The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)

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Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox Radio Show The Lord of the Rings 1981 radio series is an epic fantasy adventure for BBC Radio 4, adapted from J. R. R. Tolkien's 1955 novel of the same name. It is the third radio dramatisation of the novel, following a 1955 BBC Radio adaptation and a 1979 adaptation for NPR in the United States.

Like the novel on which it is based, the radio series tells the story of an epic struggle between the Dark Lord Sauron of Mordor, the primary villain of the work, and an alliance of heroes who join forces to save the world from falling under his shadow.

Development

Early stages and commissioning

The BBC entered negotiations with The Saul Zaentz Company to obtain the radio rights to adapt The Lord of the Rings in 1979, following the release of the Ralph Bakshi animated film.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> J. R. R. Tolkien had sold the film, stage and merchandising rights to United Artists in 1969, who had subsequently sold them to The Saul Zaentz Company in 1976.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The negotiations were protracted but ironically entirely unnecessary as the radio rights had never passed to the film company and were still controlled by the Tolkien estate.<ref name=":0"/>

Brian Sibley was a young scriptwriter who had written a number of radio features for the BBC, but lacked experience adapting works of literature, having previously only adapted a short fantasy by James Thurber.<ref name=":0" /> In 1979, Sibley submitted an idea for an original radio drama to Head of Drama Script Unit, Richard Imison, but was rejected. In his rejection letter, Imison asked Sibley to suggest a list of novels he would like to see adapted. Sibley submitted “about a baker’s dozen” suggestions, and added The Lord of the Rings in a postscript, declaring it “the one book I would really like to adapt for radio.”<ref name=":0"/> Some weeks later in a chance meeting on a corridor in Broadcasting House, Imison asked Sibley how he had learnt that the BBC were in negotiations to obtain the rights. Sibley stated that he had not been aware, and had suggested the book because he was "simply in love with [it]", having read it for the first time during an extended hospital stay a few years earlier.<ref name=":0"/> The BBC commissioned the adaptation and offered it to Sibley as the lead writer. The commissioners had determined that it should comprise 26 half-hour episodes (6 months' worth of weekly broadcasts), and that scriptwriting should be divided between two writers.<ref name=":0"/> Michael Bakewell was brought in as the second writer – a former producer and writer whose previous credits included a radio adaptation of Tolstoy’s War and Peace.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Writing

Sibley and Bakewell began the process of adapting the books by arranging the core storyline into 26 episode synopses, each with its own conventional narrative structure and ending on a natural ‘cliffhanger’. From these synopses, the full episode scripts would be developed. The source material presented a variety of challenges to the adaptation process. Sibley recalls pacing difficulties due to the book's fluctuations between "sections rich in description, others containing lengthy historical resumés, some having an abundance of dialogue, while others are almost entirely narrative."<ref name=":0"/> These challenges led to decisions to omit sections and characters that were deemed not to meaningfully advance the core plot. As such, the serial omits several sequences, most notably those in Book 1 in which the hobbits come to Crickhollow, enter the Old Forest, and encounter the Barrow-wights, Old Man Willow, and ultimately Tom Bombadil.<ref name="Rosebury 2003"/> On the latter, Sibley has stated he considers Bombadil to be a character Tolkien created independently of The Lord of the Rings,<ref name=":1"/> and that it was preferable to "excise one large episode than to dramatically reduce several others." On the decision to excise some minor characters who appeared for only a few lines of the book, Sibley stated he felt it preferable to remove the character altogether than the alternative, "which would have been to fabricate dialogue for them."<ref name=":0"/> The adaptation radically restructured the chronology of the chapters in Books 3-6, flattening out Tolkien's interlacing by splicing the journey of Frodo and Sam with events in the West. This aligned them with the timeline of events provided by Tolkien in the Appendices, and kept more of the actors employed for more of the episodes.<ref name=":0"/>

The script attempts to be as faithful as possible to the original novel<ref name="Rosebury 2003"/> with many sections of dialogue lifted directly from the source material, such as the conversations between Frodo, Sam and Faramir in The Window on the West.<ref>Template:Cite book, book 2, ch. 5 "The Window on the West"</ref> The script also includes an arc where Wormtongue is waylaid by the Ringwraiths, as narrated in Unfinished Tales,<ref>Template:ME-ref, part 3, ch. 4, "The Hunt for the Ring: Of the Journey of the Black Riders"</ref> a newly published volume at that time. In the final episode, Bilbo's Last Song, a Tolkien poem which does not appear in the novel, is used to flesh out the sequence at the Grey Havens.<ref name="r25">Scull, Christina and Hammond, Wayne G.: The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide, 2nd edition; HarperCollins, 2017; Vol. 2, pp. 17–18</ref><ref name="r26">Smith, Ian D. (ed.): Microphones in Middle Earth; 1982 </ref> The author's son and editor Christopher Tolkien reviewed and approved the final scripts for each episode. He recorded an audio cassette of correct pronunciations for Middle-earth words and names to assist the cast during recordings.<ref name=":0"/>

Recording

Recording took place at BBC Broadcasting House over two months in 1980.<ref name=":0" /> One-and-a-half days was allotted for each of the 26 episodes to be rehearsed and recorded.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> Sibley recalls the recording sessions having "quite a lot of laughter, quite a few tears, and a number of frazzled tempers".<ref name=":0" /> Gandalf actor Michael Hordern recalled the sessions as "a bit of a slog".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Elizabeth Parker of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop produced the sound effects.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The composer Stephen Oliver, who had previously scored the RSC's successful production of Nicholas Nickleby, scored the music, with over 100 cues through the original 26-episode serial.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> The series was directed by Jane Morgan and Penny Leicester. Morgan stated she was anxious to avoid sound effects that were "too literal", and wished to incorporate music in complex battle scenes.<ref name=":2"/>

Episodes

Episode Title First broadcast Covering (Book.Chapter)
The Lord of the Rings
1 The Long Awaited Party 8 March 1981 1.1 The hobbit protagonists are introduced.
2 The Shadow of the Past 15 March 1981 1.2 The wizard Gandalf tells Frodo the history of the Ring, and why it must be destroyed.
3 The Black Riders 22 March 1981 1.3 * The hobbits are pursued by deadly Black Riders.
4 Trouble at The Prancing Pony 29 March 1981 1.9–1.10 The hobbits try to rest in an inn, but Frodo 'accidentally' puts on the Ring, making him invisible.
5 The Knife in the Dark 5 April 1981 1.11–1.12 Frodo is stabbed with a magic knife by a Black Rider. He starts to fade.
6 The Council of Elrond 12 April 1981 2.1–2.2 The half-elven Elrond calls a Council to decide the fate of the Ring.
7 The Fellowship of the Ring 19 April 1981 2.3 Gandalf, the hobbits, two men – Aragorn and Boromir, an elf, Legolas, and a dwarf, Gimli, set out to destroy the Ring.
8 The Mines of Moria 26 April 1981 2.4–2.5 They try to cross the Misty Mountains through the tunnels of Moria. Gandalf dies fighting a monstrous Balrog.
9 The Mirror of Galadriel 3 May 1981 2.6–2.7 The rest of the Fellowship are helped, tested, and counselled by the elf-lady Galadriel.
10 The Breaking of the Fellowship 10 May 1981 2.8–2.10, 3.1 The Fellowship breaks up as Boromir tries to take the Ring and is killed.
11 The Riders of Rohan 17 May 1981 3.2–3.3 Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli meet a resurrected Gandalf and the Riders of Rohan.
12 Treebeard of Fangorn 24 May 1981 3.4 Two of the hobbits, Merry and Pippin, encounter a tree-giant, Treebeard.
13 The King of the Golden Hall 31 May 1981 3.5–3.6 Gandalf frees Théoden, King of Rohan, free from a spell.
14 Helm's Deep 7 June 1981 3.7 Théoden fights off the wizard Saruman's army at the fortress of Helm's Deep.
15 The Voice of Saruman 14 June 1981 3.8–3.11 Gandalf and Théoden go to Saruman's tower, Orthanc, and speak with him. Gandalf breaks Saruman's staff.
16 The Black Gate Is Closed 21 June 1981 4.1–4.3 The other two hobbits, Frodo and Sam, guided by the monstrous Gollum, travel to Mordor to destroy the Ring, but the Black Gate is shut.
17 The Window on the West 28 June 1981 4.4–4.6 Frodo and Sam travel south to find another way into Mordor, but are captured by Boromir's brother, Faramir.
18 Minas Tirith 5 July 1981 5.1 Gandalf and Pippin find the city of Minas Tirith preparing for war.
19 Shelob's Lair 12 July 1981 4.7–4.10 Frodo and Sam try to cross the pass of Cirith Ungol into Mordor, but are attacked by the giant spider Shelob. Frodo is stung and trussed up like a fly.
20 The Siege of Gondor 19 July 1981 5.4 Minas Tirith is besieged by the forces of Mordor.
21 The Battle of Pelennor Fields 26 July 1981 5.6 Minas Tirith is attacked by an immense army. The Riders of Rohan arrive to break the siege; Aragorn and an army of Gondor arrive by ship.
22 The Houses of Healing 2 August 1981 5.8 The wounded are healed in Minas Tirith.
23 Mount Doom 9 August 1981 6.1–6.3 Frodo and Sam travel to Mount Doom to destroy the Ring. Gollum takes the ring from Frodo, and falls into the mountain's fire.
24 The Return of the King 16 August 1981 6.4–6.5 Aragorn becomes King of Gondor, and marries Elrond's daughter, Arwen.
25 Homeward Bound 23 August 1981 6.6–6.8 The hobbits travel home.
26 The Grey Havens 30 August 1981 6.9 Frodo, scarred by his journey, sails from Middle-earth to elvenhome.

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*1.4–1.8 on Crickhollow, Fatty Bolger, the Old Forest, Barrow-wights and Tom Bombadil omitted<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Broadcasts and release

The serial was first broadcast from 8 March to 30 August 1981 on BBC Radio 4 on Sundays from 12 noon to 12:30pm; each episode was repeated on the following Wednesday from 10:30pm to 11:00pm.<ref name="Scull 2015">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A soundtrack album featuring a re-recorded and in some cases expanded suite of Stephen Oliver's music was released in 1981.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>

The 26-part series was edited into 13 hour-long episodes broadcast from 17 July to 9 October 1982, restoring some dialogue originally cut for timing.<ref name="Scull 2015"/> Following the success of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy in the early 2000s, the BBC reissued its radio series in three sets (audiobooks) corresponding to the three original volumes (The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers and The Return of the King). This version omitted the original episode divisions, and included new opening and closing monologues for the first two sets, and an opening monologue only for the last, written by Sibley and performed by Ian Holm as Frodo Baggins. The soundtrack with Stephen Oliver's music, digitally remastered, was included with The Return of the King set, with a demo of John Le Mesurier singing Bilbo's Last Song as a bonus track.<ref>The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King. BBC Worldwide. Audible release 5 September 2007.</ref>

Analysis

File:Holm Hordern Le Mesurier in BBC Radio 4 Lord of the Rings.jpg
CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sibley thought the casting of Ian Holm as Frodo "simply inspired", his performance "of unswerving determination, tempered always with humour and vulnerability."<ref name="Sibley"/> He felt that Hordern managed to "become" Gandalf, "by intuition or some other theatrical magic ... by turn wise, stern and compassionate, a force for good, a constant light in an ever-darkening storm."<ref name="Sibley"/> As for John Le Mesurier's Bilbo, the comic actor who had played Sergeant Wilson in Dad's Army gave the part "a weary melancholy".<ref name="Sibley"/>

The scholar of humanities Brian Rosebury sets out criteria for adapting a complex work like The Lord of the Rings. The adaptation, he writes, must not simply use characters and names to relabel some existing formula, or rewrite the story into a generic style; it must retain as much as possible of the original when translating the narrative into a drama; it must keep the presentation fresh, avoid repetition, and retain plausibility; and it must especially retain the coherent feeling of a Middle-earth under threat, along with the book's momentum, coherence, moral conviction, and subtlety. Rosebury states that a radio production is "fundamentally hampered" by not being able to "suggest the physical and cultural presence of Middle-earth",<ref name="Rosebury 2003">Template:Cite book</ref> other than through the limited medium of sound effects. In his view, the few passages of narration in the production "give tantalising glimpses of [Tolkien's] breadth of vision which fades painfully as the studio-bound dialogues resume."<ref name="Rosebury 2003"/> He finds the dialogue well delivered by the actors, admiring especially Peter Woodthorpe's "fine Gollum", and the abridgement skilful though subtly flattening Tolkien's text "in the direction of an adventure story."<ref name="Rosebury 2003"/> The version's strength, Rosebury writes, is in its rather faithful and almost complete rendering of the book's events, though as in Ralph Bakshi's animated version and Peter Jackson's live-action version, without Tom Bombadil.<ref name="Rosebury 2003"/>

The Tolkien scholar Christina Scull thought it a "masterly adaptation", that stayed faithful to Tolkien's story, presented most of the characters "as he depicted them", and especially "caught the spirit of the books".<ref name="Scull 2015"/> She found the handling of the Battle of the Pelennor Fields with alliterative verse "a brilliant idea", and praised Gerard Murphy's narration.<ref name="Scull 2015"/> Comparing the production with Jackson's interpretation, she felt that her "happiness with the BBC production made [her] even less happy with Jackson than I might have been without it", disliking the films' additional material, violence, and "the weakening of almost all the characters".<ref name="Scull 2015"/> In her view, the BBC dramatisation presented "the characters I [met] in the book", whereas the film version did not.<ref name="Scull 2015"/>

Peter Woodthorpe (Gollum/Sméagol) and Michael Graham Cox (Boromir) had previously voiced the same roles in Bakshi's film in 1978.<ref name="Beck2005">Template:Cite book</ref> Ian Holm, who voiced Frodo Baggins in the radio serial, went on to play Bilbo Baggins in Jackson's film trilogy in the early 2000s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Cast and credits

The Lord of the Rings was dramatised for radio by Sibley and Michael Bakewell.<ref name="Radio Riel 2009"/> The music was composed by Stephen Oliver.<ref>Oliver, Stephen. Music from the BBC Radio Dramatisation of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings; BBC Records; LP REH 415</ref> Radiophonic sound was provided by Elizabeth Parker. The series was produced and directed by Jane Morgan and Penny Leicester.

The cast for the production was:<ref name="Radio Riel 2009">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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See also

References

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