R. P. Poplavskii publishes "Thermodynamical models of information processing" (in Russian)<ref name="Poplavskii">Template:Cite journal</ref> which shows the computational infeasibility of simulating quantum systems on classical computers, due to the superposition principle.
Roman Stanisław Ingarden, a Polish mathematical physicist, submits the paper "Quantum Information Theory" in Reports on Mathematical Physics, vol. 10, pp. 43–72, published 1976. It is one of the first attempts at creating a quantum information theory, showing that Shannon information theory cannot directly be generalized to the quantum case, but rather that it is possible to construct a quantum information theory, which is a generalization of Shannon's theory, within the formalism of a generalized quantum mechanics of open systems and a generalized concept of observables (the so-called semi-observables).
1980s
1980
Paul Benioff describes the first quantum mechanical model of a computer. In this work, Benioff showed that a computer could operate under the laws of quantum mechanics by describing a Schrödinger equation description of Turing machines, laying a foundation for further work in quantum computing. The paper<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> was submitted in June 1979 and published in April 1980.
Yuri Manin briefly motivates the idea of quantum computing.<ref name="manin1980vychislimoe">Template:Cite book</ref>
At the first Conference on the Physics of Computation, held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in May,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Paul Benioff and Richard Feynman give talks on quantum computing. Benioff's talk built on his earlier 1980 work showing that a computer can operate under the laws of quantum mechanics. The talk was titled "Quantum mechanical Hamiltonian models of discrete processes that erase their own histories: application to Turing machines".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In Feynman's talk, he observed that it appeared to be impossible to efficiently simulate the evolution of a quantum nature system on a classical computer, and he proposed a basic model for a quantum computer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Feynman's conjecture on a quantum simulating computer, published 1982,Template:Efn understood as – the reality of quantum mechanics expressed as an effective quantum system necessitates quantum computers,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> is conventionally accepted as a beginning of quantum computing.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
1982
Paul Benioff further develops his original model of a quantum mechanical Turing machine.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Yoshihisa Yamamoto and K. Igeta propose the first physical realization of a quantum computer, including Feynman's CNOT gate.<ref name="qc1988">Template:Cite journal</ref> Their approach uses atoms and photons and is the progenitor of modern quantum computing and networking protocols using photons to transmit qubits and atoms to perform two-qubit operations.
David Deutsch and Richard Jozsa propose a computational problem that can be solved efficiently with the deterministic Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm on a quantum computer, but for which no deterministic classical algorithm is possible. This was perhaps the earliest result in the computational complexity of quantum computers, proving that they were capable of performing some well-defined computation more efficiently than any classical computer.
Ethan Bernstein and Umesh Vazirani propose the Bernstein–Vazirani algorithm. It is a restricted version of the Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm where instead of distinguishing between two different classes of functions, it tries to learn a string encoded in a function. The Bernstein–Vazirani algorithm was designed to prove an oracle separation between complexity classes BQP and BPP.
Peter Shor, at AT&T's Bell Labs in New Jersey, publishes Shor's algorithm. It would allow a quantum computer to factor large integers quickly. It solves both the factoring problem and the discrete log problem. The algorithm can theoretically break many of the cryptosystems in use today. Its invention sparked tremendous interest in quantum computers.
Isaac Chuang and Yoshihisa Yamamoto propose a quantum-optical realization of a quantum computer to implement Deutsch's algorithm.<ref name="cy1995">Template:Cite journal</ref> Their work introduced dual-rail encoding for photonic qubits.
Lov Grover, at Bell Labs, invents the quantum database search algorithm. The quadratic speedup is not as dramatic as the speedup for factoring, discrete logs, or physics simulations. However, the algorithm can be applied to a much wider variety of problems. Any problem that can be solved by random, brute-force search, may take advantage of this quadratic speedup in the number of search queries.
The United States Government, particularly in a joint partnership of the Army Research Office (now part of the Army Research Laboratory) and the National Security Agency, issues the first public call for research proposals in quantum information processing.
The first experimental demonstration of a quantum algorithm is reported. A working 2-qubit NMR quantum computer was used to solve Deutsch's problem by Jonathan A. Jones and Michele Mosca at Oxford University and shortly after by Isaac L. Chuang at IBM's Almaden Research Center, in California, and Mark Kubinec and the University of California, Berkeley together with coworkers at Stanford University in California and MIT in Massachusetts.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The first working 3-qubit NMR computer is reported.
Bruce Kane proposes a silicon-based nuclear spin quantum computer, using nuclear spins of individual phosphorus atoms in silicon as the qubits and donor electrons to mediate the coupling between qubits.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Samuel L. Braunstein and collaborators show that none of the bulk NMR experiments performed to date contain any entanglement; the quantum states being too strongly mixed. This is seen as evidence that NMR computers would likely not yield a benefit over classical computers. It remains an open question, however, whether entanglement is necessary for quantum computational speedup.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Gabriel Aeppli, Thomas Rosenbaum and colleagues demonstrate experimentally the basic concepts of quantum annealing in a condensed matter system.
Arun K. Pati and Samuel L. Braunstein prove the quantum no-deleting theorem. This is dual to the no-cloning theorem which shows that one cannot delete a copy of an unknown qubit. Together with the stronger no-cloning theorem, the no-deleting theorem has the implication that quantum information can neither be created nor be destroyed.
The first execution of Shor's algorithm at IBM's Almaden Research Center and Stanford University is demonstrated. The number 15 was factored using 1018 identical molecules, each containing seven active nuclear spins.
Noah Linden and Sandu Popescu prove that the presence of entanglement is a necessary condition for a large class of quantum protocols. This, coupled with Braunstein's result (see 1999 above), called the validity of NMR quantum computation into question.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Emanuel Knill, Raymond Laflamme, and Gerard Milburn show that optical quantum computing is possible with single-photon sources, linear optical elements, and single-photon detectors, establishing the field of linear optical quantum computing.
The Quantum Information Science and Technology Roadmapping Project, involving some of the main participants in the field, lays out the Quantum computation roadmap.
A group led by Gerhard Birkl (now at TU Darmstadt) demonstrates the first 2D array of optical tweezers with trapped atoms for quantum computation with atomic qubits.<ref name="link.aps.org">Template:Cite journal</ref>
The first implementation of a CNOT quantum gate, according to the Cirac–Zoller proposal, is reported by a team at the University of Innsbruck led by Rainer Blatt.<ref name="Nat-20030327">Template:Cite journal</ref>
The United States government DARPAQuantum Network becomes fully operational on October 23, 2003.
Physicists at the University of Innsbruck show deterministic quantum-state teleportation between a pair of trapped calcium ions.<ref name="NAT-20040617">Template:Cite journal</ref>
The first five-photon entanglement is demonstrated by Pan Jianwei's team at the University of Science and Technology of China; the minimal number of qubits required for universal quantum error correction.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
2005
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign scientists demonstrate quantum entanglement of multiple characteristics, potentially allowing multiple qubits per particle.
Two teams of physicists measure the capacitance of a Josephson junction for the first time. The methods could be used to measure the state of quantum bits in a quantum computer without disturbing the state.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Materials Science Department of Oxford University, England cage a qubit in a "buckyball" (a molecule of buckminsterfullerene) and demonstrated quantum "bang-bang" error correction.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Vlatko Vedral of the University of Leeds, England and colleagues at the universities of Porto and Vienna find that the photons in ordinary laser light can be quantum mechanically entangled with the vibrations of a macroscopic mirror.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Professors at the University of Sheffield, England, develop a means to efficiently produce and manipulate individual photons at high efficiency at room temperature.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A new error checking method is theorized for Josephson junction computers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
A two-dimensional ion trap is developed for quantum computing.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Seven atoms are placed in a stable line, a step on the way to constructing a quantum gate, at the University of Bonn, Germany.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Tai-Chang Chiang, at Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, finds that quantum coherence can be maintained in mixed-material systems.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
File:DWave 128chip.jpgChip constructed by D-Wave Systems Inc. designed to operate as a 128-qubit superconducting adiabatic quantum optimization processor, mounted in a sample holder (2009)
Six-photon graph state entanglement is used to simulate the fractional statistics of anyons living in artificial spin-lattice models.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
A single-molecule optical transistor is devised.<ref>
A combination of all of the fundamental elements required to perform scalable quantum computing through the use of qubits stored in the internal states of trapped atomic ions is shown.<ref>
A method for synchronizing the properties of multiple coupled CJJ rf-SQUID flux qubits with a small spread of device parameters due to fabrication variations is demonstrated.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Universal Ion Trap Quantum Computation with decoherence free qubits is realized.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The first chip-scale quantum computer is reported.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
D-Wave claims to have developed quantum annealing and introduces their product called D-Wave One. The company claims this is the first commercially available quantum computer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Repetitive error correction is demonstrated in a quantum processor.<ref>
Demonstration of topologically protected qubits with an eight-photon entanglement is reported; a robust approach to practical quantum computing.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Coherence time of 39 minutes at room temperature (and 3 hours at cryogenic temperatures) is demonstrated for an ensemble of impurity-spin qubits in isotopically purified silicon.<ref name="39 minutes">Template:Cite web</ref>
Extension of time for a qubit maintained in superimposed state for ten times longer than what has ever been achieved before is reported.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The first resource analysis of a large-scale quantum algorithm using explicit fault-tolerant, error-correction protocols is developed for factoring.<ref>
Scientists at the University of Innsbruck perform quantum computations on a topologically encoded qubit which is encoded in entangled states distributed over seven trapped-ion qubits.<ref name="SCI-20140718">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Physicists led by Rainer Blatt join forces with scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), led by Isaac Chuang, to efficiently implement Shor's algorithm in an ion-trap-based quantum computer.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
IBM releases the Quantum Experience, an online interface to their superconducting systems. The system is immediately used to publish new protocols in quantum information processing.<ref>
D-Wave Systems Incorporated announce general commercial availability of the D-Wave 2000Q quantum annealer, which it claims has 2000 qubits.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A blueprint for a microwave trapped ion quantum computer is published.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
IBM unveils a 17-qubit quantum computer—and a better way of benchmarking it.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Scientists build a microchip that generates two entangled qudits each with 10 states, for 100 dimensions total.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Microsoft revealed Q#, a quantum programming language integrated with its Visual Studio development environment. Programs can be executed locally on a 32-qubit simulator, or a 40-qubit simulator on Azure.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
IBM reveals a working 50-qubit quantum computer that maintains its quantum state for 90 microseconds.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The first teleportation using a satellite, connecting ground stations over a distance of 1400 km apart is announced.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Previous experiments were at Earth, at shorter distances.
MIT scientists report the discovery of a new triple-photon form of light.<ref name="NW-20180216">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="SCI-20180216">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Oxford researchers successfully use a trapped-ion technique, where they place two charged atoms in a state of quantum entanglement to speed up logic gates by a factor of 20 to 60 times, as compared with the previous best gates, translated to 1.6 microseconds long, with 99.8% precision.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Google announces the creation of a 72-qubit quantum chip, called "Bristlecone",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> achieving a new record.
Intel announces the fabrication and testing of silicon-based spin-qubit processors manufactured in the company's D1D fab in Oregon.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Intel confirms development of a 49-qubit superconducting test chip, called "Tangle Lake".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Japanese researchers demonstrate universal holonomic quantum gates.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
An integrated photonic platform for quantum information with continuous variables is documented.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
On December 17, 2018, the company IonQ introduces the first commercial trapped-ion quantum computer, with a program length of over 60 two-qubit gates, 11 fully connected qubits, 55 addressable pairs, one-qubit gate error of <0.03% and two-qubit gate error of <1.0%.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Austrian physicists demonstrate self-verifying, hybrid, variational quantum simulation of lattice models in condensed matter and high-energy physics using a feedback loop between a classical computer and a quantum co-processor.<ref name="Nat-20190515">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Griffith University, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia, and UTS, in partnership with seven universities in the United States, develop noise cancelling for quantum bits via machine learning, taking quantum noise in a quantum chip down to 0%.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Google reveals its Sycamore processor, consisting of 53 qubits. A paper by Google's quantum computer research team is briefly available in late September 2019, claiming the project had reached quantum supremacy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Google also develops a cryogenic chip for controlling qubits from within a dilution refrigerator.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
20 April – UNSW Sydney develops a way of producing 'hot qubits' – quantum devices that operate at 1.5 kelvin.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
11 March – UNSW perform electric nuclear resonance to control single atoms in electronic devices.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
23 April – University of Tokyo and Australian scientists create and successfully test a solution to the quantum wiring problem, creating a 2D structure for qubits. Such structure can be built using existing integrated circuit technology and has considerably lower cross-talk.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
14 February – Quantum physicists develop a novel single-photon source which may allow bridging of semiconductor-based quantum-computers that use photons by converting the state of an electron spin to the polarisation of a photon. They showed that they can generate a single photon in a controlled way without the need for randomly formed quantum dots or structural defects in diamonds.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
25 February – Scientists visualize a quantum measurement: by taking snapshots of ion states at different times of measurement via coupling of a trapped ion qutrit to the photon environment, they showed that the changes of the degrees of superpositions, and therefore of probabilities of states after measurement, happens gradually under the measurement influence.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
11 March – Quantum engineers report to have controlled the nucleus of a single atom using only electric fields. This was first suggested to be possible in 1961 and may be used for silicon quantum computers that use single-atom spins without needing oscillating magnetic fields. This may be especially useful for nanodevices, for precise sensors of electric and magnetic fields, as well as for fundamental inquiries into quantum nature.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
19 March – A US Army laboratory announces that its scientists analysed a Rydberg sensor's sensitivity to oscillating electric fields over an enormous range of frequencies—from Template:Nowrap (the spectrum to 0.3 mm wavelength). The Rydberg sensor may potentially be used to detect communications signals as it could reliably detect signals over the entire spectrum and compare favourably with other established electric field sensor technologies, such as electro-optic crystals and dipole antenna-coupled passive electronics.<ref name="2020-03-19_Phys">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
23 March – Researchers report that they corrected for signal loss in a prototype quantum node that can catch, store and entangle bits of quantum information. Their concepts could be used for key components of quantum repeaters in quantum networks and extend their longest possible range.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
15 April – Researchers demonstrate a proof-of-concept silicon quantum processor unit cell which works at 1.5 kelvin – many times warmer than common quantum processors that are being developed. The finding may enable the integration of classical control electronics with a qubit array and substantially reduce costs. The cooling requirements necessary for quantum computing have been called one of the toughest roadblocks in the field.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
16 April – Scientists prove the existence of the Rashba effect in bulk perovskites. Previously researchers have hypothesized that the materials' extraordinary electronic, magnetic and optical properties – which make it a commonly used material for solar cells and quantum electronics – are related to this effect which to date had not been proven to be present in the material.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal_{3}{\mathrm{NH}}_{3}{\mathrm{PbI}}_{3}</math> |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=16 April 2020 |volume=124 |issue=15 |pages=157401 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.157401 |pmid=32357060 |s2cid=214606050 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1905.12373 }}</ref>
8 May – Researchers report to have developed a proof-of-concept of a quantum radar using quantum entanglement and microwaves which may potentially be useful for the development of improved radar systems, security scanners and medical imaging systems.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
17 June – Quantum scientists report the development of a system that entangled two photon quantum communication nodes through a microwave cable that can send information in between without the photons being sent through, or occupying, the cable. On 12 June it was reported that they also, for the first time, entangled two phonons as well as erase information from their measurement after the measurement had been completed using delayed-choice quantum erasure.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
18 June – Honeywell announces a quantum computer with a quantum volume of 64, the highest at the time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
13 August – Universal coherence protection is reported to have been achieved in a solid-state spin qubit, a modification that allows quantum systems to stay operational (or "coherent") for 10,000 times longer than before.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Miao Blanton Anderson Bourassa 2020">Template:Cite journal</ref>
29 October – Honeywell introduces a subscription for a quantum computing service, known as quantum computing as a service, with an ion trap quantum computer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
12 December – At the IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), IMEC shows an RF multiplexer chip that operates at temperatures as low as a few millikelvins, designed for quantum computers. Researchers from the Chalmers University of Technology report the development of a cryogenic low-noise amplifier (LNA) for amplifying signals from qubits, made of indium phosphide (InP) high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
6 January – Chinese researchers report that they have built the world's largest integrated quantum communication network, combining over 700 optical fibers with two QKD-ground-to-satellite links for a total distance between nodes of the network of up to ~4,600 km.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
15 January – Researchers in China report the successful transmission of entangled photons between drones, used as nodes for the development of mobile quantum networks or flexible network extensions, marking the first work in which entangled particles were sent between two moving devices.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
27 January – BMW announces the use of a quantum computer for the optimization of supply chains.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
28 January – Swiss and German researchers report the development of a highly efficient single-photon source for quantum information technology with a system of gated quantum dots in a tunable microcavity which captures photons released from excited "artificial atoms".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
3 February – Microsoft starts offering a cloud quantum computing service, called Azure Quantum.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
11 March – Honeywell announces a quantum computer with a quantum volume of 512.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
13 April – In a preprint, an astronomer describes for the first time how one could search for quantum communication transmissions sent by extraterrestrial intelligence using existing telescope and receiver technology. He also provides arguments for why future searches of SETI should also target interstellar quantum communications.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
17 June – Austrian, German and Swiss researchers present a quantum computing demonstrator fitting into two standard 19-inch racks, the world's first quality standards-meeting compact quantum computer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.020343">Template:Cite journal</ref>
25 October – Chinese researchers report that they have developed the world's fastest programmable quantum computers. The photon-based Jiuzhang 2 is claimed to calculate a task in one millisecond, that otherwise would have taken a conventional computer 30 trillion years to complete. Additionally, Zuchongzhi 2 is a 66-qubit programmable superconducting quantum computer that was claimed to be the world's fastest quantum computer that can run a calculation task one million times more complex than Google's Sycamore, as well as being 10 million times faster.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:See also
16 November – IBM claims that it has created a 127-quantum bit processor, 'IBM Eagle', which according to a report is the most powerful quantum processor known. According to the report, the company had not yet published an academic paper describing its metrics, performance or abilities.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2022
18 January – Europe's first quantum annealer with more than 5,000 qubits is presented in Jülich, Germany.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
29 March – Researchers at Intel and Delft University of Technology publish data on the first qubits fabricated on 300 mm wafers in a semiconductor manufacturing facility using all-optical lithography and fully industrial processing.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
14 April – The Quantinuum System Model H1-2 doubles its performance claiming to be the first commercial quantum computer to pass quantum volume 4096.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
26 May – A universal set of computational operations on fault-tolerant quantum bits is demonstrated by a team of experimental physicists in Innsbruck, Austria.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
21 July – A universal qudit quantum processor is demonstrated with trapped ions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
15 August – Nature Materials publishes the first work showing optical initialization and coherent control of nuclear spin qubits in 2D materials (an ultrathin hexagonal boron nitride).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
24 August – Nature publishes the first research related to a set of 14 photons entangled with high efficiency and in a defined way.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
26 August – Created photon pairs at several different frequencies using optical ultra-thin resonant metasurfaces made up of arrays of nanoresonators is reported.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2 September – Researchers from The University of Tokyo and other Japanese institutions develop a systematic method that applies optimal control theory (GRAPE algorithm) to identify the theoretically optimal sequence from among all conceivable quantum operation sequences. It is necessary to complete the operations within the time that the coherent quantum state is maintained.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
30 September – Researchers at University of New South Wales, Australia, achieve a coherence time of two milliseconds, 100 times higher than the previous benchmark in the same quantum processor.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
9 November – IBM presents its 433-qubit 'Osprey' quantum processor, the successor to its Eagle system.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1 December – The world's first portable quantum computer enters into commerce in Japan. With three variants, topping out at 3 qubits, they are meant for education. They are based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), "NMR has extremely limited scaling capabilities" and dimethylphosphite.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2023
3 February – At the University of Innsbruck, researchers entangle two ions over a distance of 230 meters.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
17 February – Fusion-based quantum computation is proposed.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
27 March – India's first quantum computing-based telecom network link is inaugurated.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
14 June – IBM computer scientists report that a quantum computer produced better results for a physics problem than a conventional supercomputer.<ref name="NYT-20230614">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NAT-20230614">Template:Cite journal</ref>
21 June – Microsoft declares that it is working on a topological quantum computer based on Majorana fermions, with the aim of arriving within 10 years at a computer capable of carrying out at least one million operations per second with an error rate of one operation every 1,000 billion (corresponding to 11 uninterrupted days of calculation).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
13 October – Researchers at TU Darmstadt publish the first experimental demonstration of a qubit array with more than 1,000 qubits:<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A 3,000-site atomic array based on a 2D configuration of optical tweezers<ref name="link.aps.org"/> holds up to 1,305 atomic qubits.
4 December – IBM presents its 1121-qubit 'Condor' quantum processor, the successor to its Osprey and Eagle systems.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Condor system was the culmination of IBM's multi-year 'Roadmap to Quantum Advantage' seeking to break the 1,000 qubit threshold.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
6 December – A group led by Misha Lukin at Harvard University realises a programmable quantum processor based on logical qubits using reconfigurable neutral atom arrays.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
25 February – Researchers at the California Institute of Technology demonstrated multiplexed entanglement generation in quantum network nodes, entangling remote quantum memories using multiple distinct emitters. By embedding ytterbium atoms in yttrium orthovanadate (YVO4) crystals and coupling them to optical cavities, they enabled parallel transmission of entangled photons, scaling the entanglement rate with the number of qubits.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
12 March – Physicists at EPFL directly observed dissipative phase transitions (DPTs) in a superconducting Kerr resonator. Their experiment confirmed both first- and second-order DPTs, revealing critical slowing down and metastability effects, which could lead to more stable quantum computing and ultra-sensitive quantum sensors.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
1 May – Researchers at Intel show data using a cryogenic 300-mm wafer prober to collect high-volume data on hundreds of industry-manufactured spin qubit devices at 1.6 K. Devices were characterized in the single electrons across full wafers with high yield.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
8 May – Researchers deterministically fuse small quantum states into states with up to eight qubits.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
10 May – Researchers from Google and the Paul Scherrer Institute developed a new hybrid digital-analog quantum simulator, combining the strengths of both techniques. This innovation enhanced the precision and flexibility of quantum computing while enabling more accurate modeling of complex quantum processes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Efn
30 May – Researchers at Photonic and Microsoft perform a teleported CNOT gate between qubits physically separated by 40 meters, confirming remote quantum entanglement between T-centers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
30 June – Researchers from Oxford University successfully linked two quantum processors via an optical fiber network, enabling distributed quantum computing by demonstrating quantum entanglement between distant qubits, paving the way for scalable modular quantum computers and the development of a quantum internet.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
26 August – Researchers at Northwestern University successfully teleported a quantum state of light over Template:Convert of fiber optic cable carrying conventional internet traffic, demonstrating the feasibility of integrating quantum communication into existing networks.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
29 August – Researchers at Empa successfully constructed a one-dimensional alternating Heisenberg model using synthetic nanographenes, confirming century-old quantum physics predictions. Their work marked a significant step toward real-world quantum technologies such as ultra-fast computing and unbreakable encryption.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
2 December – Physicists observed quantum entanglement within individual protons, demonstrating that entanglement, a key concept in quantum computing, extended to the subatomic level, revealing the complex interdependence of quarks and gluons within protons.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
9 December – Google Quantum AI announced Willow, the first quantum processor where error-corrected qubits get exponentially better as they get bigger. Willow performed a standard benchmark computation in under five minutes that would take today's fastest supercomputers 10 septillion years.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
25 December – Researchers at Intel demonstrate a test chip with 12 spin-qubits fabricated using immersion and extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV), along with other standard high-volume manufacturing (HVM) processes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This doubles the number of spin qubits published in September 2022.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
7 January – Researchers at Osaka Metropolitan University derived a simplified formula for quantum entanglement entropy, allowing for easier analysis of entanglement in strongly correlated electron systems. Their study identified unexpected quantum behaviors in nanoscale artificial magnetic materials and highlighted the role of quantum relative entropy in the Kondo effect.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
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