Timeline of Ontario history

From Vero - Wikipedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description

Template:Main Template:More citations needed Template:History of Ontario

Ontario came into being as a province of Canada in 1867 but historians use the term to cover its entire history dating back to its earliest known beginnings. This article also covers the history of the territory Ontario now occupies.

For a complete list of the premiers of Ontario, see List of Ontario premiers.

Prehistory

Template:Cite web</ref>

  • 8,500 BCETemplate:SndLate Paleolithic peoples inhabited the now-boreal pine forests of Southwestern Ontario hunting caribou, Arctic fox and rabbit or hare with darts and spear-throwers made from materials obtained through trade or travel with others at great distances. People living at this time are referred to by archaeologists as Late Paleo-Indians.<ref name=OntarioArchaeology />
  • 8,000–800 BCETemplate:SndDuring the Archaic Period, the climate warmed further. People living in the deciduous forests of Southwestern Ontario hunted a wide variety of woodland animals. Deer and fish were important to their survival. The caribou had moved north. Larger trade networks were established, extending as far as the Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic seaboard. Tools now included: nets, weirs, bows, arrows, and implements made of copper. People also fashioned copper into beads and bracelets.<ref>

Template:Cite web</ref>

  • 900 BCE–1610 ADTemplate:SndDuring the Woodland Era, pottery was first created. In the middle years, two distinct cultural groups emerged: Princess Point, and Riviere au Vase.<ref>

Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:Cite web</ref>

  • Aboriginal people lived on the land for millennia before European settlers came for purposes of exploration and colonization.

1762 and earlier

Part of Province of Quebec, 1763 to 1790

  • 1763 – Britain wins the Seven Years' War and takes full control of the future Ontario
  • 1768 – Guy Carleton commissioned "Captain General and Governor in Chief" on 12 April 1768. He remains in command at Quebec till 1778.
  • 1775–1783 U.S. War of Independence. No U.S. invaders enters present day Ontario but threat is considered real.
  • 1778 – Sir Frederick Haldimand takes command as “Captain General and Governor in Chief" 26 June 1778. He occupies Cataraqui (Kingston, Ont.), reinforces Niagara and Detroit, and strengthens other military outposts against threatened U.S. invasion.
  • 1779—Haldimand sends Captain Dietrich Brehm to strengthen the line of communication between Montreal and Detroit; more than 5,000 Natives are forced out of New York and come to Ft. Niagara for food and shelter; he increases the goods distributed as gifts through the Indian Department from about £10,000 in 1778 to £63,861 in 1782.<ref>Template:Cite DCB</ref>
  • 1783 – The Treaty of Paris ends the war; Canada-U.S. boundary is set along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes
  • 1784 – Haldimand purchases lands for exiled Loyalists from the Mississaugas for or £1,180
  • 1784 Haldimand sets up 8 new townships for settlement along the upper St Lawrence from the westernmost seigneury to modern Brockville, Ontario, and five more around Cataraqui.
  • 1784 – About 9,000 United Empire Loyalists settle in what is now southern Ontario, chiefly in Niagara, around the Bay of Quinte, and along the St. Lawrence River between Lake Ontario and Montreal. They are followed by many more Americans, some of them only attracted by the availability of cheap, arable land.
At the same time large numbers of Iroquois loyal to Britain arrive from the United States and are settled on reserves west of Lake Ontario.
Kingston and Hamilton became important settlements as a result of the influx of Loyalists.
  • 1786 – Carleton, now Lord Dorchester, replaces Haldimand
  • 1788 – On July 24, 1788, Governor General Lord Dorchester proclaims the land area to be divided up into "Lower Canada" with a French legal system and "Upper Canada" with a British legal system, whereby the land districts had been named Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Nassau and Hesse in honour of the Royal family and the present large Germanic population.
  • 1788 – The British purchase 250,000 acres (1,000 km2) on which they begin the settlement of York, now Toronto
  • 1780s-1830s - Thousands of Pennsylvania Dutch (German) farmers move from Pennsylvania to Upper Canada. They claimed a share of the United Empire Loyalists' foundational myth, drawing on its themes of loyalty and sacrifice.<ref>Ross Fair, "'Theirs was a deeper purpose': The Pennsylvania Germans of Ontario and the Craft of the Homemaking Myth", Canadian Historical Review, December 2006, Vol. 87 Issue 4, pp 653–684</ref>

Upper Canada, 1791 to 1841

File:Death tecumseh 1813.jpg
Tecumseh's death at the hands of Richard M. Johnson
The population of Upper Canada grows from 6,000 in 1785 to 14,000 in 1790 to 46,000 in 1806. (Lower Canada's is about 165,000). The population is rural, and based on subsistence agriculture, with few exports; government spending is a major source of revenue.<ref>Douglas McCalla, "The 'Loyalist' Economy of Upper Canada, 1784–1806", Histoire Sociale: Social History, November 1983, Vol. 16 Issue 32, pp 279-304</ref>
  • 1790s–1840s – Dueling is common among the elite, government officials, lawyers, and to military officers; they use dueling as a form of extralegal justice to assert their superior claims to honour. However, a new ethic is emerging that opposes dueling and rejects the hyper-masculinity embodied by the code of the duelist. This opposition is part of growing opposition to hierarchic dominance by the elite; opponents value the bourgeois husband and father and separate male honour from physical violence.<ref>Cecilia Morgan, "'In search of the phantom misnamed honour': Duelling in Upper Canada", Canadian Historical Review, December 1995, Vol. 76 Issue 4, pp 529–82</ref>
  • 1793 – John Graves Simcoe is appointed as the first governor of Upper Canada. He encourages immigration from the United States, builds roads. Slavery is gradually abolished starting with the 1793 Act Against Slavery.
  • 1795 – The Jay Treaty is ratified by which Britain agreed to vacate its Great Lakes forts on U.S. territory. Britain continues to supply the First Nations operating in the United States with arms and ammunition.
  • 1800 – First European settlement on the site of present-day Ottawa
  • 1801 – First ironworks in Upper Canada, located at Furnace Falls near Lyndhurst<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 1803 – The North West Company moves its mid-continent headquarters from Grand Portage, Minnesota to Fort William, now part of Thunder Bay to be in Upper Canada.
  • 1803 – Thomas Talbot retires to his land grant in Western Ontario centred around present day St. Thomas and begins settling it. He eventually becomes responsible for settling 65,000 acres (260 km2). His insistence on the provision and maintenance of good roads, and on reserving land along main roads to productive uses rather than to clergy reserves leads to this region becoming the most prosperous in the province.
  • 1804 – First European settlement on the site of present-day Waterloo
  • 1807 – First settlement, Ebytown, on the site of present-day Kitchener
  • 1809 – The first documented appearance of steam navigation on the Great Lakes is at Prescott, when the steamship Dalhousie was launched for service on the Saint Lawrence River.Template:Sfn
  • 1812–1814 – The War of 1812 with the United States. Upper Canada is U.S. forces' chief target since it is weakly defended and populated largely by U.S. emigrants. However, division in the United States over the war, the incompetence of U.S. military commanders, and swift and decisive action by the British commander, Sir Isaac Brock, keep Upper Canada part of British North America.Template:SfnTemplate:Page needed
  • 1812–1813 - British forces capture Detroit on August 6, 1812. The Michigan Territory is held under British control until it is abandoned in 1813.
  • 1813 – An U.S. army of 10,000 men under General William Henry Harrison move to recapture Detroit. British and Tecumseh's forces win the first battle at Frenchtown, January 22, 1813, killing 400 U.S. soldiers outright and taking 500 prisoners, many of whom are then killed.
  • 1813 May – British and First Nations forces fail in their siege of Fort Meigs, at the mouth of Maumee river; in August, they are repulsed at Fort Stephenson
  • 1813 September 10 – At the Battle of Lake Erie, the U.S. Navy destroys British naval power on Lake Erie. British and Tecumseh forces, with their logistics destroyed, retreat back toward Niagara
  • 1813 October 5 – At the Battle of the Thames (also called "Battle of Moraviantown"), U.S. General Harrison, with 4500 infantry, intercepts retreating British and First Nations forces and wins a decisive victory. British power in western Ontario is ended, Tecumseh is killed, and his First Nations coalition collapses. U.S. forces take control of western Ontario for the remainder of the war and permanently end the threat of First Nation raids into Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan.<ref>John Sugden, Tecumseh's Last Stand (1985)</ref>
  • 1814 – Population 95,000.
  • 1815 – War ends and prewar boundaries are reestablished. One of the legacies of the war in Upper Canada is a strong feeling of anti-Americanism that persist to this day and forms an important component of Canadian nationalism.
  • 1816 – Waterloo adopts its current name to honour the battle of Waterloo.
  • 1817 – By the Rush–Bagot Treaty, Britain and the United States agree to keep large war vessels out of the Great Lakes.
  • 1818 – The Treaty of 1818 reduces boundary and fishing disputes between British North America and the United States.
  • 1820s–1840 – The Family Compact is a closed oligarchy of landowners, royal officials, lawyers, and businessmen who virtually monopolized public office and controlled the economy of the province in the 1820s and 1830s.<ref>David Gagan, "Property and 'Interest'; Some Preliminary Evidence of Land Speculation by the 'Family Compact' in Upper Canada 1820–1840", Ontario History, March 1978, Vol. 70 Issue 1, pp 63–70</ref>
  • 1820 – The Talbot Settlement is now completely settled, it settlement having resumed following interruption during the war years.
  • 1821 – The North West Company merges with the Hudson's Bay Company
  • 1823 – Peter Robinson settles the Bathurst District near Ottawa with immigrants from Cork County, Ireland.
  • 1824 – The Church of Scotland is granted a share of the revenues from clergy reserves. Presbyterians by the 1830s were a major force for social conservatism. Ministers sent from Scotland in the 1820s and 1830s were surprised by the ethnic diversity, and horrified at the frontier way of life, which they saw as a devil's compound of illiteracy, drunkenness, ignorance of religion, and lack of schools. They promoted conservatism as a means of implanting Scottish moral values.<ref>Peter A. Russell, "Church of Scotland Clergy in Upper Canada: Culture Shock and Conservatism on the Frontier", Ontario History, June 1981, Vol. 73#2, pp 88–111</ref>
  • 1825 – Peter Robinson settles Scott's Plains (later renamed Peterborough in his honour).
  • 1825 – first settlement of Dresden
  • 1826 – first settlement of London
  • 1826 – With the creation of the Canada Company, free land is no longer available to immigrants willing to set up homesteads and farms.
  • 1829 – as a result of the Fugitive slave laws in the United States, the first group of Blacks arrives from Ohio and settles on uncleared land north of London, Ontario. The routes they travelled to Upper Canada become known as the Underground Railroad.
  • 1831 – Ontario population hits 236,000.
  • 1832 – completion of the Rideau Canal from Kingston to Ottawa after six years of construction.
  • 1832 – a serious cholera outbreak spreads quickly from Lower Canada killing thousands.
  • 1833 – Building of the first Welland Canal directed by William Hamilton Merritt
  • 1835-1845 - Shiners' War Irish labour unrest at Bytown (today's Ottawa). <ref>name="whc-cpo">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
  • 1837 – Rebellions of 1837 - Upper Canada Rebellion in favour of responsible government; a similar rebellion (the Lower Canada Rebellion) occurs in Quebec. Canadian reformers take inspiration from the Republicanism in the United States. They demand the right to participate in the political process through the election of representatives; they seek to make the legislative council elective rather than appointed. British forces crush both rebellions, ending any possibility the two Canadas would become republics.<ref>Michel Ducharme, "Closing the Last Chapter of the Atlantic Revolution: The 1837–38 Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada" Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, October 2006, Vol. 116 Issue 2, pp 413–430</ref>
  • 1839 – Lord Durham publishes a report on the causes of the rebellions in 1837. His report calls for representation by population between Ontario and Quebec, and an elected legislative assembly. When a public meeting is held to discuss the report, Family Compact official William Jarvis incites an Orange Order mob to attack. A member of The Children of Peace of Sharon, Ontario is seriously struck on the head. He later dies of his injury.
  • 1839 Sydenham replaces Lord Durham as governor-general of Upper Canada.
  • 1840 – The assembly passes a law providing for the sale of the clergy reserves, but it is disallowed by the British government.
  • 1840 – Upper Canada is heavily in debt as a result of its heavy investments in canals.
  • 1841 January - Toronto civic elections. Orange Order mobs beat up reform candidates. Robert Baldwin decides to run outside Toronto next time.

The United Province of Canada (Canada West), 1841 to 1867

  • 1841 – Upper and Lower Canada are united by the Act of Union 1840 to form the Province of Canada, as recommended by Durham. Upper Canada becomes known as Canada West and Lower Canada as Canada East. By this Act, Canada West and Canada East are to have the same number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of the United Province.
  • 1841 April - The first general election for the Legislative Assembly of the United Province (1st Parliament of the Province of Canada). Soon after the election, Robert Baldwin and The Children of Peace utopian settlement help ensure that Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine is elected in by-election for the 4th York seat.
  • 1841 – Population 455,000.
  • 1841 – Sydenham is injured in a horse-riding accident and 15 days later dies. He is replaced by Sir Charles Bagot. The movement for responsible government that had been growing under Sydenham is now so strong that Bagot realizes that to govern effectively he must admit French leaders to his executive council. Once admitted, Canada East Reformer Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine insists that Canada West Reformer Robert Baldwin also be admitted. Bagot admits Baldwin as well, creating a Reform bloc. (Baldwin loses the ministerial by-election but is elected in Rimouski by-election in 1843.)
  • 1843 – Bagot retires because of illness and is replaced by Sir Charles Metcalfe, who is determined to make no further concessions to reform-minded colonists. Metcalfe refuses a demand by Baldwin and Francis Hincks that the assembly approve official appointments. The ministry in the assembly resigns, and in the ensuing election a slim majority supporting Metcalfe is returned.
  • 1846 – The Colonial Secretary, Lord Grey, rules that the British North American lieutenant governors must rule with the consent of the governed. Executive councils are to be selected from the majority in the assembly, and change when the confidence of the assembly changes. Britain is abandoning the mercantilist principles that previously guided its imperial policy, and since colonial trade will no longer be restricted, local colonial politicians need no longer be restricted.
  • 1846 – Britain repeals some of the tariffs against imports from the colonies, starting with the Corn Laws. This starts the negotiation of freer trade with the United States.
  • 1847 – About 104,000 immigrants, many suffering from typhus, arrive to escape the Great Famine of Ireland. 1700 die of typhus, including doctors, nurses, priests and others who care for the sick. The immigrants land at Grosse Île, Canada East and Partridge Island, New Brunswick. Large numbers go on to settle in Canada West. Bytown (Ottawa), Kingston and Toronto receive many of them. This puts a strain on local resources. The wave of immigration drastically increases and changes the composition of the population in the province.
  • 1848 – Lord Elgin, who replaced Metcalfe in 1847, asks Baldwin and Lafontaine to form a government following their success in elections for the Assembly. This is the Province of Canada's first responsible government.
  • 1849 – Elgin signs the Rebellion Losses Bill, which provides compensation for losses suffered during the Lower Canada Rebellion. This is done despite the objections of conservative anglophones (Tories) in Canada East, who are accustomed to agreement from the governor-general. A Tory mob burns down the parliament building in Montreal. Elgin, supported by majorities of members from both Canada East and Canada West, does not back down, and responsible government is established in fact.
  • 1849 – Canada East Tories sponsor an Annexation Manifesto calling for the Province of Canada to join the United States. They were motivated by the loss of trade threatened by the British government's repeal of British Corn Laws. However, the rest of the Canadian population, including Tories of Canada West, opposes the manifesto. Union with the United States ceases to be an important political issue.
  • 1849 - Stony Monday Riot occurs when Lord Elgin scheduled a visit to Bytown to decide on choosing it as permanent site for capital. When Reformers prepare to welcome him, Tory thugs intervene - one killed and 30 wounded. Bytown later renamed Ottawa. (see 1857)
  • 1850 – William Benjamin Robinson negotiates the Robinson Treaties with the Ojibwe nation, transferring to the Crown the eastern and northern shores of Lake Huron and the northern shore of Lake Superior.
  • 1851 – The population of Canada West is 952,000, having more than doubled in 10 years, Canada West had more people than Canada East. Politicians of Canada West begin to argue for representation by population ('rep by pop'), which is achieved in 1867.
  • 1854 – An agreement for reciprocal lowering of trade barriers is reached between British North America and the U.S. The British North American provinces can now send natural products (principally grain, timber, and fish) to the U.S. without tariff, while U.S. fishermen are allowed into British North American fisheries. Lake Michigan and the St. Lawrence River are opened to ships of all signatories.
  • 1854 – Parliament passes a law secularizing the clergy reserves. The Anglican and Presbyterian churches retain their endowments.
  • 1855 – A canal at Sault Ste. Marie on the St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario) opens in May. This opens Lake Superior to U.S. and Canadian navigation, and eases access to the Red River colony in Manitoba.
  • 1855 – The Great Western Railway links Windsor with Hamilton and Toronto.
  • Bytown renamed Ottawa.
  • 1856 – The Grand Trunk Railway opens between Sarnia and Montreal, easing the flow of goods and people across Southern Ontario and trade links with the U.S. Midwest. Towns along its route swell in importance and population.
  • 1857 - Ottawa chosen as permanent capital of the Province of Canada.
  • 1857 - 1857 election. Franchise extended to renters. But liberty is taken with this loosening, and many more vote than legally entitled.<ref>Garner, Franchise and Politics of BNA, p. 110</ref>
  • 1858 – Canada has become increasingly sectional and politically polarized, with Canada West electing Clear Grit Liberals and Canada East electing Conservatives. A coalition government led by John A. Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier falls in two days. Replaced by the George Brown-Antoine-Aimé Dorion government, which also is defeated in short order. Macdonald and Cartier get back into power and engage in a legal machination to keep government power this time. Assembly member Alexander Galt proposes a federal union of British North American colonies to solve the political instability.
  • 1858 – The temporary judicial districts of Algoma and Nipissing are created, the first in Northern Ontario.
  • 1859 – The Clear Grit Liberals under George Brown propose specific arrangements for a federal union of the two Canadas, as opposed to the unitary Province of Canada.
  • 1861 – Population is 1,396,000.
  • 1864 – George Brown proposes a committee to inquire into solutions to the parliamentary deadlock between the Canadas. It recommends a federal union of the British North American colonies, a solution that is welcomed by all sides. A government of Liberals and Conservatives, the Great Coalition, is formed to pursue this goal. Representatives of the Great Coalition attend the Charlottetown Conference which is called to discuss a union of the Province of Canada with the maritime colonies and to persuade representatives to endorse the Canadian plan for a broad federal union. A conference in Quebec City draws up the Quebec Resolutions, a plan for this union.
  • 1866 – The Westminster Conference endorses the Quebec Resolutions with minor changes.
  • 1866 – Fenians make an incursion into Ontario. After a minor skirmish on the Niagara Peninsulia at Ridgeway, the invaders withdraw back to the U.S. This incident deepens the public's desire for full-fledged nationhood (see Fenian raids).

1867 to 1942

Canada 1867 and after. The Province of Ontario 1867 and after

1943 to 1985

Since 1985

Bibliography

General

Surveys

  • Celebrating One Thousand Years of Ontario's History: Proceedings of the Celebrating One Thousand Years of Ontario's History Symposium, April 14, 15, and 16, 2000. Ontario Historical Society, 2000. 343 pp.
  • Baskerville, Peter A. Sites of Power: A Concise History of Ontario. Oxford U. Press., 2005. 296 pp. (first edition was Ontario: Image, Identity and Power, 2002). online review
  • Chambers, Lori, and Edgar-Andre Montigny, eds. Ontario Since Confederation: A Reader (2000), articles by scholars
  • Hall, Roger; Westfall, William; and MacDowell, Laurel Sefton, eds. Patterns of the Past: Interpreting Ontario's History. Dundurn Pr., 1988. 406 pp.
  • McGowan, Mark George and Clarke, Brian P., eds. Catholics at the "Gathering Place": Historical Essays on the Archdiocese of Toronto, 1841–1991. Canadian Catholic Historical Assoc.; Dundurn, 1993. 352 pp.
  • McKillop, A. B. Matters of Mind: The University in Ontario, 1791–1951. U. of Toronto Press, 1994. 716 pp.
  • Mays, John Bentley. Arrivals: Stories from the History of Ontario. Penguin Books Canada, 2002. 418 pp.
  • Noel, S. J. R. Patrons, Clients, Brokers: Ontario Society and Politics, 1791–1896. U. of Toronto Press, 1990.

Ontario to 1869

  • Careless, J. M. S. Brown of the Globe (2 vols, Toronto, 1959–63), vol 1: The Voice of Upper Canada 1818-1859 Template:Webarchive; vol 2: The Statesman of Confederation 1860–1880.
  • Clarke, John. Land Power and Economics on the Frontier of Upper Canada (2001) 747pp.
  • Clarke, John. The Ordinary People of Essex: Environment, Culture, and Economy on the Frontier of Upper Canada (2010)
  • Cohen, Marjorie Griffin. Women's Work, Markets, and Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. (1988). 258 pp.
  • Craig, Gerald M Upper Canada: the formative years 1784–1841 McClelland and Stewart, 1963, the standard history online edition Template:Webarchive
  • Dunham, Eileen Political unrest in Upper Canada 1815–1836 (1963).
  • Errington, Jane The Lion, the Eagle, and Upper Canada: A Developing Colonial Ideology (1987).
  • Gidney, R. D. and Millar, W. P. J. Professional Gentlemen: The Professions in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. (1994).
  • Grabb, Edward, James Curtis, Douglas Baer; "Defining Moments and Recurring Myths: Comparing Canadians and Americans after the American Revolution" The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, Vol. 37, 2000
  • Johnson, J. K. and Wilson, Bruce G., eds. Historical Essays on Upper Canada: New Perspectives. (1975). . 604 pp.
  • Keane, David and Read, Colin, ed. Old Ontario: Essays in Honour of J. M. S. Careless. (1990).
  • Kilbourn, William.; The Firebrand: William Lyon Mackenzie and the Rebellion in Upper Canada (1956) online edition Template:Webarchive
  • Knowles, Norman. Inventing the Loyalists: The Ontario Loyalist Tradition and the Creation of Usable Pasts. (1997). 244 pp.
  • Landon, Fred, and J.E. Middleton. Province of Ontario: A History (1927) 4 vol. with 2 vol of biographies
  • Lewis, Frank and Urquhart, M.C. Growth and standard of living in a pioneer economy: Upper Canada 1826–1851 Institute for Economic Research, Queen's University, 1997.
  • McCalla, Douglas Planting the province: the economic history of Upper Canada 1784–1870 (1993).
  • McGowan, Mark G. Michael Power: The Struggle to Build the Catholic Church on the Canadian Frontier. (2005). 382 pp. online review from H-CANADA
  • McNairn, Jeffrey L The capacity to judge: public opinion and deliberative democracy in Upper Canada 1791–1854 (2000). online review from H-CANADA
  • Oliver, Peter. "Terror to Evil-Doers": Prisons and Punishments in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. (1998). 575 pp. post 1835
  • Rea, J. Edgar. "Rebellion in Upper Canada, 1837" Manitoba Historical Society Transactions Series 3, Number 22, 1965–66, historiography online edition
  • Reid, Richard M. The Upper Ottawa Valley to 1855. (1990). 354 pp.
  • Rogers, Edward S. and Smith, Donald B., eds. Aboriginal Ontario: Historical Perspectives on the First Nations. (1994). 448 pp.
  • Styran, Roberta M. and Taylor, Robert R., ed. The "Great Swivel Link": Canada's Welland Canal. Champlain Soc., 2001. 494 pp.
  • Westfall, William. Two Worlds: The Protestant Culture of Nineteenth-Century Ontario. (1989). 265 pp.
  • Wilton, Carol. Popular Politics and Political Culture in Upper Canada, 1800–1850. (2000). 311pp

Ontario since 1869

  • Azoulay, Dan. Keeping the Dream Alive: The Survival of the Ontario CCF/NDP, 1950–1963. (1997). 307 pp.
  • Baskerville, Peter A. Ontario: Image, Identity, and Power. (2002). 256pp
  • Cameron, David R. and White, Graham. Cycling into Saigon: The Conservative Transition in Ontario. (2000). 224 pp. Analysis of the 1995 transition from New Democratic Party (NDP) to Progressive Conservative (PC) rule in Ontario
  • Comacchio, Cynthia R. Nations Are Built of Babies: Saving Ontario's Mothers and Children, 1900–1940. (1993). 390 pp.
  • Cook, Sharon Anne. "Through Sunshine and Shadow": The Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Evangelicalism, and Reform in Ontario, 1874–1930. (1995). 281 pp.
  • Darroch, Gordon and Soltow, Lee. Property and Inequality in Victorian Ontario: Structural Patterns and Cultural Communities in the 1871 Census. U. of Toronto Press, 1994. 280 pp.
  • Devlin, John F. "A Catalytic State? Agricultural Policy in Ontario, 1791–2001." PhD dissertation U. of Guelph 2004. 270 pp. DAI 2005 65(10): 3972-A. DANQ94970 Fulltext: in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
  • Evans, A. Margaret. Sir Oliver Mowat. U. of Toronto Press, 1992. 438 pp. Premier 1872–1896
  • Fleming, Keith R. Power at Cost: Ontario Hydro and Rural Electrification, 1911–1958. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 1992. 326 pp.
  • Gidney, R. D. From Hope to Harris: The Reshaping of Ontario's Schools. U. of Toronto Press, 1999. 362 pp. deals with debates and changes in education from 1950 to 2000
  • Gidney, R. D. and Millar, W. P. J. Inventing Secondary Education: The Rise of the High School in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 1990. 440 pp.
  • Halpern, Monda. And on that Farm He Had a Wife: Ontario Farm Women and Feminism, 1900–1970. (2001). 234 pp. online review from H-CANADA
  • Hines, Henry G. East of Adelaide: Photographs of Commercial, Industrial and Working-Class Urban Ontario, 1905–1930. London Regional Art and History Museum, 1989.
  • Hodgetts, J. E. From Arm's Length to Hands-On: The Formative Years of Ontario's Public Service, 1867–1940. U. of Toronto Press, 1995. 296 pp.
  • Houston, Susan E. and Prentice, Alison. Schooling and Scholars in Nineteenth-Century Ontario. U. of Toronto Press, 1988. 418 pp.
  • Ibbitson, John. Promised Land: Inside the Mike Harris Revolution. Prentice-Hall, 1997. 294 pp. praise for Conservatives
  • Kechnie, Margaret C. Organizing Rural Women: the Federated Women's Institutes of Ontario, 1897–1910. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 2003. 194 pp.
  • Landon, Fred, and J.E. Middleton. Province of Ontario: A History (1937) 4 vol. with 2 vol of biographies
  • Marks, Lynne. Revivals and Roller Rinks: Religion, Leisure and Identity in Late Nineteenth-Century Small-Town Ontario. U. of Toronto Press, 1996. 330 pp.
  • Montigny, Edgar-Andre, and Lori Chambers, eds. Ontario since Confederation: A Reader (2000).
  • Moss, Mark. Manliness and Militarism: Educating Young Boys in Ontario for War. (2001). 216 pp.
  • Neatby, H. Blair and McEown, Don. Creating Carleton: The Shaping of a University. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 2002. 240 pp.
  • Ontario Bureau of Statistics and Research. A Conspectus of the Province of Ontario (1947) online edition
  • Parr, Joy, ed. A Diversity of Women: Ontario, 1945–1980. U. of Toronto Press, 1996. 335 pp.
  • Ralph, Diana; Régimbald, André; and St-Amand, Nérée, eds. Open for Business, Closed for People: Mike Harris's Ontario. Fernwood, 1997. 207 pp. leftwing attack on Conservative party of 1990s
  • Roberts, David. In the Shadow of Detroit: Gordon M. McGregor, Ford of Canada, and Motoropolis. Wayne State U. Press, 2006. 320 pp.
  • Santink, Joy L. Timothy Eaton and the Rise of His Department Store. U. of Toronto Press, 1990. 319 pp.
  • Saywell, John T. "Just Call Me Mitch": The Life of Mitchell F. Hepburn. U. of Toronto Press, 1991. 637 pp. Biography of Liberal premier 1934–1942
  • Schryer, Frans J. The Netherlandic Presence in Ontario: Pillars, Class and Dutch Ethnicity. Wilfrid Laurier U. Press, 1998. 458 pp. focus is post WW2
  • Schull, Joseph. Ontario since 1867 (1978), narrative history
  • Stagni, Pellegrino. The View from Rome: Archbishop Stagni's 1915 Reports on the Ontario Bilingual Schools Question. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 2002. 134 pp.
  • Warecki, George M. Protecting Ontario's Wilderness: A History of Changing Ideas and Preservation Politics, 1927–1973. Lang, 2000. 334 pp.
  • White, Graham, ed. The Government and Politics of Ontario. 5th ed. U. of Toronto Press, 1997. 458 pp.
  • White, Randall. Ontario since 1985. Eastendbooks, 1998. 320 pp.
  • Wilson, Barbara M. ed. Ontario and the First World War, 1914–1918: A Collection of Documents (Champlain Society, 1977)

References

Citations

Template:Sfn whitelist Template:Reflist

Sources

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

Template:Ontario

Retrieved from "https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Ontario_history&oldid=320389"