">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="SuwonFCWomenChosun">Template:Cite news</ref>
Since 2013, Suwon has been home to the professional baseball team KT Wiz. The team played at Sungkyunkwan University until Suwon Baseball Stadium remodeling was completed in time for their elevation to the KBO League in 2015.<ref name="KTWizSKKUSBS">Template:Cite news</ref> The stadium was previously the home of the Hyundai Unicorns, who folded after the 2007 season.<ref name="Unicorns KoreaTimes">Template:Cite news</ref>
Two of the Korean Basketball League and Women's Korean Basketball League's oldest teams, Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx respectively, used to be based in Suwon. Samsung Thunders relocated to Jamsil Arena in Seoul in 2001,<ref name="ThundersMoveChosun" /><ref name="ThundersMoveKyeonggi" /> while four years later, Samsung Life moved to Yongin.<ref name="SamsungLifeMoveChosun" /><ref name="SamsungLifeMoveKyeonggi" /> Top-flight men's basketball returned to Suwon in 2021, when KT Sonicboom relocated from Busan to the renamed Suwon KT Sonicboom Arena (formerly Seosuwon Chilbo Gymnasium).<ref name="SonicBoomBusanSuwon">Template:Cite news</ref>
The 5,145-capacity Suwon Gymnasium is home to the men's and women's V-League volleyball teams Suwon KEPCO Vixtorm and Suwon Hyundai Engineering & Construction Hillstate respectively.<ref name="VolleyballVolleybox">Template:Cite web</ref> The gymnasium staged the handball events in the 1988 Summer Olympics.<ref name="SuwonGymnasium1988">Template:Cite report</ref> It also hosted handball and table tennis at the 2014 Asian Games<ref name="AsianGames">Template:Cite news</ref> and hosted the 2010 Judo World Cup.<ref name="Judo2010IJF">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Judo2010BBC">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Judo2010KBS">Template:Cite news</ref>
Museums
Suwon has two national museums. The National Map Museum of Korea houses a collection of 33,598 maps.<ref name="MapMuseum">Template:Cite web</ref> It is located at Template:Nobr Woncheon-dong. Admission is free, and the museum opens daily from Template:Nobr to Template:Nobr<ref name="MapMuseum" /> Suwon's second national museum, the National Agricultural Museum of Korea, opened by Seoho Lake in December 2022.<ref name="AgrMuseumYonhap">Template:Cite news</ref> It is located at Template:Nobr Seodun-dong, admission is free, and it is open daily from Template:Nobr till Template:Nobr<ref name="AgrMuseumEntry">Template:Cite web</ref>
There are also a number of smaller museums in Suwon. For example, Suwon Hwaseong Museum, at Template:Nobr Maehyang-dong, features exhibits contextualizing and explaining the construction of Hwaseong.<ref name="HwaseongMuseumNews">Template:Cite news</ref> Another smaller museum, Haewoojae, has gathered some international attention.<ref name="ToiletMuseumBBC">Template:Cite news</ref> Built privately in 2007 at Template:Nobr Imok-dong, this museum is dedicated to the history of toilets.<ref name="ToiletMuseumBBC" /> Ownership of Haewoojae was transferred to the city council in 2009.<ref name="ToiletMuseumTourist">Template:Cite web</ref>
Libraries
Suwon Central Library opened in 1980 at Template:Nobr Gyo-dong.<ref name="Libraries">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="CentralLibrary">Template:Cite web</ref> Today, the city has 27 public libraries: seven in Gwonseon District, five in Jangan District, six in Paldal District, and nine in Yeongtong District.<ref name="Libraries" /> The council also plans to build another in Imok-dong.<ref name="ImokLibraryPlan">Template:Cite web</ref>
Parks and gardens
Suwon has two municipal arboreta: Irwol Arboretum (Template:Korean) and Yeongheung Arboretum (Template:Korean). These opened simultaneously on Template:Nobr 2023 beside Irwol Reservoir and Yeongheung Park respectively.<ref name="ArboretaKBS">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ArboretaSeoulNews">Template:Cite news</ref> The Template:Convert Irwol Arboretum features 429,000 plants of 52,000 species, while Yeongheung Arboretum hosts 118,000 plants of 42,000 species over Template:Convert.<ref name="ArboretaSeoulNews" /> There are also 338 parks scattered through the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Some of these, e.g., Gwanggyo Lake Park, Seoho Park, Irwol Park, and Manseok Park, contain sizeable lakes.<ref name="LakesChosun">Template:Cite news</ref>
Street art
Haenggung-dong and Ji-dong in central Suwon are known for their murals,<ref name="MuralsLonelyPlanet">Template:Cite web</ref> while Haenggung-dong streets have a variety of other artistic features such as optical illusions.<ref name="HaenggungdongSWCF">Template:Cite web</ref>
Media
Newspapers based in Suwon include the Kyeonggi Ilbo (Template:Korean) in Jangan District, and the Kyeongin Ilbo (Template:Korean) and Suwon Daily (Template:Korean) in Paldal District.<ref name="NewspapersIMN">Template:Cite web</ref>
National broadcaster KBS has a drama studio and art hall in Ingye-dong, Yeongtong District. These are open to visits by appointment.<ref name="KBS">Template:Cite web</ref>
Cinemas
Suwon has several multiplex cinemas: three branches of CGV (in Ha-dong, Ingye-dong, and Jowon-dong,<ref name="CGVBranches">Template:Cite web</ref> Hwaseo-dong <ref>Template:Cite web</ref>); four branches of Lotte Cinema (in Cheoncheon-dong, Geumgok-dong, Iui-dong, and Seodun-dong<ref name="LotteCinemaBranches">Template:Cite web</ref>); and six branches of Megabox (in Gwonseon-dong, Haenggung-dong, Homaesil-dong, Ingye-dong, Jeongja-dong, and Maesan-dong<ref name="MegaboxBranches">Template:Cite web</ref>). Other smaller cinemas, which may show fewer foreign films, include Cinema Town, Taehan Theater, Piccadilly Theater, Jungang Theater, Royal Theater, Dano Theater, and Dano Art Hall.<ref name="CinemasTripAdvisor">Template:Cite web</ref>
Retail
There are several major shopping centres across Suwon, e.g., AK Plaza and Lotte Mall at Suwon Station, and Avenue France<ref name="AvenueFranceDonga">Template:Cite news</ref> and Alleyway in Gwanggyo.<ref name="AlleywaySeoulEconomic">Template:Cite news</ref> Another large centre, Starfield—incorporating its own library and a Megabox cinema—opened beside Hwaseo Station in January 2024.<ref name="StarfieldJoongang">Template:Cite news</ref> This mall targets a younger customer base, and incorporates pop-up stores.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The first pop-up for the popular game 'Brawl Stars' was held here.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The warehouse-style discount store 'Traders' is located in the basement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Public toilets
In the early 2000s, Suwon City Council strove to improve the condition of its public lavatories, and afterwards ran guided tours of the municipal facilities.<ref name="Restrooms">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ToiletsWSJ">Template:Cite news</ref> Suwon has hosted several international conferences on toilet management,<ref name="ToiletConferences">Template:Cite web</ref> and the World Toilet Association is based in the city.<ref name="ToiletForums">Template:Cite web</ref>
Transport
Suwon Station is served by KTX and other trains on the Gyeongbu Line, which connects Seoul to Busan.<ref name="SuwonStationKTXKoreaTrains">Template:Cite web</ref> From 1930 to 1972, the Suryeo Line also connected Suwon to Yeoju,<ref name="SuryeoSuinHistory">Template:Cite web</ref> and from 1937 to 1996, the Suin Line ran from Suwon to Incheon.<ref name="SuryeoSuinHistory" /> The Suin Line has since been reconstructed as part of the Seoul Metro.<ref name="SuryeoSuinHistory" /><ref name="SuinCompletion">Template:Cite web</ref> Today, three Seoul Metro lines (14 stations) serve Suwon,<ref name="MetroStationsCityCouncil">Template:Cite web</ref> and there are plans for network expansion. Construction of an extension of the Sinbundang Line to Homaesil is scheduled to begin in 2024.<ref name="Sinbundang2024">Template:Cite news</ref> Another planned line—the Dongtan–Indeogwon Line—should create several new stations in Suwon, but this has been delayed, prompting affected cities to call for urgent action.<ref name="DongtanIndeogwonDelay">Template:Cite news</ref>
| Line | Station |
|---|---|
| Line 1 | Sungkyunkwan University (Template:Korean)<ref name="MetroStationsCityCouncil" /> |
| Hwaseo (Template:Korean)<ref name="MetroStationsCityCouncil" /> | |
| Suwon (Template:Korean)<ref name="MetroStationsCityCouncil" /> | |
| Seryu (Template:Korean)<ref name="MetroStationsCityCouncil" /> | |
| Shinbundang Line | Gwanggyo Jungang (Template:Korean)<ref name="MetroStationsCityCouncil" /> |
| Gwanggyo (Template:Korean)<ref name="MetroStationsCityCouncil" /> | |
| Suin-Bundang Line | Cheongmyeong (Template:Korean)<ref name="MetroStationsCityCouncil" /> |
| Yeongtong (Template:Korean)<ref name="MetroStationsCityCouncil" /> | |
| Mangpo (Template:Korean)<ref name="MetroStationsCityCouncil" /> | |
| Maetan-Gwonseon (Template:Korean)<ref name="MetroStationsCityCouncil" /> | |
| Suwon Hall (Template:Korean)<ref name="MetroStationsCityCouncil" /> | |
| Maegyo (Template:Korean)<ref name="MetroStationsCityCouncil" /> | |
| Suwon (Template:Korean)<ref name="MetroStationsCityCouncil" /> | |
| Gosaek (Template:Korean)<ref name="MetroStationsCityCouncil" /> | |
| Omokcheon (Template:Korean)<ref name="MetroStationsCityCouncil" /> |
Suwon is also served by two inter-city bus terminals with nationwide connections: Suwon Bus Terminal near Seryu Station,<ref name="SuwonTerminal">Template:Cite web</ref> and West Suwon Bus Terminal in Guun-dong.<ref name="WestSuwonTerminal">Template:Cite web</ref> Nevertheless, bus terminal passenger numbers are decreasing.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Suwon is also connected to Seoul and other nearby cities by city and express buses with departure points across the city.<ref name="GyeonggiBuses">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2017, a new bank of bus stops opened at Suwon Station Transfer Center. This was built to alleviate pressure on existing bus and taxi stands across the tracks.<ref name="SuwonStationTransferCenter">Template:Cite web</ref> Another transfer centre is incorporated into Gwanggyo Jungang Station; this is underground, and bus stands feature screen doors.<ref name="UndergroundBusStation">Template:Cite web</ref> Suwon has invested heavily in electric buses—in 2019, it built the country's largest bus charging station at Template:Nobr Pajang-dong.<ref name="BusCharging">Template:Cite news</ref>
Suwon is served by several expressways. The Yeongdong Expressway (50) passes through the city, with two exits within the city limits: North Suwon and East Suwon.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Gwanggyo Sanghyeon exit on the Yongin–Seoul Expressway (171) is on Suwon's border with Yongin,<ref name="SanghyeonIC">Template:Cite web</ref> and the Pyeongtaek–Paju Expressway (17) also has an exit in Suwon (Geumgok).<ref name="GeumgokIC">Template:Cite web</ref> The Suwon exit of the Gyeongbu Expressway (1) was renamed Suwon Singal in 2014 to reflect its actual location in Singal in neighboring Yongin.<ref name="SuwonSingal">Template:Cite news</ref>
Suwon has invested in ecological transport.<ref name="EcocapitalKoreaTimes">Template:Cite news</ref> The city was the first place in Korea to introduce dockless public bicycles.<ref name="Dockless">Template:Cite journal</ref> Traversing Suwon by bicycle is facilitated by numerous cycle paths beside the streams that cut through the city. In 2013, Suwon hosted the EcoMobility World Festival. For one month, streets in Haenggung-dong were closed to cars as a car-free experiment. Residents used non-motorized vehicles provided by the festival organizers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The experiment was not unopposed.<ref name="EcomobilityOppositionJournal">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Military
Suwon Air Base in Jangji-dong, Gwonseon District was used by the United States Air Force during the Korean War, when it was the scene of the conflict's first aerial combat.<ref name="FirstBattleMilitary" /> Today the base is under Republic of Korea Air Force jurisdiction, though it is still managed and maintained by the US military.<ref name="AirBaseGlobalSecurity">Template:Cite web</ref> The US military also maintains Madison Site—a small signals unit with nearby helipad on Gwanggyosan.<ref name="MadisonUSArmy">Template:Cite web</ref>
Fauna
While much of Suwon's wildlife can be expected to be similar to that in the surrounding province, two species are worth noting specifically in regard to the city. Firstly, an undisclosed location in Suwon appears to be Korea's first recorded breeding site of the white-breasted waterhen.<ref name="Waterhen">Template:Cite web</ref> Secondly, the Suwon tree frog—one of three tree frogs to inhabit the Korean peninsula—<ref name="TreeFrogNumbersBorzee">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="TreeFrogRangeDonga">Template:Cite news</ref> was discovered in Suwon around 1980, but due to urban sprawl it is no longer found in the city. It has, however, been found recently in Paju, Ansan, and Pyeongtaek (Gyeonggi Province); Eumseong (Chungcheongbuk-do); Gangwon-do; and North Korea.<ref name="SuwonTreeFrogKBS">Template:Cite news</ref> The species is considered endangered.<ref name="TreeFrogEndangered">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="TreeFrogNumbersBorzee" /><ref name="TreeFrogRangeDonga" />
Notable people
Suwon was the birthplace of Template:Ill (?–1205), famed for his filial piety,<ref name="NotablePeopleHistorical" /><ref name="ChoiRubaelKorEncyc">Template:Cite web</ref> and of his noble wife Yŏm Kyŏng-ae (Template:Korean, 1100–1146).<ref name="YeomGyeongae">Template:Cite web</ref> Also in ancient times, it was the home of Template:Ill (1341–1420), a Goryeo subject opposed to Joseon.<ref name="NotablePeopleHistorical">Template:Cite web</ref> More recently, the eminent Silhak scholar and agricultural pioneer Template:Ill (1741–1812) was born in the city<ref name="NotablePeopleHistorical" />
Suwon was the birthplace of many independence activists during the Japanese colonial period. These include Im Myŏnsu (Template:Korean, Template:Nobr 1874–29 November 1930),<ref name="NotablePeopleHistorical" /> Ch'a Injae (Template:Korean, 1895–1971),<ref name="ChaInjaeSacramento">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ChaInjaeIncheon">Template:Cite news</ref> Template:Ill (1889–1945)<ref name="NotablePeopleHistorical" /> Template:Ill (1897–?),<ref name="KimHyanghwaProtest">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NotablePeopleHistorical" /> Pak Sŏnt'ae (Template:Korean, 1901–1938),<ref name="NotablePeopleHistorical" /> Yi Sŏn'gyŏng (Template:Korean, 1902–1921),<ref name="NotablePeopleHistorical" /> Ch'oe Munsun (Template:Korean, 1903–?),<ref name="ChoiMunsunKyeonggiNews">Template:Cite news</ref> Kim Changsŏng (Template:Korean, Template:Nobr 1913–Template:Nobr 1932),<ref name="NotablePeopleHistorical" /> and Hong Jong-cheol (Template:Korean, Template:Nobr 1920–Template:Nobr 1989).<ref name="NotablePeopleHistorical" />
The influential feminist, painter, writer, poet, sculptor, and journalist Na Hye-sok (1896–1948) was also born in Suwon<ref name="Na Hye-seok">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="NotablePeopleHistorical" />
Artists from Suwon include Yoon Han-hŭm (Template:Korean, 1923–Template:Nobr 2016).<ref name="YunExhibition">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="YunObituary">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="YunStatue">Template:Cite web</ref> and Kim Sung-bae (Template:Korean, 1954–).<ref name="KimSungbaeDaegu">Template:Cite web</ref>
Sports players from Suwon include *Chung Hyeon (1996–, tennis),<ref name="ATPChung">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="BBCChung">Template:Cite news</ref> Dong Hyun Kim (1981–, MMA)<ref name="KimDonghyunRottenTomatoes">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="KimDonghyunUFC">Template:Cite web</ref> Oh Kyo-moon (1972–, archery),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Park Ji-sung (1981–, football). Park was born in Seoul but raised in Suwon, and in 2005, a city street was renamed after him.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Classical musicians from Suwon include Han-na Chang (1982–, conductor, cellist),<ref name="HannaChang">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="HannaChangKoreaTimes">Template:Cite news</ref> Stella Hanbyul Jeung (Template:Korean, opera singer),<ref name="StellaJeung">Template:Cite web</ref> and Seol Yoeun (Template:Korean, 2012–, violinist).<ref name="SeolYoeunUAEEmbassy">Template:Cite web</ref>
Popular musicians from Suwon include Im Chang-kyun (stage name I.M, 1996–) Jeon Ji-yoon (1990–),<ref name="JeonJiyoonIMDB">Template:Cite web</ref> Jo Kwon (1989–), Kim Myung-jun (stage name MJ, 1994–), Kim Yu-gwon (stage name U-Kwon, 1992–),<ref name="UkWonKPopMusic">Template:Cite web</ref> Lee Chang-sub (1991–), Lee Dong-hun (Template:Korean, Template:Nobr 1993–), Lee Ju-eun (1995–), Shin Dong-hee (stage name Shindong, 1985–),<ref name="ShindongIndependent">Template:Cite news</ref> Yoo Ji-min (stage name Karina, 2000–),<ref name="KarinaMarieClaire">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="KarinaHanryuTimes">Template:Cite web</ref> and Yoon Bo-mi (1993–).<ref name="YoonBomiKBS">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="YoonBomiKyeonggi">Template:Cite news</ref>
Actors from Suwon include Lee Jong-suk (1989–)<ref name="LeeJongsukKBS">Template:Cite web</ref> Park Hae-soo (1981–),<ref name="ParkHaesooJoongang">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ParkHaesooEmmys">Template:Cite web</ref> Ryu Jun-yeol (1986–),<ref name="RyuJunyeolIMDB">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="RyuJunyeolSWCIC">Template:Cite web</ref> Song Kang (1994–),<ref name="SongKangJoongang">Template:Cite news</ref> and Yoo Hyun Young (1976–).
Pastor Kim Jang Hwan (known as Billy Kim, 1934–) is also from Suwon. He is a former president of the Baptist World Alliance, and president of the Far East Broadcasting Company<ref name="BillyKimChristianPost" />
The presenter and columnist Sam Oh (1980–) was also born in the city.<ref name="SamOh">Template:Cite web</ref>
Sister cities
Template:See also Suwon is twinned internationally with:<ref name="InternationalTwinCitiesSWCIC">Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Div col
- Template:Flagicon Asahikawa, Japan (1989)
- Template:Flagicon Jinan, China (1993)<ref name="InternationalTwinCitiesSWCIC" />
- Template:Flagicon Townsville, Australia (1997)<ref name="InternationalTwinCitiesSWCIC" />
- Template:Flagicon Bandung, Indonesia (1997)<ref name="InternationalTwinCitiesSWCIC" />
- Template:Flagicon Yalova, Turkey (1999)<ref name="InternationalTwinCitiesSWCIC" />
- Template:Flagicon Cluj-Napoca, Romania (1999)<ref name="InternationalTwinCitiesSWCIC" />
- Template:Flagicon Toluca, Mexico (1999)<ref name="InternationalTwinCitiesSWCIC" />
- Template:Flagicon Fez, Morocco (2003)<ref name="InternationalTwinCitiesSWCIC" />
- Template:Flagicon Hải Dương Province, Vietnam (2004),<ref name="InternationalTwinCitiesSWCIC" />
- Template:Flagicon Siem Reap Province, Cambodia (2004)<ref name="InternationalTwinCitiesSWCIC" />
- Template:Flagicon Nizhny Novgorod, Russia (2005)<ref name="InternationalTwinCitiesSWCIC" />
- Template:Flagicon Curitiba, Brazil (2006)<ref name="InternationalTwinCitiesSWCIC" /> and
- Template:Flagicon Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany (2015)<ref name="InternationalTwinCitiesSWCIC" />
- Template:Flagicon Phoenix, United States (2021)<ref name="InternationalTwinCitiesSWCIC" />
- Template:Flagicon Toury, France (2023)<ref name="InternationalTwinCitiesSWCIC" />
- Template:Flagicon Mississauga, Canada (2023)<ref name="InternationalTwinCitiesSWCIC" />
Suwon also twinned intranationally with Jeju (1997),<ref name="DomesticTwinCitiesSuwonCouncil">Template:Cite web</ref> Pohang (2009),<ref name="DomesticTwinCitiesSuwonCouncil" /> Jeonju (2016),<ref name="DomesticTwinCitiesSuwonCouncil" /> and Nonsan (2021).<ref name="DomesticTwinCitiesSuwonCouncil" />
See also
References
External links
- Suwon City Council (in Korean)
- Suwon F.C (in Korean)
- Suwon Samsung Bluewings (in Korean)
- KT Wiz (in Korean)
- 신광교클라우드시티 Scheduled for August 2029
- 용인시청 (yongin city hall)
Template:Gyeonggi Template:Metropolitan cities of South Korea Template:Most populous cities in South Korea