7300 - 6200 BC – First evidence of trepanation, with signs of healing suggesting survival, identified in a skull in Ukraine.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
3350 - 3105 BC - Ötzi dies with a parasitic whipworm infection while carrying Piptoporus betulinus, a type of birch fungus that contains toxic resins against whipworm and induces diarrhea. It was likely used an anthelmintic medication.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
3000 BC – The origins of Ayurveda have been traced back to around 3,000 BCE.<ref name="book9781464967566">Template:Cite book</ref>
c. 2600 BC – Imhotep the priest-physician who was later deified as the Egyptian god of medicine.<ref name="MagillAves1998" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
2500 BC – Iry Egyptian inscription speaks of Iry as eye-doctor of the palace, palace physician of the belly, guardian of the royal bowels, and he who prepares the important medicine (name cannot be translated) and knows the inner juices of the body.<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
1900–1600 BC Akkadian clay tablets on medicine survive primarily as copies from Ashurbanipal's library at Nineveh.<ref name="ColónColón1999" />
1800 BC – Code of Hammurabi sets out fees for surgeons and punishments for malpractice<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
9th century – Hesiod reports an ontological conception of disease via the Pandora myth. Disease has a "life" of its own but is of divine origin.<ref name="Loudon2001">Template:Cite book</ref>
8th century – Homer tells that Polydamna supplied the Greek forces besieging Troy with healing drugs. Homer also tells about battlefield surgery Idomeneus tells Nestor after Machaon had fallen: A surgeon who can cut out an arrow and heal the wound with his ointments is worth a regiment.<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
500 BC – Pills were used. They were presumably invented so that measured amounts of a medicinal substance could be delivered to a patient.
510–430 BC – Alcmaeon of Croton scientific anatomic dissections. He studied the optic nerves and the brain, arguing that the brain was the seat of the senses and intelligence. He distinguished veins from the arteries and had at least vague understanding of the circulation of the blood.<ref name="Silverberg1967" /> Variously described by modern scholars as Father of Anatomy; Father of Physiology; Father of Embryology; Father of Psychology; Creator of Psychiatry; Founder of Gynecology; and as the Father of Medicine itself.<ref name="Harris1973">Template:Cite book</ref> There is little evidence to support the claims but he is, nonetheless, important.<ref name="Longrigg1993">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Magill2003">Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Circa – 425 BC – Herodotus tells us Egyptian doctors were specialists: Medicine is practiced among them on a plan of separation; each physician treats a single disorder, and no more. Thus the country swarms with medical practitioners, some undertaking to cure diseases of the eye, others of the head, others again of the teeth, others of the intestines, and some those which are not local.<ref name="Silverberg1967">Template:Cite book</ref>
496 – 405 BC – Sophocles "It is not a learned physician who sings incantations over pains which should be cured by cutting."<ref name="Carrick2001">Template:Cite book</ref>
420 BC – Hippocrates of Cos maintains that diseases have natural causes and puts forth the Hippocratic Oath. Origin of rational medicine.
4th century BC – Philistion of Locri<ref name="Longrigg1993" /> Praxagoras distinguishes veins and arteries and determines only arteries pulse<ref name="Traver2002">Template:Cite book</ref>
3rd century BC – Philinus of Cos founder of the Empiricist school. Herophilos and Erasistratus practice androtomy. (Dissecting live and dead human beings)
280 BC – Herophilus Dissection<ref name="Magill2003" /> studies the nervous system and distinguishes between sensory nerves and motor nerves and the brain. also the anatomy of the eye and medical terminology such as (in Latin translation "net like" becomes retiform/retina.<ref name="Longrigg1993" />
270 – Huangfu Mi writes the Zhēnjiǔ jiǎyǐ jīng (The ABC Compendium of Acupuncture), the first textbook focusing solely on acupuncture.
250 BC – Erasistratus studies the brain and distinguishes between the cerebrum and cerebellum physiology of the brain, heart and eyes, and in the vascular, nervous, respiratory and reproductive systems.
129 – 216 AD – Galen – Clinical medicine based on observation and experience.<ref name="Nutton2005" /> The resulting tightly integrated and comprehensive system, offering a complete medical philosophy dominated medicine throughout the Middle Ages and until the beginning of the modern era.<ref name="Loudon2002" />
After Galen 200 AD
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
Template:Floruit – Fabulla or Fabylla, medical writer<ref>Flemming 2007, p. 265.</ref>
d. 260 – Gargilius Martialis, short Latin handbook on Medicines from Vegetables and Fruits<ref name="Nutton2005" />
4th century Magnus of Nisibis, Alexandrian doctor and professor book on urine<ref name="Prioreschi2001" />
369 – Basil of Caesarea founded at Caesarea in Cappadocia an institution (hospital) called Basileias, with several buildings for patients, nurses, physicians, workshops, and schools<ref name="Durant1993" />
375 – Ephrem the Syrian opened a hospital at Edessa<ref name="Durant1993" /> They spread out and specialized nosocomia for the sick, brephotrophia for foundlings, orphanotrophia for orphans, ptochia for the poor, xenodochia for poor or infirm pilgrims, and gerontochia for the old.<ref name="Durant1993" />
400 – The first hospital in Latin Christendom was founded by Fabiola at Rome<ref name="Durant1993"/>
420 – Caelius Aurelianus a doctor from Sicca Veneria (El-Kef, Tunisia) handbook On Acute and Chronic Diseases in Latin.<ref name="Nutton2005" />
447 – Cassius Felix of Cirta (Constantine, Ksantina, Algeria), medical handbook drew on Greek sources, Methodist and Galenist in Latin<ref name="Nutton2005" />
536 – Sergius of Reshaina (died 536) – A Christian theologian-physician who translated thirty-two of Galen's works into Syriac and wrote medical treatises of his own<ref name="Russell" />
500 – 550 – Aetius of Amida Encyclopedia 4 books each divided into 4 sections<ref name="ColónColón1999" /><ref name="Prioreschi2001" />
second half of 6th century building of xenodocheions/bimārestāns by the Nestorians under the Sasanians, would evolve into the complex secular "Islamic hospital", which combined lay practice and Galenic teaching<ref name="Russell">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
c. 620 Aaron of AlexandriaSyriac . He wrote 30 books on medicine, the "Pandects". He was the first author in antiquity who mentioned the diseases of smallpox and measles<ref name="Riggs2012">Template:Cite book</ref> translated by Māsarjawaih a Syrian Jew and Physician, into Arabic about A. D. 683
c. 630 – Paul of Aegina Encyclopedia in 7 books very detailed surgery used by Albucasis<ref name="Nutton2005">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Prioreschi2001" /><ref name="Pormann2004">Template:Cite book</ref>
790 – 869 – Leo Itrosophist also Mathematician or Philosopher wrote "Epitome of Medicine"
d. 857 – Mesue the elder (Yūḥannā ibn Māsawayh) Syriac Christian<ref name="Loudon2002">Template:Cite book</ref>
c. 830 – 870 – Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Johannitius) Syriac-speaking Christian also knew Greek and Arabic. Translator and author of several medical tracts.<ref name="Loudon2002" />
9th century – Yahya ibn Sarafyun a Syriac physician Johannes Serapion,<ref name="Loudon2002" /> Serapion the Elder
c. 865 – 925 – Rhazespediatrics,<ref name="ColónColón1999" /><ref name=Tschanz>David W. Tschanz, PhD (2003), "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views4 (2).</ref> and makes the first clear distinction between smallpox and measles in his al-Hawi.
d. 955 – Isaac Judaeus Isḥāq ibn Sulaymān al-Isrāʾīlī Egyptian born Jewish physician<ref name="Loudon2002" />
d. 1075 – Ibn Butlan Christian physician of Baghdad Tacuinum sanitatis the Arabic original and most of the Latin copies, are in tabular format<ref name="Loudon2002" />
1018 – 1087 – Michael Psellos or Psellus a Byzantine monk, writer, philosopher, politician and historian. several books on medicine<ref name="Prioreschi2001" />
1260 – Louis IX established Les Quinze-vingt; originally a retreat for the blind, it became a hospital for eye diseases, and is now one of the most important medical centers in Paris<ref name="Durant1993" />
1288 – The hospital of Santa Maria Nuova founded in Florence, it was strictly medical.<ref name="Loudon2001" />
1300 – concave lensspectacles to treat myopia developed in Italy.<ref>Vincent Ilardi, Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society, 2007), page 5.</ref>
1493 – 1541 – Paracelsus<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /> On the relationship between medicine and surgery<ref name="Pagel1958">Template:Cite book</ref> surgery book<ref name="Crone2004">Template:Cite book</ref>
Paracelsus, an alchemist by trade, rejects occultism and pioneers the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine. Burns the books of Avicenna, Galen and Hippocrates.<ref name="Hamilton1831">Template:Cite book</ref>
Ambroise Paré (1510–1590) pioneered the treatment of gunshot wounds.<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="Paget1897">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="ParéSpiegel1649">Template:Cite book</ref>
Bartholomeo Maggi at Bologna, Felix Wurtz of Zurich, Léonard Botal in Paris, and the Englishman Thomas Gale (surgeon), (the diversity of their geographical origins attests to the widespread interest of surgeons in the problem), all published works urging similar treatment to Paré's. But it was Paré's writings which were the most influential.<ref name="Tallett1997">Template:Cite book</ref>
1518 – College of Physicians founded now known as Royal College of Physicians of London is a British professional body of doctors of general medicine and its subspecialties. It received the royal charter in 1518<ref name="WolfDannemann1935" />
1540 – 1604 – William Clowes<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="McCallum2008" /><ref name="Norton2008">Template:Cite book</ref> – Surgical chest for military surgeons<ref name="Norton2008" /><ref name="Ellis2001">Template:Cite book</ref>
1543 – Andreas Vesalius publishes De Fabrica Corporis Humani which corrects Greek medical errors and revolutionizes European medicine<ref name="Asling2010">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Vesalius1633">Template:Cite book</ref>
1546 – Girolamo Fracastoro proposes that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable seedlike entities
1570 – 1643 – John Woodall Ship surgeons used lemon juice to treat scurvy<ref name="Ellis2001" /> wrote "The Surgions Mate"<ref name="Woodall1617">Template:Cite book</ref>
1590 – Microscope was invented, which played a huge part in medical advancement
1749 – 1806 – Benjamin Bell – Leading surgeon of his time and father of a surgical dynasty,<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /> author of "A System of Surgery"<ref name="Bell2010">Template:Cite book</ref>
1803 – 1841 – Morphine was first isolated by Friedrich Sertürner, this is generally believed to be the first isolation of an active ingredient from a plant.
1813–1883 – James Marion Sims vesico-vaganial surgery<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="Rutkow1992">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Sims1886">Template:Cite book</ref> Father of surgical gynecology.<ref name="McCallum2008" /><ref name="Sims1888">Biography: Template:Cite book</ref>
1827 – 1912 – Joseph Lister antiseptic surgery<ref name="ZimmermanVeith1993" /><ref name="Ellis2001" /><ref name="PasteurLister2008">Template:Cite book</ref> Father of modern surgery<ref name="Truax2010">Template:Cite book</ref>
1849 – Elizabeth Blackwell is the first woman to gain a medical degree in the United States.
1850 – Female Medical College of Pennsylvania (later Woman's Medical College), the first medical college in the world to grant degrees to women, is founded in Philadelphia.<ref>"History of the Institution," Drexel University College of Medicine Legacy Center. Retrieved 25 June 2015.</ref>
1. International patent USA. .wef 1995. US PTO no.6227202 and 20020007223.
2. R. Maingot's Text Book of Abdominal operations.1997 USA.
3. Text book of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2010 J P Publishers.
References
Matapurkar B G. (1995). US international Patent 6227202 and 20020007223.medical use of Adult Stem cells. A new physiological phenomenon of Desired Metaplasia for regeneration of tissues and organs in vivo. Annals of NYAS 1998.
Bynum, W. F. and Roy Porter, eds. Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine (2 vol. 1997); 1840pp; 72 long essays by scholars excerpt and text search
Conrad, Lawrence I. et al. The Western Medical Tradition: 800 BC to AD 1800 (1995); excerpt and text search