Taxodium
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Taxodium Template:IPAc-en<ref>Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607</ref> is a genus of one to three species (depending on taxonomic opinion) of extremely flood-tolerant conifers in the cypress family, Cupressaceae. The name is derived from the Latin word taxus, meaning "yew", and the Greek word εἶδος (eidos), meaning "similar to."<ref name="Everett">Template:Cite book</ref> Within the family, Taxodium is most closely related to Chinese swamp cypress (Glyptostrobus pensilis) and sugi (Cryptomeria japonica).
Species of Taxodium occur in the southern part of the North American continent and are deciduous in the north and semi-evergreen to evergreen in the south. They are large trees, reaching Template:Convert tall and Template:Convert (exceptionally Template:Convert) trunk diameter. The needle-like leaves, Template:Convert long, are borne spirally on the shoots, twisted at the base so as to appear in two flat rows on either side of the shoot. The cones are globose, Template:Convert diameter, with 10–25 scales, each scale with one or two seeds; they are mature in 7–9 months after pollination, when they disintegrate to release the seeds. The male (pollen) cones are produced in pendulous racemes, and shed their pollen in early spring. Taxodium species grow cypress knees, when growing in or beside water. The function of these knees is currently a subject of ongoing research.
Species
The three extant taxa of Taxodium are treated here as distinct species, though some botanists treat them in just one or two species, with the others considered as varieties of the first described. The three are distinct in ecology, growing in different environments, but hybridise where they meet.
| Image | Name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| File:Taxodium distichum3.jpg | Taxodium ascendens Brongn. | pond cypress | Occurs within the range of bald cypress, but only on the southeastern coastal plain from North Carolina to Louisiana. It occurs in still blackwater rivers, ponds and swamps without silt-rich flood deposits. |
| File:Bald-Cypress (2883842076).png | Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. | bald cypress | Native to much of the southeastern United States, from Delaware to Texas, especially Louisiana and inland up the Mississippi River to southern Indiana. It occurs mainly along rivers with silt-rich flood deposits. |
| File:Taxodium mucronatum1.jpg | Taxodium mucronatum Ten. | Montezuma cypress, ahuehuete, sabino | Occurs from the Lower Rio Grande Valley south to the highlands of Guatemala, and differs from the other two species in being substantially evergreen. A specimen in Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca, the Árbol del Tule, is Template:Convert tall and has the greatest trunk thickness of all trees, Template:Convert in diameter. It is a riparian tree, occurring on the banks of streams and rivers, not in swamps like the bald and pond cypresses. |
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- †Taxodium dubium (Sternb.) Heer
Formerly placed here
- Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staunton ex D.Don) K.Koch (as T. japonicum var. heterophyllum Brongn.)
- Sequoia sempervirens (D.Don) Endl. (as T. sempervirens D.Don)<ref name="GRINSpecies">Template:Cite web</ref>
Uses
The trees are especially prized for their wood, of which the heartwood is extremely rot- and termite-resistant. The heartwood contains a sesquiterpene called cypressene,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> which acts as a natural preservative. It takes decades for cypressene to accumulate in the wood, so lumber taken from old-growth trees is more rot resistant than that from second-growth trees.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, age also increases susceptibility to Pecky Rot fungus (Stereum taxodii), which attacks the heartwood and causes some damaged trees to become hollow and thus useless for timber. Bald Cypress wood was much used in former days in the southeastern United States for roof shingles.<ref>Template:Silvics</ref> The shredded bark of these trees is used as a mulch.
Evolution
In earth's history Taxodium was much more widespread in the Northern Hemisphere than today.<ref name="MissisippiMiocene">Template:Cite journal</ref> The oldest fossils were found in Late Cretaceous deposits from North America and Asia.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The trees persisted in Europe until around 2.5 million years ago, during the Pliocene.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
See also
References
External links
Template:Commons category Template:Wikispecies
- Gymnosperm Database - Taxodium
- Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary website
- National Audubon Society, undated. Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary. A Companion Field Guide. Artype Inc., Ft. Myers. 25 p.
Template:Acrogymnospermae classification Template:Cupressaceae Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control