Curitiba

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox settlement Curitiba (Template:IPA; Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) is the capital and largest city in the state of Paraná in Southern Brazil. The city's population was 1,829,225 Template:As of, making it the eighth most populous city in Brazil and the largest in Brazil's South Region.<ref name=pano/> The Curitiba Metropolitan area comprises 29 municipalities with a total population of over 3,559,366,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> making it the ninth most populous metropolitan area in the country.

The city sits on a plateau at Template:Cvt above sea level. It is located west of the seaport of Paranaguá and is served by the Afonso Pena International and Bacacheri airports. Curitiba is an important cultural, political, and economic center in Latin America<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and hosts the Federal University of Paraná, established in 1912.

In the 19th century, Curitiba's favorable location between cattle-breeding countryside and marketplaces led to a successful cattle trade and the city's first major expansion. Later, between 1850 and 1950, it grew due to logging and agricultural expansion in Paraná State (first Araucaria angustifolia logging, later mate and coffee cultivation and in the 1970s wheat, corn and soybean cultivation). In the 1850s, waves of European immigrants arrived in Curitiba, mainly Germans, Italians, Poles and Ukrainians, contributing to the city's economic and cultural development and richness in diversity.<ref name="curitiba-parana">Template:Cite web</ref> Nowadays, only small numbers of immigrants arrive, primarily from Middle Eastern<ref name="paimeas">Template:Cite web</ref> and other South American countries.

Curitiba's biggest expansion occurred after the 1960s, with innovative urban planning that allowed the population to grow from some hundreds of thousands to more than a million people.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Curitiba's economy is based on industry and services and is the fourth largest in Brazil.Template:Citation needed Economic growth occurred in parallel to a substantial inward flow of Brazilians from other parts of the country, as approximately half of the city's population was not born in Curitiba.<ref name="estra">Template:Cite web</ref>

Curitiba is one of the few Brazilian cities with a very high Human Development Index (0.856) and in 2010 it was awarded the Global Sustainable City Award, given to cities and municipalities that excel in sustainable urban development.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to US magazine Reader's Digest, Curitiba is the best "Brazilian Big City" in which to live.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Curitiba's crime rate is considered low by Brazilian standards and the city is considered one of the safest cities in Brazil for youth.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The city is also regarded as the best in which to invest in Brazil.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Curitiba was one of the host cities of the 1950 FIFA World Cup, and again for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Despite its good social indicators, the city has a higher unemployment rate than other cities in the state.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Etymology

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One theory is that the name Curitiba comes from the Tupi words kurí tyba 'many araucária seeds' due to the large number of Paraná pines pinecones in the region prior to its founding.<ref name=autogenerated2>Fenianos, E. (2003) Almanaque Kur'yt'yba, Curitiba: Univer Cidade, p.6</ref>

Another version, also using words from the Tupi language, is that it originates in the combination of kurit 'pine tree' and yba 'large amount'.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Portuguese, who founded a settlement on the site in 1693, named it Vila da Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais 'Village of Our Lady of the Light of the Pines'.

The name was changed to Curitiba in 1721. Curitiba officially became a town in 1812, spelling its name Curityba.

An alternative spelling was Coritiba. This was used in press and state documents. A state decree in 1919 settled the dispute by adopting Curitiba.<ref name=autogenerated2/>

History

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File:Mapa Curitiba 1894 CR493.jpg

Curitiba in 1894 (Portuguese edition)

Pre-Cabraline Period and Indigenous Peoples The first inhabitants of the Curitiba Plateau were nomadic Paleo-Indians who arrived there about 15,000 years ago. There are archaeological sites in São José dos Pinhais with human presence dating back 13,000 years. At that time, the region was colder and drier than it is today.[34][35]

Around four thousand years ago, the Proto-Jê, potters and farmers, arrived in Paraná and intermingled with the indigenous people who already inhabited the region, these being the ancestors of peoples such as the Kaingang and Xokleng. About two thousand years ago, the Tupi-Guarani, also farmers and potters, arrived in the Curitiba territory.[34][35]

At the time of the arrival of the first Europeans in Paraná, the north of Curitiba was inhabited by Amerindians who spoke Jê languages, such as the Kaingang and Xokleng, while the south was inhabited by the Guarani Mbiá and Nhandeva.[35] Período colonial Os primórdios do atual município de Curitiba remontam ao século XVII, quando o caminho de Queretiba foi percorrido pelos bandeirantes, que chegavam à procura de ouro fora da Serra do Mar, por intermédio de Paranaguá.[36][37] Eleodoro Ébanos Pereira liderou a primeira expedição oficial que coordenou os serviços de extração de minas de ouro nos Distritos do Sul (inclusive Curitiba), em 1649. Os primeiros nomes que surgem na história de Curitiba, após Ébano Pereira, são os de Baltasar Carrasco dos Reis e Mateus Martins Leme. Entretanto, conforme o historiador Romário Martins:[34][3][4]

“ …não foi esse o primeiro grupo povoador do planalto curitibano. Antes dele houve os que fundaram arraiais de mineradores quase estáveis na região aurífera atravessada pelos caminhos de Açungui e do Arraial Queimado (Bocaiuva do Sul), a seguir Borda do Campo (Atuba) e Arraial Grande (São José dos Pinhais).[4] ”

— Romário Martins.

Centro Cultural Vilinha e escultura do Cacique Tindiquera, que teria demarcado o marco zero de Curitiba, no vizinho município de Pinhais. Após superar a aventura de cruzar a serra, atraídos pelo ouro, os primeiros povoadores bandeirantes se estabeleciam na povoação chamada Vilinha, em conformidade com registros deixados por historiadores. Segundo os registros históricos e o relato do ouvidor Raphael Pires Pardinho, em 1661, surgiu, ao redor de uma pequena capela de pau-a-pique erguida em louvor a Nossa Senhora da Luz (localizada na atual Catedral Metropolitana de Curitiba), a povoação de Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais, na qual, em 1668, Gabriel de Lara, cognominado “O povoador”, ergueu um pelourinho, acompanhado de 17 colonos, episódio este considerado, por muitos, como o marco inicial de Curitiba.[3][36][37][4][38][39] No entanto, Gabriel de Lara não é descrito como o criador da vila da Curitiba, sendo que o episódio é atribuído a Eleodoro Ébano Pereira por determinados historiadores.[3][4]

Existe uma lenda sobre a fundação da povoação de Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais, narrada por vários historiadores, com a qual estão relacionados os grupos de primeiros colonizadores, constituídos pelas famílias Seixas, Soares e Andrade. Esses bandeirantes teriam chamado o cacique dos Campos de Tindiquera, às barrancas do rio Iguaçu, para indicar o lugar mais adequado para a implantação decisiva do povoado. O cacique, na frente de um grupo de habitantes, levou na mão uma enorme vara e, depois de suas longas andanças, palmilhando enorme superfície de campos, fixou essa vara no solo e um local e disse “Aqui”, e neste local construiu-se uma pequena capela, erguida de pau-a-pique, sendo sucedida por outra, de pedra e barro, a qual atendeu a comunidade entre 1714 e 1866, quando foi construída a Catedral Metropolitana.[3][4]

Na época de sua criação, além da mineração, a economia de Curitiba era baseada na agricultura de subsistência e pecuária. Com o fim do ciclo do ouro na região, no final do século XVII, muitos mineradores se dirigiram para as novas jazidas em Minas Gerais.[15][40][41]

Com o crescimento da povoação, os seus habitantes demandavam a sua elevação à categoria de vila. Em 29 de março de 1693, o capitão-povoador Mateus Martins Leme criou a vila de Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais, promoveu a primeira eleição dos vereadores e a instalação da Câmara Municipal. Naquela época, em conformidade com Romário Martins, além de Mateus Leme e Carrasco dos Reis, moradores do Barigui, na época povoavam a vila:[15][4][42]

“ …o capitão Antonio Rodrigues Seixas, escrivão da vila em 1693, em Campo Magro; Manuel Soares e Aleixo Mendes Cabral, no Passaúna, João Rodrigues Cid, no Cajuru, Antônio Rodrigues Cid em Uberaba, etc. ”

— Romário Martins

File:Curityba - vista antiga.jpg

Curitiba in the 1920s

The Paranaguá–Curitiba railroad was opened in 1885.<ref name="pr2">Template:Cite web</ref>

Around the beginning of the 20th century, Curitiba benefited from the wealth of the yerba mate mills. The owners (known as "barões da erva-mate") built mansions in the capital. These have mostly been preserved in the districts of Batel and Alto da Glória.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Agache, co-founder of the French Society for Urban Studies, was hired to produce its first city plan. It emphasized a "star" of boulevards, with public amenities downtown, an industrial district and sanitation. It was followed in part, but the plan was too expensive to complete.<ref name="agac">Template:Cite web Template:Dead link</ref>

Curitiba has a long history of being intentional about city planning. The early leaders in Curitiba were the first people to establish building regulations. This included limiting the number of trees cut and requiring homes to have tile and not wood roofs. By 1960 Curitiba’s population had increased to 430,000 and Alfred Agache's plan for the city had not considered the future influx of immigrants. A group of young planners and architects led by Jamie Lerner from the Federal University of Paraná answered a proposal from Mayor Ivo Arzua centered around preparing Curitiba for new growth. They improved Agache’s plan by proposing adding major linear transit pathways to Curitiba to provide straightforward high-speed routes throughout the city. They also included plans for reducing downtown traffic, minimizing urban sprawl, providing easily accessible and inexpensive public transit, and preserving Curitiba’s historic district. This intelligent and well-thought-out proposal was adopted and became the Curitiba Master Plan. Jamie Lerner went on to create the city's first urban planning department in order to facilitate further redevelopment efforts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Geography

File:Brazil Parana Curitiba location map.svg

Location on a map of municipalities of Paraná

Curitiba, the capital of the Paraná state of southern Brazil, is located near the Atlantic margin of the Brazilian Highlands and the headwaters of the Iguaçu River. It is around 3,050 feet (930 meters) above sea level.

Climate

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Fog in the Botanical Garden

Curitiba features a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb, Trewartha: Cfbl). Its location on a plateau and the flat terrain with flooded areas<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> contributes to its somewhat mild and damp winters, with an average minimum temperature of Template:Cvt in July. Nighttime temperatures can drop below Template:Cvt on the coldest days. Daytime temperatures in winter are usually pleasant, around Template:Cvt. However, during cold snaps, daytime temperatures might not rise above Template:Cvt, and on rare occasions, above Template:Cvt.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Snowfall was experienced in 1889, 1892, 1912, 1928 (snowstorm, two days), 1942, 1955, 1957, 1962, 1975, 1988, 2013 and 2020.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Huge accumulation, however, is rarer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

During summertime, the average temperature is around Template:Cvt at daytime, but it can get above Template:Cvt on the hottest days. However, temperatures above Template:Cvt at night are rare.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The terrain's flatness hinders water drainage after rain, therefore providing water vapor for the atmosphere. Cold fronts come year round, often from Antarctica and Argentina, bringing tropical storms in summer and cold winds and frost in the winter. They can move very quickly, with no more than one day between the start of the southern winds and the start of rain.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Curitiba's weather is also influenced by the dry air masses that dominate Brazil's midwest most of the year, bringing hot and dry weather, sometimes even in winter.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

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Vegetation

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Frost in Curitiba

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Botanical gardens greenhouse in Curitiba

Curitiba is located in the area of the Ombrophilous Mixed Forest (also known as Araucaria moist forests), a sub-type of the Atlantic Forest. In Curitiba it is possible to find steppes, forests and other formations. The local vegetation consists of remnants of the Paraná (or Brazilian) pine (Araucaria angustifolia), which resisted the efforts of settlers. The Paraná pines are in private and public areas and are protected from logging. The Municipal Secretariat of the Environment maintains a botanical garden and three greenhouses that produce 150,000 native and exotic seedlings: 16,000 fruit trees, 260,000 flowers, foliage and underbrush specimens and the maintenance of another 350,000 seedlings.<ref name="casecwb">Template:Cite web Template:Dead link</ref>

Curitiba's green area itself matches the size of other large Brazilian cities. The vegetation of Curitiba encompasses a large population of purple and yellow ipês (tabebuias), who flower at the end of winter. The yellow ipê is one of the city's most common tree.<ref name="arvct">Template:Cite web</ref>

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Hydrography

File:Rio iguaçu curitiba.jpg

Iguaçu River, running by the south region of the city

The catchment area of Curitiba consists of rivers and streams that cross the city in different directions, grouped in six river basins. The main rivers that form the city's watershed are: Atuba River, Belém River, Barigüi River, Passaúna River, Ribeirão dos Padilhas and the Iguaçu River, all with characteristics of dendritic drainage. Curitiba has been working since the 1970s on alternatives to minimize the negative impacts of urbanization on rivers. An example is the construction of parks along the rivers with artificial lakes, which absorb and retain water for longer periods of time, minimizing floods.<ref name="casecwb"/> After many studies of local water flows, most rivers were found to be subject to a canalization process. Other alternatives developed to minimize the negative effects of urbanization are the implementation of programs for environmental education, inspection and monitoring, elaboration and application of legislation and infrastructure works.<ref name="casecwb"/>

Topography

File:Curitiba vista serra do mar.jpg

The Mountain Range of the Sea, "Serra do Mar"

The city covers Template:Cvt on the First Plateau of Paraná. Curitiba has a topography of smooth, rounded hills, giving it a relatively regular shape. The city has an average altitude of Template:Cvt above sea level. The highest point is to the north at Template:Cvt, and with lower altitudes at Template:Cvt to the south.

Mountain ranges and sets of rocky hills surround parts of the city, including the Serra do Mar, a hill range between the shore of the Atlantic Ocean and the First Plateau in Paraná.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Government

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The Curitiba City Hall

Template:As of, the mayor is Rafael Greca, who replaced Gustavo Fruet. The City Council of Curitiba has 38 councillors elected since 2004. Curitiba is divided into nine regional governments (equivalent to subprefecture), who manage the municipality's 75 districts. The Rua da Cidadania ("Street of Citizenship") is the symbol of administrative decentralization; it is a reference point and a meeting place. Several units are annexed to public transport terminals. Their nuclei offer services in the local, state and federal areas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Jaime Lerner is perhaps Curitiba's best-known mayor. He was the mayor three times, the first time in the early 1970s. His leadership was crucial to some major changes in the city. Curitiba has built parks instead of canals to reduce flooding; used parks to make the city more liveable; pedestrianised the downtown area; built a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), a bus system that works similarly to a light rail system; and started a massive recycling scheme that included giving people bus tokens in return for waste.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

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Demographics

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Ethnic groups

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File:Cerimonia de bencao dos alimentos.jpg

Brazilians of Ukrainian descent celebrating Easter in Curitiba

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Old Polish house at João Paulo II park ("Pope John Paul II Park")

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According to the 2022 census, 1,773,718 people resided in the city of Curitiba.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The census revealed 1,320,252 White people (74.4%), 355,834 Pardo (Multiracial) people (20.1%), 71,948 Afro-Brazilian people (4.1%), 23,635 Asian people (1.3%), 1,976 Amerindian people (0.1%).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Curitiba is Brazil's 8th most populous city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2010, the city had 359,201 opposite-sex couples and 974 same-sex couples. The population of Curitiba was 52.3% female and 47.7% male.<ref name="ibge">Template:Cite web</ref>

As with most of Southern Brazil's population, Curitiba is mostly inhabited by European descendants. The first Europeans to arrive were of Portuguese origin, during the 17th century. They intermarried with the native people and with the African slaves.<ref name="pr">Template:Cite web</ref>

Up until the 19th century, the inhabitants of the city of Curitiba were natives and mixed-race, Portuguese and Spanish immigrants. In 1808 foreigners were granted the right to ownership of land, and in 1853 Parana became an independent province, and these events resulted in a substantial number of immigrants from Europe.<ref name="pr2"/>

The first non-Iberian (Portuguese and Spaniard) immigrants to come to the city were German.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Memorial of Polish Immigration was inaugurated on 13 December 1980, after the visit of Pope John Paul II in June. Its area is Template:Cvt and was part of the former Candles plant. The seven wooden log houses are parts of this memorial area, as a memento of the Polish immigrants' struggles and faith. Objects like an old wagon, pipe of cabbage and a print of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa (patron saint of the Polish people), form parts of the memorial.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The first group of Poles arrived in Curitiba around 1871. Curitiba has the biggest colony of Polish immigrants in Brazil.

Italian immigrants started arriving in Brazil in 1875 and in Curitiba in 1878, coming mainly from the Veneto and Trento regions of Northern Italy. They settled mostly in the Santa Felicidade neighborhood, still a centre of the Italian community.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Nearly 20,000 Ukrainian immigrants settled there between 1895 and 1897, consisting mostly of peasants from Galicia who immigrated to Brazil to become farmers. Around 300,000 Ukrainian-Brazilians live in Paraná.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The State of Paraná has the largest Ukrainian community and Slavic community.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Curitiba has a Jewish community<ref>Jews of Brazil site Template:Webarchive Source listing Curitiba as one of the important Jewish communities. A Habad article Template:Webarchive gives the number of 844 religious participating families there in the year 2007Template:Cite web</ref> that was originally established in the 1870s.<ref>Brazil's Jews during the Vargas Era and After Template:Webarchive by Robert M. Levine 1968. This is a book about early Jewish settlers in Brazil</ref> Much of the early Jewish congregation has been assimilated.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1937 with the rise of Nazi Germany, notable German Jewish academics migrated to Brazil, some settling in Curitiba.<ref>A research paper about the Jewish immigration to Brazil Template:Webarchive during the second world war.</ref> Physicist César Lattes and former mayors Jaime Lerner<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Saul Raiz were Jewish. A Holocaust memorial is present in the city. The community centre, a Jewish school, a Chabad house (Beit Chabad),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> three synagogues,<ref>Israel Synagogue Template:Webarchive in addition to the Hevra Kadisha Synagogue and the Habad Synagogue mentioned in the Chabad reference</ref> and three Jewish cemeteries are there,<ref>Jewish Genealogy site Template:Webarchive lists cemeteries.</ref> one of which was defiled in 2004.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Praca do Japao Curitiba Brasil.jpg

Praça do Japan (Japan Square), built in honor of Japanese immigrants

Japanese immigrants began arriving in 1915, with a larger contingent arriving in 1924. Curitiba received a significant Japanese influx. They settled mostly between Paraná and São Paulo state. The city has the second largest Japanese community in Brazil, behind only São Paulo, according to IBGE. Although both cities have around the same proportion of Japanese descendants, other large cities in the interior of the state of Paraná, such as Maringá and Londrina, have an even higher rate. Some estimates suggest that more than 40,000 Japanese-Brazilians live in Curitiba.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Religion

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According to the 2010 Brazilian Census, most of the population (62.36%) is Roman Catholic, other religious groups include Protestants or evangelicals (24.03%), Spiritists (2.8%), Nones 6.71%, and people with other religions (3.69).<ref name="Religion1">«As capitais mais (e menos) evangélicas do Brasil Template:Webarchive». Exame</ref><ref name="Religion2">«Análise dos Resultados/IBGE Censo Demográfico 2010: Características gerais da população, religião e pessoas com deficiência Template:Webarchive» (PDF)</ref>

Economy

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File:Brasil Telecom Panoramic Tower Curitiba Brasil.jpg

Oi Panoramic Tower

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Downtown Curitiba skyline

Since it was declared capital of the State of Paraná in 1853, the city has gone through several major urban planning projects to avoid uncontrolled growth and thus has become an international role model in dealing with issues including transportation and the environment.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The city is Brazil's second largest car manufacturer. Its economy is based on industry, commerce and services. For that reason, Curitiba is considered by many investors to be the best location for investment in Brazil.<ref>Curitiba was elected the best city to invest</ref>

The city receives more than two million tourists every year. Most arrive via the Afonso Pena International Airport, where almost 60,000 flights land annually.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

According to IPEA data, the GDP in 2006 was 32 billion reals, without including agriculture and livestock (0.03%). Industry represented 34.13% and the commerce and service sectors 65.84%.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Cidade Industrial de Curitiba, the industrial district, is home to many multinational industries, such as Nissan, Renault, Volkswagen, Philip Morris, Audi, Volvo, HSBC, Siemens, ExxonMobil, Electrolux and Kraft Foods, as well as many well-known national industries, such as Sadia, O Boticário and Positivo Informática.

Curitiba's infrastructure makes bus travel fast and convenient, effectively creating demand for bus use in the same way that the infrastructure of traditional cities creates demand for private motor vehicles. In July 2001, Curitiba became Brazil's first city to receive the prize "Pole of Information Technology", granted by InfoExame magazine. According to the magazine, the companies of "Technology and Information Technology" based in Curitiba in 2001 achieved Template:USD in revenues, representing a growth of 21% over the previous year.<ref name="RTI">Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Shopping Estacao 1 Curitiba Brasil.jpg

Estação Mall

The city's 30-year economic growth rate is 7.1%, higher than the national average of 4.2%, and per capita income is 66% higher than the Brazilian average. Between 1975 and 1995, Curitiba's domestic product grew by some 75% more than the entire State of Paraná, and 48% more than Brazil as a whole. In 1994, tourism generated Template:USD- 4% of the city's net income. Curitiba has municipal health, education and day care networks, neighborhood libraries shared by schools and citizens and Citizenship Streets, where buildings provide essential public services, sports and cultural facilities near transportation terminals. At the Open University, residents can take courses in subjects such as mechanics, hair styling and environmental protection for a small fee. Policies for job creation and income generation became part of the city's strategic planning in the 1990s, for the metropolitan area as well as the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:PacoDaLiberdadeCuritiba1.JPG

The "Paço Municipal" built in 1916

Seven large shopping malls are found in Curitiba: Mueller, Estação, Curitiba, Crystal, Palladium, Patio Batel and Park Barigüi. The Rua das Flores (Street of Flowers) is home to the majority of stores. The area is pedestrianized, with no cars around the centre. An essential element of Curitiba shopping is the Feira do Largo da Ordem, or Largo da Ordem Street Fair.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2008, according to IBGE Curitiba's nominal GDP was Template:BRL (or about of Template:USD)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (with Template:BRL, or Template:USD, by nominal GDP per capita, about of Template:USD more than Brazilian 2008 nominal GDP per capita), making it the fourth richest city in the country, after only São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and the capital Brasília.

Curitiba is the second pole of technological innovation in Brazil, according to IPEA (Applied Economic Research Institute). It is Brazil's second best, and South America's fifth best, city for business, according to America Economia Magazine/2005 and 2006. The best destination for business, according to Veja Magazine of 2007. The third position among the Champions of Infrastructure, Exame Magazine of 2006. The second best city to work in Southern Brazil, according to Você S.A. Magazine of 2005. The 49th position, MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce: Emerging Markets Index of 2008. One of the highlights according to the survey Offshoring Horizons performed by Watson Wyatt of 2007. One of the 10 global sustainability centres, according to Ethisphere Institute of 2008.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Curitiba is also home to the largest cancer hospital in the South of Brazil, Erasto Gaertner Hospital.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Clear

Attractions

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Botanical Garden of Curitiba

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Portugal Park

Attractions in the city include:

Shrine of the Divine Mercy: established by the Marian Fathers near Estrada do Ganchinho in the district of Umbará.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Municipal market: Located near the city's central bus station, it houses numerous shops selling imported goods, organic products, and vegan food. The food court has a lot of Asian food, vegan food and organic meals.
Italian Woods: Hosts local celebrations.<ref name="wguide">Template:Cite web</ref>
Wire Opera House: Built on the site of an abandoned quarry.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Oscar Niemeyer Museum: Artists from Paraná and other parts of Brazil have their work represented in the museum. Three rooms in the Eye are dedicated exclusively to photography.<ref name="gobrazil.about.com">Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Parque Tanguá, Curitiba.jpg

Tanguá Park

Panoramic Tower: The 360-foot tall lookout tower allows travelers a 360° view of Curitiba and has a telephone museum on the ground floor.<ref name="gobrazil.about.com" />
Portugal Wood: Homage to the Portuguese-Brazilian bonds, this space is highlighted by a track following a small brook, where one can see drawn on tiles excerpts from famous Portuguese language poets, as well as a tribute to the great Portuguese navigators and their discoveries.<ref name="gobrazil.about.com" /> Families are often seen picnicking on the grounds.
Curitiba International Ecological Marathon: The Maratona Ecológica Internacional de Curitiba ("Curitiba International Ecological marathon") is held in November and is known as the hardest in Brazil.<ref name="meic">Template:Cite web</ref>
Tourism Line: The Linha Tourismo bus stops at key tourist attractions across the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Capão da Imbuia Wood

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Education

More than 183 universities operate in the state of Paraná.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Universidade Federal do Parana.JPG

Federal University of Paraná was the first university opened in Brazil.<ref>UFPR – History Template:Webarchive</ref>

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Military School of Curitiba

Tertiary educational institutions

Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) – Federal University of Paraná – This federal university is the largest of Paraná, with more than 35.000 students. The first university of Brazil;
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR) – Federal Technologic University of Parana is the first university of technology from Brazil;
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Paraná – Paraná Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology;
Universidade Positivo (UP) – Positivo University, private institution;
Universidade Estadual do Paraná (UNESPAR) – State University of Paraná, which includes EMBAP (Paraná School of Fine Arts) and FAP (College of Arts of Paraná);
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR) – Pontifical Catholic University of Parana – A major private university;
ESIC Business and Marketing School – International Website ESIC
Centro Universitário Curitiba (UNICURITIBA) – University Center Curitiba, old Law School of Curitiba.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Centro Universitário Internacional (UNINTER)
Fundação de Estudos Sociais do Paraná (FESPPR) – The First Economy Graduation in Paraná, since 1938

Educational system

In the 1990s, the city started a project called Faróis do Saber ("Lighthouses of Knowledge"). These libraries are free educational centres that include libraries, free Internet access and other cultural resources. Libraries work with municipal schools, offering a collection of approximately 5000 books, and provide cultural reference and leisure.<ref name="ecofanit">Template:Cite web</ref>

Among Brazilian capitals, Curitiba has the highest literacy rate,<ref name="analf">Template:Cite web</ref> and ranks number 1 in education among the Brazilian capitals.<ref name="n1">Template:Cite web</ref>

Urban planning

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Entrance of 24 Hours Street

Curitiba has a planned transportation system, which includes lanes on major streets devoted to a bus rapid transit system. The buses are split into three sections (bi-articulated) and stop at designated elevated tubes, complete with access for disabled riders. Buses charge one price regardless of distance.<ref>Jonas Rabinovitch and Josef Leitman, "Urban Planning in Curitiba", Scientific American, vol. 274, no. 3 (March 1996), pp. 46–53</ref>

The city preserves and cares for its green areas, boasting Template:Cvt of green space per inhabitant.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Agache, cofounder of the French Society for Urban Studies, was hired to produce the first city plan. It emphasised a star of boulevards, with public amenities downtown, an industrial district and sanitation. The plan was too expensive to complete.<ref>Template:Cite web Template:Dead link</ref>

By the 1960s, Curitiba's population had reached 430,000. Some residents feared that the growth in population threatened to damage the character of the city. In 1964, Mayor Ivo Arzua solicited proposals for urban design. Architect Jaime Lerner, who later became mayor, led a team from the Universidade Federal do Paraná that suggested strict controls on urban sprawl, reduced traffic in the downtown area, preservation of Curitiba's Historic Sector and a convenient and affordable public transit system.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

This plan, known as the Curitiba Master Plan, was adopted in 1968. Lerner closed XV de Novembro St. to vehicles, because it had high pedestrian traffic. The plan had a new road design to minimise traffic: the Trinary Road System. This used two one-way streets moving in opposite directions that surround a smaller, two-lane street where the express buses have an exclusive lane. Five of these roads form a star that converges on the city centre. Land farther from these roads is zoned for lower density development, to pull traffic away from the main roads. In a number of areas subject to floods, buildings were condemned and the land became parks.<ref>Parks of Curitiba and floods Template:Webarchive</ref>

Today, Curitiba is considered one of the world's best examples of urban planning.<ref>Irazábal, Clara Elena (2002) Curitiba and Portland: Architecture, City Making, and Urban Governance in the Era of Globalization, PhD Dissertation in Architecture, University of California, Berkeley, p.112</ref> In June 1996, the chairman of the Habitat II summit of mayors and urban planners in Istanbul praised Curitiba as "the most innovative city in the country".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Curitiba was recently recommended by UNESCO as a model for the reconstruction of the cities of Afghanistan.<ref name="afghjp">Template:Cite web</ref> In the 1980s, the RIT (Rede Integrada de Transporte, Integrated Transport Network) was created.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At the same time, the city began building the "Faróis de Saber" (Lighthouses of Knowledge) educational centres.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The city has more than Template:Cvt of public parks and forests.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2007, the city placed third in a list of "15 Green Cities" in the world, according to Grist magazine, after Reykjavík in Iceland and Portland, Oregon in the United States. As a result, according to one survey, 99% of Curitibans are happy with their hometown.<ref name="grist">Template:Cite web</ref>

Jaime Lerner suggests urban acupuncture as the future solution for contemporary urban issues; focusing on very narrow pressure points in cities, can create positive ripple effects. Urban "acupuncture" reclaims land for the public and emphasizes the importance of community development through small interventions in design of cities.<ref>Urban Acupuncture – Understanding Space 2011 Template:Webarchive</ref> It emphasises pinpoint interventions that can be accomplished quickly to create an immediate impact.<ref>Curitiba: Jaime Lerner's Urban Acupuncture – Bill Hinchberger, Brazilmax 2/2006 Template:Webarchive</ref>

The "capacity building job line"<ref>Curitiba - UN</ref> was created to accelerate economic development. About 15,000 new jobs were generated by 2013.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

According to Jonas Rabinovitch, a United Nations senior adviser and former planner at the Curitiba Research and Urban Planning Institute (IPPUC), up to 8% of Curitiba's population still lived in favelas as of 2016.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to 2010 census data collected by IBGE, 49,700 homes in Curitiba form part of irregular settlements.<ref name="Gira pelos Bairros">Template:Cite web</ref> This is equivalent to 163,300 people.<ref name="Gira pelos Bairros"/> The population growth of favelas was 12.4% between 2000 and 2010, higher than the population in general (10.3%).<ref name="Gira pelos Bairros"/>

For transportation, Curitiba has over 2 million people travel by bus while the city also has the most cars per capita in Brazil.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Culture

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File:Curitiba - Feira do Largo da Ordem - Grupo de Chorinho.JPG

Musicians in Feirinha do largo da ordem

In January 1973 the Fundação Cultural de Curitiba was set up, with the aim of promoting culture.<ref name="pr2"/>

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Wire Opera House

The Cultural Complex Solar do Barão features the Photography Museum, the Engravings Museum and the Posters Museu. The MuMA – Museu Metropolitano de Arte (Museum of Metropolitan Art) displays artists from the state of Paraná as well as renowned Brazilian painters such as Pancetti, Guignard and Di Cavalcanti.<ref name="pr2"/>

The Polish Immigrants Memorial, also known as The Pope's Woods, offers an enjoyable area surrounded by trees, which makes it a perfect choice for a stroll. The Polish Pope John Paul II blessed the first replica of the traditional Polish houses that beautifully make up the Bosque do Papa when he visited the city in 1980.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

These figures won him inclusion in the Guinness Book, the Book of Records with the title of "Greatest of the Americas".

Restaurante Madalosso - one of the largest restaurants in the world

In 2003, Curitiba received the "American Capital of Culture" title, granted by the OAS (Organization of American States).<ref name="pr2"/> The city is also recognized as a "Design City" by UNESCO's Creative Cities Network.

Gastronomy

The capital of Paraná is an important gastronomic center in Brazil, and the typical foods of Curitiba tend be very different when compared to other common Brazilian dishes. The dishes of the local cuisine are a reflection of the history of the municipality and the typical foods. Curitiba's cuisine has mainly been influenced by Italian, Polish and German immigrants.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>

Curitiba is the home of the largest restaurant in the Americas, and one of the world's largest restaurants, Restaurante Madalosso. Madalosso can feed more than 4,600 diners at a time in its 10 dining rooms, all named after Italian cities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

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Egyptian Museum and Rosicrucianism

Arts and entertainment

Curitiba was Brazil's first city to have an IMAX movie theatre.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Curitiba has many theaters. The largest and most important one is the Guaíra Theater.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Every year, in April, it hosts the Curitiba Theater Festival.

Museums

Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer designed the extravagant state museum of Curitiba.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:CURITIBA, (Praça Tiradentes, ônibus LinhaTurismo), Paraná, Brasil by Nivaldo Cit Filho - panoramio (1).jpg

Tourism bus line in Curitiba

Museu Paranaense ("Paranaense Museum") – dedicated to arts and history;
Oscar Niemeyer Museum – the largest museum of South America,<ref name="MONy">Template:Cite web Template:Dead link</ref> dedicated to plastic arts;
Museu de Arte Sacra ("Religious Art Museum") – the focus is Christian art;
Museu do Expedicionário ("Museum of the Expeditionary") – dedicated to Brazilian participation in World War II;
Museu de Arte Contemporânea ("Museum of Contemporary Art");
Museu da Imagem e do Som ("Image and Sound Museum") – about cinema, photography and music;
Egyptian and Rosicrucian Museum;
Museu Metropolitano de Arte de Curitiba ("Metropolitan Museum of Art in Curitiba") – modern art;
Museu de História Natural ("Natural History Museum") – biology and botany.
Museu do Holocausto ("Holocaust Museum")<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Festivals

Curitiba has yearly festivals related to arts, such as Curitiba Theatre Festival<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Music Workshop of Curitiba.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Others celebrate immigrants festivals, such as the Grape Feast ("Festa da Uva"),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which is related to Italian immigrants, and the four Matsuri, related to Japanese immigrants.

The four Matsuri set in Curitiba are: Imin Matsuri (Japanese: 移民祭り, "Immigration Festival") which celebrates the arrival of Japanese immigrants in Brazil,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Haru Matsuri (Japanese: 春祭り, "Spring Festival") which celebrates the end of winter and coming of spring,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Hana Matsuri<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (Japanese: 花祭り, "Flower Festival"), which celebrates the birth of Sakyamuni,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Seto Matsuri ("Seto Festival"), in honor of Cláudio Seto,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> comic artist, precursor of the manga in Brazil and idealist of the first Matsuri in Curitiba.

Curitiba also hold the famous Psycho Carnival,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> a three-day festival that happens during the Brazilian Carnival, but devoted to psychobilly and rockabilly genres, attracting people from all over the world. In the same occasion the Zombie Walk also happens. The 2016 edition took more than 20,000 people to the streets.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

UN Convention on Biodiversity

On 20–31 March 2006 the Convention on biodiversity took place in Pinhais (a city near Curitiba), addressing items of the 1993 Convention on Biological Diversity adopted by 188 countries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Transportation

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Estação Tubo Praça Osório, one of the tube-shaped bus stops in Curitiba

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The orange taxis of Curitiba

Public transport

Template:Main Curitiba's public transportation consists entirely of buses. It opened the world's second bus rapid transit (BRT) system, Rede Integrada de Transporte, in 1974.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The popularity of Curitiba's BRT has effected a modal shift from automobile travel to bus travel. Based on 1991 traveler survey results, it was estimated that the introduction of the BRT had caused a reduction of about 27 million auto trips per year, annually saving about 27 million liters of fuel. In particular, 28 percent of BRT riders previously traveled by car. Compared to eight other Brazilian cities of its size, Curitiba uses about 30 percent less fuel per capita, resulting in one of the country's lowest rates of ambient air pollution. Some 1,100 buses make 12,500 trips every day, serving more than 1.3 million passengers, 50 times the number from 20 years ago. Eighty percent of travelers use the express or direct bus services. Curitibanos spend only about 10 percent of their income on transportation, far below the national average.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

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The biggest bi-articulated bus in the world operating in the city.

Curitiba has in its transport fleet the largest bi-articulated bus in the world, with 28 meters in length and capacity for 250 passengers. The bus operates only with soy-based biofuel, which reduces pollutant emissions by 50%.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The city government has been planning to introduce an underground metro for a number of years and in 2014 announced opened tenders for a 35-year public private partnership contract to build and operate a Template:Cvt, 14-station north–south line. The cost is estimated at 4.62 billion reais.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Roads

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Rodovia do Café (Coffee Highway), one of the highways serving Curitiba.

Moving around in a car can be difficult in and around the city centre because of the many one-way streets and frequent traffic jams. The Trinary Road System allows quick access to the city centre for drivers. Some avenues are spacious and laid out in a grid. Apart from some points around the city centre, Munhoz da Rocha Street and Batel Avenue, traffic jams are not severe.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Air

Afonso Pena International Airport is Curitiba's main airport. It is located in the nearby city of São José dos Pinhais. All commercial flights operate from this airport.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was evaluated as the best airport in Brazil according to the Ministry of Infrastructure of Brazil.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>

The airport obtained the highest marks among all participants for queuing time at customs and the cordiality of customs officials; availability of sockets and seats in the departure lounge; quality of airport signage and vehicle parking facilities; availability and cleanliness of the toilets; general cleaning; airport thermal and acoustic comfort; quality of information on baggage claim conveyor panels, as well as availability of public transport to the airport.<ref name=":1" />

There is also the Bacacheri Airport, a smaller general aviation facility. It serves the handling of small and medium business aircraft.

Rail

Brazil's transportation and railway company, Rumo, has its headquarters in Curitiba.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Serra Verde Express provides a tourist train through scenic country<ref>Template:Citation Template:Cbignore</ref> to Morretes and Paranaguá.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

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Cable tram on XV November street

Others

The city has Template:Cvt of bike routes, used by around 30 thousand bikers daily. City streets carry almost one million vehicles, of which 2,253 are orange Taxis. To service these vehicles, more than 355 petrol stations serve the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Curitiba public transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Curitiba, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 72 min. 21% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 17 min, while 33% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 km, while 12% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.<ref>Template:Cite web File:CC-BY icon.svg Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</ref>

Sports

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Arena da Baixada

Curitiba has three teams in the city: Athletico Paranaense, Coritiba and Paraná Clube. Paraná Clube plays at Estádio Durival Britto e Silva, Coritiba plays at Estádio Major Antônio Couto Pereira, and Club Athletico Paranaense plays at Estádio Joaquim Américo Guimarães. Both Coritiba and Athletico Paranaense have won Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, in 1985 and 2001, respectively. Estádio Joaquim Américo Guimarães was one of the 12 stadiums to host games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup held in Brazil. The traditional stadium Vila Capanema have hosted the 1950 FIFA World Cup which still is home to Paraná Clube.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The former Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba (Curitiba International Raceway) was located in nearby Pinhais.

Curitiba has also one of the main rugby union clubs in Brazil, Curitiba Rugby Clube, national champions in 2014 and 2016.

A number of top stars in mixed martial arts are Curitiba natives, including the Rua brothers Maurício "Shogun" and Murilo "Ninja", Wanderlei Silva, Anderson Silva, and women's MMA pioneer Cris Cyborg. Much of the city's success in MMA comes from it hosting the influential Chute Boxe Academy and its successor Universidade da luta.

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Panorama of the interior of the Joaquim Américo Guimarães Stadium (or Arena da Baixada) during a game in 2019

Neighborhoods

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Curitiba's neighborhoods and boroughs

Most districts of Curitiba were born of colonial groups, formed by families of European immigrants in the second half of the nineteenth century.

The centro (downtown or central business district), where the city was founded, is the most bustling area, housing most of the financial institutions of Curitiba.

Bairros (neighborhoods) of Curitiba define the city's geographical divisions. Administrative powers are not delegated to neighborhoods, although neighborhood associations work to improve their communities. Curitiba is divided into 9 regional governments (boroughs) covering the 75 neighborhoods.

Civic Center (In Portuguese: Centro Cívico) is where the main government buildings are located. It was the first neighborhood in the municipality of Curitiba, capital of the state of Paraná. The name means 'Center of the Citizen''.

It was conceived in 1953, with the greater independence which came with the creation of a new state.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In August 2011, the Civic Center was listed as an urban and architectural ensemble. The buildings on the central axis of Avenida Cândido de Abreu are protected, including Plaza 19 de Dezembro, Tiradentes State College, Courts of Justice, Accounts and Jury buildings, the Iguaçu Palace, the Oscar Niemeyer Museum and the Square Our Lady of Salette.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Flag

The municipal flag of Curitiba is one of the official symbols of the city which, together with its coat of arms and anthem, was officially adopted on 11 May 1967 under Municipal Law No. 2993. The flag is rectangular, with a width to length ratio of 7:10. A green field is divided into eight parts by tracks of white outlined with red. The city's coat of arms is in the center of the flag, on a white rectangle.<ref name=curitiba>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>