Timeline of medicine and medical technology

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates This is a timeline of the history of medicine and medical technology.Template:Efn

Antiquity

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  • 3000 BC – The origins of Ayurveda have been traced back to around 3,000 BCE.<ref name="book9781464967566">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • c. 2600 BC – Imhotep the priest-physician who was later deified as the Egyptian god of medicine.<ref name="MagillAves1998" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • 2500 BC – Iry Egyptian inscription speaks of Iry as eye-doctor of the palace, palace physician of the belly, guardian of the royal bowels, and he who prepares the important medicine (name cannot be translated) and knows the inner juices of the body.<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
  • 1900–1600 BC Akkadian clay tablets on medicine survive primarily as copies from Ashurbanipal's library at Nineveh.<ref name="ColónColón1999" />
  • 1800 BC – Code of Hammurabi sets out fees for surgeons and punishments for malpractice<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
  • 1800 BC – Kahun Gynecological Papyrus
  • 1600 BC – Hearst papyrus, coprotherapy and magic<ref name="Loudon2001" />
  • 1551 BC – Ebers Papyrus, coprotherapy and magic<ref name="Longrigg1993" />
  • 1500 BC – Saffron used as a medicine on the Aegean island of Thera in ancient Greece
  • 1500 BC – Edwin Smith Papyrus, an Egyptian medical text and the oldest known surgical treatise (no true surgery) no magic<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
  • 1300 BC – Brugsch Papyrus and London Medical Papyrus
  • 1250 BC – Asklepios<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
  • 9th century – Hesiod reports an ontological conception of disease via the Pandora myth. Disease has a "life" of its own but is of divine origin.<ref name="Loudon2001">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • 8th century – Homer tells that Polydamna supplied the Greek forces besieging Troy with healing drugs. Homer also tells about battlefield surgery Idomeneus tells Nestor after Machaon had fallen: A surgeon who can cut out an arrow and heal the wound with his ointments is worth a regiment.<ref name="Silverberg1967" />
  • 700 BC – Cnidos medical school; also one at Cos
  • 500 BC – Darius I orders the restoration of the House of Life (First record of a (much older) medical school)<ref name="Silverberg1967" />Template:Rp
  • 500 BC – Bian Que becomes the earliest physician known to use acupuncture and pulse diagnosis
  • 500 BC – The Sushruta Samhita is published, laying the framework for Ayurvedic medicine, giving many surgical procedures for first time such as lithotomy, forehead flap rhinoplasty, otoplasty and many more.
  • Template:Circa – Template:Circa – Empedocles four elements<ref name="Longrigg1993" />
  • 500 BC – Pills were used. They were presumably invented so that measured amounts of a medicinal substance could be delivered to a patient.
  • 510–430 BC – Alcmaeon of Croton scientific anatomic dissections. He studied the optic nerves and the brain, arguing that the brain was the seat of the senses and intelligence. He distinguished veins from the arteries and had at least vague understanding of the circulation of the blood.<ref name="Silverberg1967" /> Variously described by modern scholars as Father of Anatomy; Father of Physiology; Father of Embryology; Father of Psychology; Creator of Psychiatry; Founder of Gynecology; and as the Father of Medicine itself.<ref name="Harris1973">Template:Cite book</ref> There is little evidence to support the claims but he is, nonetheless, important.<ref name="Longrigg1993">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Magill2003">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • fl. 425 BC – Diogenes of Apollonia<ref name="Longrigg1993" />
  • Template:Circa – 425 BC – Herodotus tells us Egyptian doctors were specialists: Medicine is practiced among them on a plan of separation; each physician treats a single disorder, and no more. Thus the country swarms with medical practitioners, some undertaking to cure diseases of the eye, others of the head, others again of the teeth, others of the intestines, and some those which are not local.<ref name="Silverberg1967">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • 496 – 405 BC – Sophocles "It is not a learned physician who sings incantations over pains which should be cured by cutting."<ref name="Carrick2001">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • 420 BC – Hippocrates of Cos maintains that diseases have natural causes and puts forth the Hippocratic Oath. Origin of rational medicine.

Medicine after Hippocrates

After Galen 200 AD

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  • Template:Floruit – Fabulla or Fabylla, medical writer<ref>Flemming 2007, p. 265.</ref>
  • d. 260 – Gargilius Martialis, short Latin handbook on Medicines from Vegetables and Fruits<ref name="Nutton2005" />
  • 4th century Magnus of Nisibis, Alexandrian doctor and professor book on urine<ref name="Prioreschi2001" />
  • 325 – 400 – Oribasius 70 volume encyclopedia<ref name="ColónColón1999">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • 362 – Julian orders xenones built, imitating Christian charity (proto hospitals)<ref name="Prioreschi2001" />
  • 369 – Basil of Caesarea founded at Caesarea in Cappadocia an institution (hospital) called Basileias, with several buildings for patients, nurses, physicians, workshops, and schools<ref name="Durant1993" />
  • 375 – Ephrem the Syrian opened a hospital at Edessa<ref name="Durant1993" /> They spread out and specialized nosocomia for the sick, brephotrophia for foundlings, orphanotrophia for orphans, ptochia for the poor, xenodochia for poor or infirm pilgrims, and gerontochia for the old.<ref name="Durant1993" />
  • 400 – The first hospital in Latin Christendom was founded by Fabiola at Rome<ref name="Durant1993"/>
  • 420 – Caelius Aurelianus a doctor from Sicca Veneria (El-Kef, Tunisia) handbook On Acute and Chronic Diseases in Latin.<ref name="Nutton2005" />
  • 447 – Cassius Felix of Cirta (Constantine, Ksantina, Algeria), medical handbook drew on Greek sources, Methodist and Galenist in Latin<ref name="Nutton2005" />
  • 480 – 547 Benedict of Nursia founder of "monastic medicine"<ref name="Prioreschi1996">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • 484 – 590 – Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus<ref name="Getz1998">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • fl. 511 – 534 – Anthimus Greek: Ἄνθιμος<ref name="Albala2002">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • 536 – Sergius of Reshaina (died 536) – A Christian theologian-physician who translated thirty-two of Galen's works into Syriac and wrote medical treatises of his own<ref name="Russell" />
  • 525 – 605 – Alexander of Tralles<ref name="Prioreschi2001">Template:Cite book</ref> Alexander Trallianus
  • 500 – 550 – Aetius of Amida Encyclopedia 4 books each divided into 4 sections<ref name="ColónColón1999" /><ref name="Prioreschi2001" />
  • second half of 6th century building of xenodocheions/bimārestāns by the Nestorians under the Sasanians, would evolve into the complex secular "Islamic hospital", which combined lay practice and Galenic teaching<ref name="Russell">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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1200–1499

1500–1799

Hieronymus Fabricius, Operationes chirurgicae, 1685

1800–1899

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1900–1999

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2000–2022

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See also

Notes

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Citations

Template:Reflist Reference:

  • 1. International patent USA. .wef 1995. US PTO no.6227202 and 20020007223.
  • 2. R. Maingot's Text Book of Abdominal operations.1997 USA.
  • 3. Text book of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2010 J P Publishers.

References

Matapurkar B G. (1995). US international Patent 6227202 and 20020007223.medical use of Adult Stem cells. A new physiological phenomenon of Desired Metaplasia for regeneration of tissues and organs in vivo. Annals of NYAS 1998.

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Further reading

Template:History of medicine

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