Texas Towers
Template:Short description Template:For multi Template:Infobox military structure Texas Towers were a set of three radar facilities off the eastern seaboard of the United States which were used for surveillance by the United States Air Force during the Cold War. Modeled on the offshore oil drilling platforms first employed off the Texas coast, they were in operation from 1958 to 1963. After the collapse of one of the towers in 1961, the remaining towers were closed due to changes in threat perception and out of a concern for the safety of the crews.
Planning
Upon re-formation of the Air Defense Command in 1951 to oversee the nation's developing surveillance radar network, there was concern that shore-based radars along the east coast provided insufficient warning time. A 1952 report from MIT's Lincoln Laboratory looked into the possibility of extending radar coverage by building platforms in the Atlantic using offshore oil drilling technology.<ref name="Keeney.100">Template:Cite book</ref> They concluded that a set of such platforms, equipped with radars, could extend coverage several hundred miles offshore, giving half an hour additional warning of an attack.<ref name="ray" /> Funding for design and construction of the towers was approved in January 1954.<ref name="Keeney.100" />
Design
Each tower consisted of a triangular platform, Template:Convert on each side, standing on three caisson legs.<ref name="pop.sci">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="fortress" /> The structures were constructed on land, towed to site, and jacked up to clear the sea surface by Template:Convert.<ref name="pop.sci" /> Radar and other equipment were then installed on location. The platform itself contained two floors housing the living areas; two of the legs held fuel oil for diesel generators, while the third held the intake for the desalination unit. The platform roof served as a helicopter landing area. A rotary gantry was suspended from the platform to allow servicing of its underside.
Each platform was equipped with one AN/FPS-3 (later upgraded to AN/FPS-20) search radar and two AN/FPS-6 height finder radars, each housed in a separate spherical neoprene radome Template:Convert in diameter.<ref name="fortress">Template:Cite book</ref> Originally the towers were to be linked to shore by submarine cable, but this was eventually rejected as too costly; the AN/FRC-56 tropospheric scatter microwave link was installed instead, with an array of three parabolic antennas attached to one edge of the platform.<ref name="ray">Template:Cite web</ref> UHF and VHF equipment allowed communication with ships and aircraft as well as providing a backup to the microwave link.
Installations
Template:OSM Location map Five towers were planned, in an array off the New England/mid-Atlantic coast. The most northerly two proposed were dropped from plans due to budgetary constraints.<ref name="ray" />
Logistical support for all three towers was provided by the 4604th Support Squadron, based out of Otis AFB and specifically constituted for this mission.<ref name="ray" /> They were originally equipped with H-21B helicopters,<ref name="ray" /> which were replaced with three Sikorsky SH-3 helicopters acquired in 1962.<ref name="flying">Template:Cite journal</ref> The Template:Ship was used to supply the stations, with transfer being effected with a platform called the "donut", consisting of an inflated rubber ring surmounted by a railing, which was lowered from the platform to the waiting ship's deck. These transfers could only take place at slack tide, when the ship could maintain position.<ref name="Life.1">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
| Tower ID | Location | Staffing unit | Mainland station | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TT-1 | Cashes Ledge off New Hampshire coast Template:Coord |
Not built | ||
| TT-2 | Georges Bank off Cape Cod Template:Coord |
762d Radar Squadron | North Truro Air Force Station | decommissioned 1963 |
| TT-3 | Nantucket Shoals Template:Coord |
773d Radar Squadron | Montauk AFS | decommissioned 1963 |
| TT-4 | off Long Beach Island, New Jersey Template:Coord |
646th Radar Squadron | Highlands Air Force Station | collapsed (1961) |
| TT-5 | Browns Bank south of Nova Scotia Template:Coord |
Not built |
Operational history
Texas Tower 2 was the first to become operational, starting limited service in May 1956.<ref name="HSBM">Template:Cite book p. 305</ref> It became fully operational in 1958, as did Tower 3; Tower 4 followed in April 1959.<ref>Leonard, p. 312</ref> The original plan to integrate these radars into the SAGE system had to be modified when the direct cable connection was eliminated; instead, they were used to provide manual inputs.
All the towers were noisy and prone to vibration from the equipment. The relative flexibility of the supports also caused them to shake and sway in response to wind and waves.<ref name="Life.1" /> The frequent and sustained sounding of the platform's foghorns was also an annoyance to the crew.<ref name="ray" />
Texas Tower 4
Template:MainTower 4 was plagued with structural problems from the start. It stood in much deeper water than the other two - Template:Convert, compared to Template:Convert for Tower 2 - and it was held that the simple cylindrical leg design would not be sturdy enough given the length of the legs. Therefore, three sets of cross braces were added between the legs, attached with pin joints.<ref name="ray" /><ref name="Keeney.150">Keeney, pp. 150-152</ref> These made it impossible to tow the platform on the level; instead, the structure was laid on its side for transport and then tipped upright at the site.<ref name="Keeney.150" /> These braces proved to be frail and the joints prone to loosening: two braces broke loose during transport, and a third was lost when the tower was being placed on the bottom.<ref name="Keeney.190">Keeney, p. 190</ref> Divers were brought in several times to inspect the structure and to perform repairs, and an additional set of crossbraces was installed immediately below the platform, above the waterline, in 1960.<ref name="Keeney.226">Keeney, pp. 226-228</ref> Crewmen were frequently seasick from the swaying, and Tower 4 was nicknamed "Old Shaky".<ref name="ray" />
On September 12, 1960, Hurricane Donna passed over Tower 4, causing severe structural damage, including the loss of the flying bridge hanging beneath the platform, and one of the communications dishes.<ref name="Keeney.229">Keeney, pp.229-232</ref> After assessment of the damage and initial repairs it was decided to reduce staffing to a skeleton crew and prepare to dismantle the station.<ref name="Keeney.229" /> The site could not simply be abandoned for fear that the Soviets would board it and remove sensitive equipment and documentation.<ref name="Keeney.229" /> Dismantling of the tower was therefore protracted. At the approach of another storm in January 1961, evacuation of the station was impeded by the inability of the commander to make contact with any of his three immediate superiors; nonetheless the New Bedford set out for the platform.<ref name="Keeney.262">Keeney, pp.262-275</ref> As the storm built, Template:USS, which was in the vicinity, was also dispatched with the intent of evacuating the station via helicopter, shore aircraft being unable to take off.<ref name="Keeney.262" /> Both ships reached the vicinity but could do no more than watch the station disappear from their radar. No survivors were recovered, though divers were sent down on the chance that some might have been trapped in the wreckage.<ref name="Keeney.262" /> Twenty-eight airmen and civilian contractors perished.<ref name="Southhall, 2011">Southall, Ashley, "Obama Recognizes Men Who Died in the Collapse of a Radar Tower in 1961", New York Times, 9 February 2011; retrieved 14 February 2011.</ref> Only two bodies were recovered.<ref name="Southhall, 2011"/>
Texas Tower 5
Template:Infobox military structure Texas Tower 5 was planned to be built on Brown's Bank, Template:Convert south of the coast of Nova Scotia in Template:Convert of water.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The 4604th Support Group was supposed to be located at Pease Air Force Base, New Hampshire. The USAF approved the construction of Tower #5 on January 11, 1954, but the tower was never built because of improvements to radar over the area.
Closure
The loss of Tower 4, together with the increasing emphasis on ICBMs as the predominant threat, led a reassessment of the remaining towers. Escape capsules were added to the two remaining towers, allowing rapid evacuation.<ref name="ray" /><ref name="fortress"/> Shortly thereafter it was decided to close the remaining towers, and the electronic equipment was removed. Both platforms were expected to be returned to shore for scrap, but Tower 2 sank and could not be recovered. Tower 3 was then filled with foam before being knocked off its support, and it was successfully returned to shore and dismantled. The wreckage of Towers 2 and 4 remains in place on the ocean floor. Radar coverage was taken over by alterations to EC-121 airborne early warning flights based out of Otis Air Force Base.<ref name="ray" />
- Patches of tower units
-
Tower 2 patch -
Tower 3 patch -
4604th Support Squadron patch
See also
- PAVE PAWS
- Radar picket
- Sea-based X-band Radar
- SAGE
- Other Cold War era radar networks: