The Seagull
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox play The Seagull (Template:Langx) is a play by Russian dramatist Anton Chekhov, written in 1895 and first produced in 1896. The Seagull is generally considered to be the first of his four major plays. It dramatizes the romantic and artistic conflicts between four characters: the famous middlebrow story writer Boris Trigorin, the ingenue Nina, the fading actress Irina Arkadina, and her son the symbolist playwright Konstantin Treplev.
Like Chekhov's other full-length plays, The Seagull relies upon an ensemble cast of diverse, fully-developed characters. In contrast to the melodrama of mainstream 19th-century theatre, lurid actions (such as Konstantin's suicide attempts) are not shown onstage. Characters tend to speak in subtext rather than directly.Template:Sfn The character Trigorin is considered one of Chekhov's greatest male roles.
The opening night of the first production was a famous failure. Vera Komissarzhevskaya, playing Nina, was so intimidated by the hostility of the audience that she lost her voice.<ref name=Letters>Chekhov (1920); Letter to A. F. Koni, 11 November 1896. Available online at Project Gutenberg.</ref> Chekhov left the audience and spent the last two acts behind the scenes. When supporters wrote to him that the production later became a success, he assumed that they were merely trying to be kind.<ref name=Letters /> When Konstantin Stanislavski, the seminal Russian theatre practitioner of the time, directed it in 1898 for his Moscow Art Theatre, the play was a triumph. Stanislavski's production became "one of the greatest events in the history of Russian theatre and one of the greatest new developments in the history of world drama".Template:Sfn
Stanislavski's direction caused The Seagull to be perceived as a tragedy through overzealousness with the concept of subtext, whereas Chekhov intended it to be a comedy.
Writing
Chekhov purchased the Melikhovo farm in 1892 and ordered a lodge built in the middle of a cherry orchard. The lodge had three rooms, one containing a bed and another a writing table. Chekhov eventually moved in, and in a letter written in October 1895 he wrote:
I am writing a play which I shall probably not finish before the end of November. I am writing it not without pleasure, though I swear fearfully at the conventions of the stage. It's a comedy, there are three women's parts, six men's, four acts, landscapes (view over a lake); a great deal of conversation about literature, little action, and tons of love.Template:Sfn
Thus he acknowledged a departure from traditional dramatic action. This departure became a hallmark of Chekhovian theater. Chekhov's statement also reflects his view of the play as a comedy, a view he maintained towards all his plays. After the play's disastrous opening night, his friend Aleksey Suvorin chided him for being "womanish" and accused him of being in "a funk". Chekhov vigorously denied this, stating:
Why this libel? After the performance, I had supper at Romanov's. On my word of honor. Then I went to bed, slept soundly, and the next day, went home without uttering a sound of complaint. If I had been in a funk I should have run from editor to editor and actor to actor, should have nervously entreated them to be considerate, should nervously have inserted useless corrections, and should have spent two or three weeks in Petersburg fussing over my Seagull, in excitement, in a cold perspiration, in lamentation... I acted as coldly and reasonably as a man who has made an offer, received a refusal, and has nothing left but to go. Yes, my vanity was stung, but you know it was not a bolt from the blue; I was expecting a failure and was prepared for it, as I warned you with perfect sincerity beforehand.
And a month later:
I thought that if I had written and put on the stage a play so obviously brimming over with monstrous defects, I had lost all instinct and that, therefore, my machinery must have gone wrong for good.
The eventual success of the play, both in the remainder of its first run and in the subsequent staging by the Moscow Art Theatre under Stanislavski, encouraged Chekhov to remain a playwright and led to the overwhelming success of his next endeavor, Uncle Vanya, and indeed to the rest of his dramatic work.
Cast and characters
- Irina Nikolayevna Arkadina – an actress, married surname Trepleva
- Konstantin Gavrilovich Treplev – Irina's son, a young man
- Pyotr Nikolayevich Sorin – Irina's brother, owner of the country estate
- Nina Mikhailovna Zarechnaya – a young woman, the daughter of a rich landowner
- Ilya Afanasyevich Shamrayev – a retired lieutenant and the manager of Sorin's estate
- Polina Andreyevna – Shamrayev's wife
- Maria Ilyinishna Shamrayeva, "Masha" – Polina's daughter
- Boris Alexeyevich Trigorin – a novelist
- Yevgeny Sergeyevich Dorn – a doctor
- Semyon Semyonovich Medvedenko – a teacher in love with Masha
- Yakov – a workman
- Cook
- Maid
Plot
Act I
Pyotr Sorin is a retired senior civil servant in failing health at his country estate. His sister, actress Irina Arkadina, arrives at the estate for a brief vacation with her lover, the writer Boris Trigorin. Pyotr and his guests gather at an outdoor stage to see an unconventional play that Irina's son, Konstantin Treplev, has written and directed. The play-within-a-play features Nina Zarechnaya, a young woman who lives on a neighboring estate, as the "soul of the world" in a time far in the future. The play is Konstantin's latest attempt at creating a new theatrical form. It is a dense symbolist work. Irina laughs at the play, finding it ridiculous and incomprehensible; the performance ends prematurely after audience interruption and Konstantin storms off in humiliation. Irina does not seem concerned about her son, who has not found his way in the world. Although others ridicule Konstantin's drama, the physician Yevgeny Dorn praises him.
Act I also sets up the play's various romantic triangles. The schoolteacher Semyon Medvedenko loves Masha, the daughter of the estate's steward Ilya Shamrayev and his wife Polina Andryevna. However, Masha is in love with Konstantin, who is in love with Nina, but Nina falls for Trigorin. Polina is in an affair with Yevgeny. When Masha tells Yevgeny about her longing for Konstantin, Yevgeny helplessly blames the lake for making everybody feel romantic.
Act II
A few days later, in the afternoon, characters are outside the estate. Arkadina, after reminiscing about happier times, engages in a heated argument with the house steward Shamrayev and decides to leave. Nina lingers behind after the group leaves, and Konstantin arrives to give her a gull that he has shot. Nina is confused and horrified at the gift. Konstantin sees Trigorin approaching and leaves in a jealous fit.
Nina asks Trigorin to tell her about the writer's life; he replies that it is not an easy one. Nina says that she knows the life of an actress is not easy either, but she wants more than anything to be one. Trigorin sees the gull that Konstantin has shot and muses on how he could use it as a subject for a short story:
The plot for the short story: a young girl lives all her life on the shore of a lake. She loves the lake, like a gull, and she's happy and free, like a gull. But a man arrives by chance, and when he sees her, he destroys her, out of sheer boredom. Like this gull.
Arkadina calls for Trigorin, and he leaves as she tells him that she has changed her mind – they will be staying. Nina lingers behind, enthralled with Trigorin's celebrity and modesty, and gushes, "My dream!"
Act III
Inside the estate, Arkadina and Trigorin have decided to depart. Between acts, Konstantin attempted suicide by shooting himself in the head, but the bullet only grazed his skull. He spends the majority of Act III with his scalp heavily bandaged.
Nina finds Trigorin eating breakfast and presents him with a medallion that proclaims her devotion to him, using a line from one of Trigorin's own books: "If you ever need my life, come and take it." She retreats after begging for one last chance to see Trigorin before he leaves. Arkadina appears, followed by Sorin, whose health has continued to deteriorate. Trigorin leaves to continue packing. After a brief argument between Arkadina and Sorin, Sorin collapses in grief. He is helped by Medvedenko. Konstantin enters and asks his mother to change his bandage. As she is doing this, Konstantin disparages Trigorin, eliciting another argument. When Trigorin reenters, Konstantin leaves in tears.
Trigorin asks Arkadina if they can stay at the estate. She flatters and cajoles him until he agrees to return with her to Moscow. After she has left the room, Nina comes to say her final goodbye to Trigorin and to inform him that she is running away to become an actress against her parents' wishes. They kiss passionately and make plans to meet again in Moscow.
Act IV
It is winter two years later, in the drawing room that has been converted to Konstantin's study. Masha finally accepts Medvedenko's marriage proposal, and they have a child together, though Masha still nurses an unrequited love for Konstantin. Various characters discuss what has happened in the two years that have passed: Nina and Trigorin lived together in Moscow for a time until he abandoned her and went back to Arkadina. Nina gave birth to Trigorin's baby, but it died in a short time. Nina never achieved any real success as an actress, and she is currently on a tour of the provinces with a small theatre group. Konstantin has had some short stories published, but he is increasingly depressed. Sorin's health is still failing, and the people at the estate have telegraphed for Arkadina to come for his final days.
Most of the play's characters go to the drawing room to play a game of bingo. Konstantin does not join them, instead working on a manuscript at his desk. After the group leaves to eat dinner, Konstantin hears someone at the back door. He is surprised to find Nina, whom he invites inside. Nina tells Konstantin about her life over the last two years. Konstantin says that he followed Nina. She starts to compare herself to the gull that Konstantin killed in Act II, then rejects that and says "I am an actress." She tells him that she was forced to tour with a second-rate theatre company after the death of the child she had with Trigorin, but she seems to have a newfound confidence. Konstantin pleads with her to stay, but she is in such disarray that his pleading means nothing. She embraces Konstantin and leaves. Despondent, Konstantin spends two minutes silently tearing up his manuscripts before leaving the study.
The group reenters and returns to the bingo game. There is a sudden gunshot from off-stage, and Dorn goes to investigate. He returns and takes Trigorin aside. Dorn tells Trigorin to somehow get Arkadina away, for Konstantin has just shot himself.
Performance history
Premiere in St. Petersburg
The first night of The Seagull on 17 October 1896 at the Alexandrinsky Theatre in Petersburg was a disaster, booed by the audience. The hostile audience intimidated Vera Komissarzhevskaya so severely that she lost her voice. Some considered her the best actor in Russia who, according to Chekhov, had moved people to tears as Nina in rehearsal.<ref name=Letters /> The next day, Chekhov, who had taken refuge backstage for the last two acts, announced to Suvorin that he was finished with writing plays.Template:Sfn When supporters assured him that later performances were more successful, Chekhov assumed they were just being kind. The Seagull impressed the playwright and friend of Chekhov Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, however, who said Chekhov should have won the Griboyedov prize that year for The Seagull instead of himself.<ref>Template:Harvnb) and Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Moscow Art Theatre production
Template:Further Nemirovich overcame Chekhov's refusal to allow the play to appear in Moscow and convinced Stanislavski to direct the play for their innovative and newly founded Moscow Art Theatre in 1898.<ref>Template:Harvnb and Template:Harvnb.</ref> Stanislavski prepared a detailed directorial score, which indicated when the actors should "wipe away dribble, blow their noses, smack their lips, wipe away sweat, or clean their teeth and nails with matchsticks", as well as organising a tight control of the overall mise-en-scène.<ref>Template:Harvnb and Template:Harvnb.</ref> This approach was intended to facilitate the unified expression of the inner action that Stanislavski perceived to be hidden beneath the surface of the play in its subtext.Template:Sfn Stanislavski's directorial score was published in 1938.<ref>Template:Harvnb. For an English translation of Stanislavski's score, see Template:Harvnb.</ref>
Stanislavski played Trigorin, while Vsevolod Meyerhold, the future director and practitioner (whom Stanislavski on his death-bed declared to be "my sole heir in the theatre"), played Konstantin, and Olga Knipper (Chekhov's future wife) played Arkadina.<ref>Template:Harvnb) and Template:Harvnb.</ref> The production opened on 17 December 1898 with a sense of crisis in the air in the theatre; most of the actors were mildly self-tranquilised with Valerian drops.Template:Sfn In a letter to Chekhov, one audience member described how: Template:Quote Nemirovich-Danchenko described the applause, which came after a prolonged silence, as bursting from the audience like a dam breaking.<ref name=b86>Template:Harvnb.</ref> The production received unanimous praise from the press.<ref name=b86 />
It was not until 1 May 1899 that Chekhov saw the production, in a performance without sets but in make-up and costumes at the Paradiz Theatre.<ref name=b89>Template:Harvnb.</ref> He praised the production but was less keen on Stanislavski's own performance; he objected to the "soft, weak-willed tone" in his interpretation (shared by Nemirovich) of Trigorin and entreated Nemirovich to "put some spunk into him or something".<ref>Template:Harvnb and Template:Harvnb.</ref> He proposed that the play be published with Stanislavski's score of the production's mise-en-scène.Template:Sfn Chekhov's collaboration with Stanislavski proved crucial to the creative development of both men. Stanislavski's attention to psychological realism and ensemble playing coaxed the buried subtleties from the play and revived Chekhov's interest in writing for the stage. Chekhov's unwillingness to explain or expand on the script forced Stanislavski to dig beneath the surface of the text in ways that were new in theatre.<ref>Chekhov and the Art Theatre, in Stanislavski's words, were united in a common desire "to achieve artistic simplicity and truth on the stage"; Template:Harvnb.</ref> The Moscow Art Theatre to this day bears the seagull as its emblem to commemorate the historic production that gave it its identity.Template:Sfn
Other notable productions
- The play had its German premiere in April 1909 at the Hebbel-Theater, Berlin. The play was cordially received but the Berlin correspondent of The Era doubted that the work would last: "It is in the heavy, gloomy style of most Russian writers, while the interest of the average audience is not lively enough in the heroine's adventures to keep the piece any length of time in the bill".<ref>"The Drama in Berlin", The Era, 8 May 1909, p. 11</ref>
- The first production in English was given at the Royalty Theatre, Glasgow, on 2 November 1909 by the Glasgow Repertory Theatre company, with Mary Jerrold as Arkadina, Milton Rosmer as Konstantin, Hubert Harben as Shamrayev, Campbell Gullan as Trigorin and Laurence Hanray as Sorin.<ref>"The Seagull", The Era, 6 November 1909, p. 16</ref>
- The first production in London was at the Little Theatre on 31 March 1912, with Gertrude Kingston as Arkadina.<ref>"The Seagull", The Era, 6 April 1912, p. 13</ref>
- The play's Broadway premiere was at the Bandbox Theatre on 20 May 1916, with Helen Westley as Arkadina.<ref name=IBDB1916>Template:IBDB title</ref>
- The French premiere, under the title Template:Lang, was staged by Georges Pitoëff at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, Paris, in 1922.Template:Sfn The cast included Template:Ill as Arkadina, Michel Simon as Sorin, Pitoëff as Trigorin and Ludmilla Pitoëff as Nina.<ref>"Chronique Théatrale", Les Temps, Paris, 1 May 1922, p. 2</ref>
- A production directed by Theodore Komisarjevsky opened at the New Theatre, London, on 20 May 1936, with Edith Evans as Arkadina, John Gielgud as Trigorin, Frederick Lloyd as Sorin, George Devine as Shamrayev, Martita Hunt as Masha and Peggy Ashcroft as Nina. After lukewarm reviews of earlier productions the play was now hailed by British critics: The Times said, "The Seagull is among the supreme masterpieces of the theatre",<ref>"New Theatre", The Times, 21 May 1936, p. 14</ref> and The Observer commented that Chekhov would begin to rival Shakespeare as the West End's greatest attraction.<ref>Brown, Ivor, "The Seagull", The Observer, 24 May 1936, p. 19</ref>
- The Theatre Guild presented the play at the Shubert Theatre, New York, in March 1938. Lynn Fontanne played Arkadina, with Alfred Lunt (Trigorin), Sydney Greenstreet (Sorin), Margaret Webster (Masha) and, in her Broadway debut, Uta Hagen (as Nina).<ref name=IBDB1938>Template:IBDB title</ref> As in Britain, the play now received respectful and enthusiastic notices: one reviewer called it "great drama, tragic and luminous, with a light which shadows the petty playwrighting of today's dramatists".<ref>"The Lunts Superb in The Seagull", Courier-Post, 2 November 1938, p, 17</ref>
- Sacha Pitoëff's 1962 production for a five-month tour of France, Switzerland, Belgium and Luxembourg featured Romy Schneider as Nina.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- The first of two productions by the National Theatre in London was in 1994, in an adaptation by Pam Gems, directed by John Caird, with Judi Dench (Arkadina), Norman Rodway (Sorin), Bill Nighy (Trigorin) and Edward Petherbridge (Dorn).<ref>"The Seagull", National Theatre archive. Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref> A second production by the National Theatre, in 2006, had a cast headed by Juliet Stevenson in a production of Martin Crimp's adaptation, directed by Katie Mitchell.<ref>"The Seagull", National Theatre archive. Retrieved 19 December 2024</ref>
- In 1998, a production by Daniela Thomas, assisted by Luiz Päetow, toured Brazil under the title Da Gaivota, with Fernanda Montenegro as Arkadina, Matheus Nachtergaele as Treplyov, and Fernanda Torres as Nina.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- The Joseph Papp Public Theater presented Chekhov's play as part of the New York Shakespeare Festival summer season in Central Park from 25 July 2001 to 26 August 2001. The production, directed by Mike Nichols, starred Meryl Streep as Arkadina, Christopher Walken as Sorin, Philip Seymour Hoffman as Treplyov, John Goodman as Shamrayev, Marcia Gay Harden as Masha, Kevin Kline as Trigorin, Debra Monk as Polina, Stephen Spinella as Medvedenko, and Natalie Portman as Nina.Template:Citation needed
- In January 2007, the Royal Court Theatre staged a production of The Seagull with Kristin Scott Thomas as Arkadina, Mackenzie Crook as Treplyov and Carey Mulligan as Nina. It also featured Chiwetel Ejiofor and Art Malik. The production was directed by Ian Rickson.<ref>"Rickson bows out with flawless classic", The Stage, 1 February 2007, p. 20</ref>
- In 2007 a production by the Royal Shakespeare Company toured internationally before coming into residence at the West End's New London Theatre until 12 January 2008. It starred Frances Barber as Arkadina, William Gaunt and Ian McKellen alternating as Sorin, Richard Goulding as Treplyov, Jonathan Hyde as Dorn, Monica Dolan as Masha, and Romola Garai as Nina. Garai in particular was well reviewed.<ref>"The fall of a high-flying bird" by Nicholas de Jongh, London Evening Standard (28 November 2007)</ref>
- On 16 September 2008, the Walter Kerr Theatre on Broadway began previews of Ian Rickson's production of The Seagull with Kristin Scott Thomas reprising her role as Arkadina. The cast also included Peter Sarsgaard as Trigorin, Mackenzie Crook as Treplyov, Art Malik as Dorn, Carey Mulligan as Nina, Zoe Kazan as Masha, and Ann Dowd as Polina.<ref>"Marquee value: The Seagull at the Walter Kerr Theatre" Template:Webarchive by Matthew Blank, Playbill (18 August 2008)</ref>
- In 2011, a new version directed by Golden Mask winner Yuri Butusov debuted at Konstantin Raikin's Satyricon theater, notable for its return to comedy and "Brechtian-style techniques".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2017 and in coordination with Butusov, a production was filmed and subtitled in English by the Stage Russia project.
- The Oregon Shakespeare Festival staged Seagull in the New Theatre from 22 February until 22 June 2012, adapted and directed by Libby Appel.<ref>Seagull, Oregon Shakespeare Festival, 2012</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- In 2014, a translation into Afrikaans under the title Die seemeeu, directed by Christiaan Olwagen and starring Sandra Prinsloo, was staged at the Aardklop arts festival in Potchefstroom.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- In January 2015, Toronto's Crow's Theatre produced The Seagull in association with Canadian Stage and The Company Theatre. Helmed by Crow's Theatre's artistic director Chris Abraham, the creative team was composed of set and costume designer Julie Fox, lighting designer Kimberly Purtell and sound designer Thomas Ryder Payne.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Robert Falls adaptation, based on a translation by George Calderon, featured an all-Canadian cast including Yanna McIntosh as Arkadina, Eric Peterson as Sorin, Christine Horne as Nina, Tony Nappo as Shamrayev, Bahia Watson as Masha, Tom McCamus as Dorn and Gregory Prest as Medvedenko.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Regent's Park Open Air Theatre presented a new version of The Seagull by Torben Betts in June 2015.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The production received critical praise for its design by Jon Bausor and the new adaptation by Betts.<ref>Cavendish, Dominic: "The Seagull, Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park, review: 'terrific'", The Telegraph, 26 June 2015</ref>
- In March 2015, Hurrah Hurrah and the Hot Blooded Theatre Company presented The Seagull in an unused shop-front with the help of The Rocks Pop-up.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- In 2016, Thomas Ostermeier, director of Berlin's Schaubühne theatre, directed The Seagull at the Théâtre de Vidy, Lausanne.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- In 2020, Anya Reiss's adaptation of The Seagull began previews on 11 March in the Playhouse Theatre, starring Emilia Clarke as Nina and Indira Varma as Irina.<ref>Sullivan, Lindsey. "Jessica Chastain-Led A Doll's House & The Seagull with Emilia Clarke Postponed in London", Broadway.com, 28 May 2020</ref> The production was suspended on 16 March due to the COVID-19 pandemic but subsequently reopened at the Harold Pinter Theatre in July 2022 and ran until September.<ref>Deen, Sarah. "Emilia Clarke's play The Seagull suspended as London's West End shuts down over coronavirus pandemic", Metro, 17 March 2020</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Also in 2020, the Auckland Theatre Company presented an on-line production during the COVID-19 lockdown, using the device of a Zoom meeting for the stage. It was adapted by Eli Kent and Eleanor Bishop, who also directed it, with rehearsals and performances carried out online.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was well received by critics around the world, with The Scotsman declaring it one of the "best plays to watch online".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
_cropped.jpg&action=edit&redlink=1){kind=link}
Analysis and criticism
Template:Expand section It has been remarked that the play was "a spectacle of waste" (such as at the beginning of the play when Medvedenko asks Masha why she always wears black, she answers "Because I'm in mourning for my life.").<ref>Template:Cite magazine </ref>
The play also has an intertextual relationship with Shakespeare's Hamlet.<ref>Template:Harvnb, chapter "Chekhov into English: the case of The Seagull", quote: "A dominant motif in the play is the recurrent Hamlet theme."</ref> Nina and Treplyov quote lines from it before the play-within-a-play in the first act (and this device is itself used in Hamlet). There are many allusions to Shakespearean plot details as well. For instance, Treplyov seeks to win his mother back from the usurping older man Trigorin much as Hamlet tries to win Queen Gertrude back from his uncle Claudius.
Chekov likely wanted to break the standard of theater at the time, in which women only existed as a part of the central male lead.Template:Citation needed The end of the play shows that "The Seagull", that is, the thing destroyed by the man is Konstantin rather than Nina. Nina will continue to live her life without Boris or Konstantin.
Translation
The Seagull was first translated into English for a performance at the Royalty Theatre, Glasgow, in November 1909.<ref name=ChekhovEnglish>Template:Cite book</ref> Since that time, there have been numerous translations of the text—between 1998 and 2004 alone there were 25 published versions.<ref name=ChekhovEnglish /> In the introduction to his own version, Tom Stoppard wrote: "You can't have too many English Seagulls: at the intersection of all of them, the Russian one will be forever elusive."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In fact, the problems start with the title of the play: there's no sea anywhere near the play's settings, so the bird in question was in all likelihood a lake-dwelling gull such as the common gull (larus canus), rather than a nautical variant. In Russian both kinds of birds are named Template:Lang, simply meaning "gull", as in English. However, the title persists as it is much more euphonious in English than the much shorter and blunter "The Gull", which comes across as too forceful and direct to represent the encompassing vague and partially hidden feelings beneath the surface. Therefore, the faint reference to the sea has been seen as a more fitting representation of the intent of the play.
Some early translations of The Seagull have come under criticism from modern Russian scholars. Marian Fell's translation, in particular, has been criticized for its elementary mistakes and total ignorance of Russian life and culture.<ref name=ChekhovEnglish /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Peter France, translator and author of the book The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation, wrote of Chekhov's multiple adaptations:
Notable English translations
| Translator | Year | Publisher | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| George Calderon | 1909 | Glasgow Repertory Theatre | This is the first known English translation of The Seagull. This translation premiered at the Royalty Theatre, Glasgow, on 2 November 1909, also directed by Calderon.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> |
| Marian Fell | 1912 | Charles Scribner's Sons | First published English language translation of The Seagull in the United States, performed at the Bandbox Theatre on Broadway by the Washington Square Players in 1916.<ref name=IBDB1916 /> Complete text from Project Gutenberg here.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Fred Eisemann | 1913 | Poet Lore | Appeared in Volume 26, Number 1 (New Year's 1913) of Poet Lore magazine<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite tweet</ref> |
| Constance Garnett | 1923 | Bantam Books | Performed on Broadway at the Civic Repertory Theatre in 1929,<ref>Template:IBDB name</ref> directed by Eva Le Gallienne. |
| Stark Young | 1939 | Charles Scribner's Sons | Used in the 1938 Broadway production starring Uta Hagen as Nina,<ref name=IBDB1938 /> as well as the 1975 film directed by John Desmond.<ref>Template:IMDb title</ref> |
| Elisaveta Fen | 1954 | Penguin Classics | Along with Constance Garnett's translation, this is one of the most widely read translations of The Seagull.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> |
| David Magarshack | 1956 | Hill & Wang | Commissioned for the 1956 West End production at the Saville Theatre, directed by Michael Macowan, and starring Diana Wynyard, Lyndon Brook, and Hugh Williams.Template:Sfn |
| Moura Budberg | 1968 | Sidney Lumet Productions | Commissioned and used for the 1968 film directed by Sidney Lumet.<ref>Template:IMDb title</ref> |
| Tennessee Williams | 1981 | New Directions Publishing | Williams' "free adaptation" is titled The Notebook of Trigorin. First produced by the Vancouver Playhouse Theatre Company in 1981, the United States premiere occurred at the Cincinnati Playhouse in 1996, starring Lynn Redgrave as Madame Arkadina. Williams was still revising the script when he died in 1983.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> |
| Tania Alexander & Charles Sturridge | 1985 | Applause Books | Commissioned and used for the 1985 Oxford Playhouse production directed by Charles Sturridge and Vanessa Redgrave. |
| Michael Frayn | 1988 | Methuen Publishing | Translated Nina's famous line "I am a seagull", to "I am the seagull", as in the seagull in Trigorin's story. This was justified by Frayn, in part, because of the non-existence of indefinite or definite articles in the Russian language.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> |
| Pam Gems | 1991 | Nick Hern Books | |
| David French | 1992 | Talonbooks | Used in the 1992 Broadway production by the National Actors Theatre at the Lyceum Theatre, directed by Marshall W. Mason and featuring Tyne Daly, Ethan Hawke, Laura Linney, and Jon Voight.<ref>Template:IBDB title</ref> |
| Paul Schmidt | 1997 | Harper Perennial | Used in the 2008 off-Broadway production at the Classic Stage Company, starring Dianne Wiest, Alan Cumming, and Kelli Garner.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Tom Stoppard | 1997 | Faber & Faber | Premiered at The Old Vic theatre in London on 28 April 1997. Its United States premiere in July 2001 in New York City drew crowds who sometimes waited 15 hours for tickets.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Peter Gill | 2000 | Bloomsbury<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | Translation commissioned by the Royal Shakespeare Company and premiered at the Swan Theatre on 30 January 2000.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Peter Carson | 2002 | Penguin Classics | |
| Christopher Hampton | 2007 | Faber & Faber | Used in the Royal Court Theatre's 2008 production of The Seagull at the Walter Kerr Theatre, directed by Ian Rickson and featuring Peter Sarsgaard, Kristin Scott Thomas, Mackenzie Crook and Carey Mulligan.<ref>Template:IBDB title</ref> |
| Benedict Andrews | 2011 | Currency Press | Used in the 2011 production at Sydney's Belvoir St Theatre, starring Judy Davis, David Wenham, Emily Barclay, Anita Hegh, Gareth Davies, Dylan Young and Maeve Dermody, adapted for an Australian setting, with minor dialogue changes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| Anya Reiss | 2014 | Premiered at the Southwark Playhouse.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | |
| David Hare | 2015 | Faber & Faber | Presented at the Chichester Festival Theatre in tandem with Hare's translations of Platonov and Ivanov.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> |
Adaptations
Theatre
The American playwright Tennessee Williams adapted the play as The Notebook of Trigorin, which premiered in 1981. That year, Thomas Kilroy's adaptation, The Seagull also premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in London. The Canadian playwright Daniel MacIvor wrote an adaptation called His Greatness.
In 2004, American playwright Regina Taylor's African-American adaptation, Drowning Crow, was performed on Broadway.
Emily Mann wrote and directed an adaptation called A Seagull in the Hamptons. The play premiered at the McCarter Theatre May 2008.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Libby Appel did a new version that premiered in 2011 at the Marin Theatre in Mill Valley using newly discovered material from Chekhov's original manuscripts. In pre-Revolutionary Russia, plays underwent censorship from two sources, the government censor and the directors. The removed passages were saved in the archives of Russia, and unavailable till the fall of the Iron Curtain.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2011, Benedict Andrews re-imagined the work as being set on a modern Australian beach in his production of the play at Sydney's Belvoir Theatre, which starred Judy Davis, David Wenham and Maeve Darmody. He did this to explore the ideas of liminal space and time.
In 2013, a deconstruction of the play by Aaron Posner, set in the modern day under the title Stupid Fucking Bird, was premiered at the Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company in Washington, D.C.; it won the 2014 Charles MacArthur Award for Outstanding New Play or Musical<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and has been staged widely across American theatres.
In 2014, Takarazuka Revues's Star Troupe performed a musical version of the play, which was adapted and directed by Naoko Koyonagi. It starred Makoto Rei as Konstantin and Mirei Shiroki as Nina.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A 2022 gender-fluid adaptation of the Tom Stoppard version was completed by the Doris Place Players to great success in Los Angeles.
In 2022, Emilia Clarke starred in Anya Reiss' adaption, directed by Jamie Lloyd, at the Harold Pinter Theatre in London. It was described as a unique 21st century modernisation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was reviewed as "radical, stripped-back, strangely gripping".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Thomas Bradshaw wrote a modern-day adaptation set in New York's Hudson Valley entitled The Seagull/Woodstock, NY. The play was produced Off-Broadway by The New Group in 2023 and starred Parker Posey, Nat Wolff, Ato Essandoh, and Hari Nef.
A new version by Duncan Macmillan and Thomas Ostermeier, starring Emma Corrin as Nina and Cate Blanchett as Arkadina, is premiered at London's Barbican Centre in February 2025. Directed by Ostermeier, the adaptation is also starred Priyanga Burford, Tom Burke, Tanya Reynolds, Kodi Smit-McPhee and Jason Watkins.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was met with praise from critics, with Arifa Akbar of The Guardian calling it a "masterful staging [that] has tremendous performances"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Demetrious Matheou of The Hollywood Reporter highlighting Ostermeier's staging as "boisterous, dazzling delight".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A solo dramatic adaptation titled The Gull, written by Zachary Cohn and starring Joan Korte, premiered off-Broadway at Barrow Group Theatre in March 2025.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Film
Sidney Lumet's 1968 film The Sea Gull used Moura Budberg's translation. The play was also adapted as the Russian film The Seagull in 1972.
The 2003 film La petite Lili by director Claude Miller, starring Ludivine Sagnier as Nina renamed Lili, updates Chekhov's play to contemporary France in the world of the cinema.
Christian Camargo directed a 2014 film adaptation of the play, titled Days and Nights, set in rural New England during the 1980s. The film starred Camargo, William Hurt, Allison Janney, Katie Holmes, Mark Rylance, and Juliet Rylance.
An American film titled The Seagull went into production in 2015.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It was released on May 11, 2018, by Sony Pictures Classics; directed by Michael Mayer with a screenplay by Stephen Karam, starring Annette Bening and Saoirse Ronan.
A contemporary Afrikaans language film adaptation directed by Christiaan Olwagen, titled Die Seemeeu, debuted at the Kyknet Silwerskermfees on 23 August 2018. Cintaine Schutte won the Best Supporting Actress award for her portrayal of Masha.
Opera
The play was the basis for the 1974 opera The Seagull by Thomas Pasatieri to an English libretto by Kenward Elmslie.
Musical
The 1987 musical Birds of Paradise by Winnie Holzman and David Evans is a metatheatrical adaptation, both loosely following the original play and containing a musical version of the play as the Konstantin equivalent's play.
In 2015, the play was adapted into Songbird, a country musical by Michael Kimmel and Lauren Pritchard. Songbird sets its story in Nashville and centers around Tammy Trip, a fading country star. Tammy returns to the honky tonk where she got her start to help her estranged son launch his own music career. The show was produced at 59E59 Theaters and featured Kate Baldwin and Erin Dilly. It was recognized as a New York Times Critic's Pick.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Ballet
It was made into a ballet by John Neumeier with his Hamburg Ballet company in June 2002. This version re-imagined the main characters as coming from the world of dance. Arkadina became a famous prima ballerina, Nina was a young dancer on the brink of her career. Konstantin appeared as a revolutionary young choreographer and Trigorin as an older, more conventional choreographer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
An earlier ballet in two acts, by Russian composer Rodion Shchedrin, was first performed at the Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow, in 1980.
References
Notes <references />
Sources
- Template:Wikicite
- Template:Wikicite
- Template:Wikicite
- Template:Wikicite
- Template:Wikicite
- Template:Wikicite
- Template:Wikicite
- Template:Cite book,
- Template:Wikicite
- Template:Wikicite
Further reading
- Template:Cite thesis A comprehensive description of the director's vision and process for producing and directing 2014 performances of The Seagull at the Telus Studio Theatre, University of British Columbia.
- Template:Cite book
External links
- Template:Wikisource-inline, with audio, as translated by Marian Fell.
- Template:StandardEbooks
- Template:Gutenberg
- Template:IBDB show
- Full text of The Seagull in the original Russian
- Cast List of 2007/8 RSC Production
- Template:Librivox book
- The 120th Anniversary of Chekhov's The Seagull
Template:The Seagull Template:Chekhov Template:Authority control