Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1861

Template:Short description Template:Flatlist The following is a list of engagements that took place in 1861 during the American Civil War.

History

The war started on April 12 when Confederate forces commanded by General P. G. T. Beauregard opened fire on the Union garrison of Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; after a thirty-four-hour bombardment, the Union garrison surrendered. There had been no casualties during the bombardment; but the following day while the Union garrison commander, Major Robert Anderson, was firing a fifty-gun salute, there was an explosion that resulted in one man being killed and five wounded.<ref>Foote, pp. 48–50.</ref> United States president Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation calling for the states to raise 75,000 volunteers for ninety days to suppress the South; in response to the proclamation, an additional four states (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina) seceded and joined the Confederacy, pledging troops to the volunteer forces it was raising.<ref>Foote, pp. 50–55.</ref>

First Battle of Bull Run, chromolitograph by Kurz & Allison

In the Eastern Theater, there were two major campaigns in Virginia. The first, the Western Virginia Campaign, started in May. Union forces commanded by Major General George B. McClellan invaded western Virginia and drove the Confederate forces from the area following a series of small skirmishes. Although these fights involved only a few hundred men on either side, the newspaper coverage of the campaign turned McClellan into a national hero. After McClellan was transferred to command the Army of the Potomac, Confederate General Robert E. Lee was assigned to drive the Union forces out of the state but failed to do so at Cheat Mountain and in the Kanawha Valley; Lee was subsequently transferred to other duties in November.<ref>Foote, pp. 69–70, 127–130.</ref> The other major campaign ended with the First Battle of Bull Run on July 17, when Union forces commanded by Major General Irvin McDowell attacked the Confederate Army of the Potomac, commanded by Brigadier General P.G.T. Beauregard; although initially successful, Confederate reinforcements from the Shenandoah Valley routed McDowell and forced him back to Washington, D.C.<ref>Foote, pp. 78–82.</ref> McDowell was replaced by McClellan, who renamed his force the Army of the Potomac and spent the rest of the year training his men and stockpiling supplies, despite pressure from the Union government to launch an offensive as soon as possible. There were several minor skirmishes in Virginia during the remainder of the year, the most significant being the Battle of Ball's Bluff, due to the death of Colonel Edward Baker, a senator from Oregon. Outrage in Congress over his death led to the creation of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, which was used by the Radical Republicans in Congress in an attempt to prosecute the war according to their views.<ref>Foote, pp. 99, 104–108, 140–141.</ref>

In the Western Theater, there were several skirmishes in the border southern state of Kentucky but no major battles. Kentucky, with divided sympathies, attempted to declare itself neutral; however, Confederate Major General Leonidas Polk sent a force to occupy Columbus, Kentucky, saying it was necessary for the defense of the Mississippi River. The Kentucky legislature then requested Union help in driving the Confederates out of the state, at which point both armies set up defensive positions all through the state. Most of the legislature were Unionists, but a pro-Confederate state government, with some members of the legislature and delegates sent by 68 Kentucky Counties was organized in the Russellville Convention forming the Confederate government of Kentucky and bringing more than half of Kentucky under Confederate control; both armies then began recruiting efforts.<ref>Foote, pp. 86–88.</ref> Along the Atlantic seacoast and Gulf coast, Union forces captured several coastal areas for use as naval ports for the Union blockade, including Port Royal, South Carolina and the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Lincoln declared on April 19 a blockade of the Confederate coastline and ports; this required the Union navy to build hundreds of ships to enforce the blockade, growing from forty-two ships in April to a total of 264 ships at the end of the year.<ref>Foote, pp. 112, 115–120.</ref>

Battle of Wilson's Creek by Kurz and Allison

In the Trans-Mississippi Theater, most of the fighting took place in Missouri between the pro-secessionist Missouri State Guard, commanded by Major General Sterling Price, and the Union Department of the West. Union forces under the command of Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon drove the Missouri State Guard and the pro-secessionist portion of the state government into the southwestern part of the state, where it united with the Confederate Western Army commanded by Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch. There, on August 10 in the Battle of Wilson's Creek, Lyon attacked the combined forces of Price and McCulloch and was defeated, with Lyon being killed during the battle. McCulloch returned to Arkansas, while Price moved north, attempting to recapture the state from Union forces.<ref>Foote, pp. 90–95, 98.</ref> Another Confederate offensive took place in the New Mexico Territory, where a Confederate cavalry battalion moved into the southwestern part of the territory and captured Fort Filmore, forcing the surrender of the Union garrison. A secessionist convention in Mesilla declared the southern portion of the territory to be the Confederate Territory of Arizona and raised several militia companies, which fought several skirmishes with both the Union forces remaining in the territory and the Apache tribes.<ref>Josephy, pp. 44–51.</ref>

Engagements

Date	Engagement	Military units	Losses	Victor (if applicable)
Template:Dts–14	Fort Sumter, South Carolina	Confederate artillery, Union garrison of Fort Sumter	None	CSA
Template:Dts	Evacuation of Fort Sumter, South Carolina	Union garrison of Fort Sumter	Union One soldier was killed and five others wounded by a premature explosion of a cannon in firing a salute to the United States flag.<ref>Foote, p. 50.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Riots in Baltimore, Maryland	Union 6th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, 26th Pennsylvania Infantry, pro-secessionist crowd	Union 34; civilians 4 killed, unknown wounded<ref>Davis, p. 5.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Camp Jackson, located just west of St. Louis, Missouri	Missouri State Guard, Union Department of the West	Missouri State Guard 639 (all prisoners), Union none<ref>Brooksher, p. 60.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Riots in St. Louis, Missouri	Union forces and pro-secessionist crowd	Union 4 killed, prisoners 3 killed, civilians 28 killed (unknown wounded)<ref>Brookser, p. 63.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts–19	Sewell's Point, Virginia	Confederate artillery, Union naval squadron	10 total<ref>Kennedy, p. 5.</ref>	Inconclusive
Template:Dts – June 1	Aquia Creek, Virginia	Confederate artillery, Union naval squadron	10 total<ref>Kennedy, p. 5.</ref>	Inconclusive
Template:Dts	Fairfax Court House, Virginia	detachments from Confederate Army of the Potomac and Union Department of Northeastern Virginia	Confederate 1 killed, 2 wounded, 5 captured, Union 1 killed, 4 wounded, 3 captured<ref>Davis, pp. 33–34.</ref><ref>Poland, p. 40.</ref>	Inconclusive
Template:Dts	Arlington Mills, Virginia	small Confederate infantry squad; two Union infantry companies	Confederate 1 wounded; Union 1 killed, 1 wounded<ref>Poland, p. 84.</ref>	Inconclusive
Template:Dts	Philippi, West Virginia	Confederate infantry, Union Department of the Ohio	Confederate 6, Union 5<ref>Newell, p. 99.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Big Bethel, Virginia	Confederate and Union infantry	Confederate 8, Union 76<ref>Kennedy, p. 6.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Vienna, Virginia	Detachments from Confederate Army of the Potomac and Union Department of Northeastern Virginia	Confederate none reported, Union 8 killed, 4 wounded<ref>Davis, pp. 71–72.</ref><ref>Poland, p. 45.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Boonville, Missouri	Missouri State Guard, Union Western Department	Missouri State Guard 70, Union 12<ref>Brooksher, p. 90.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Camp Cole, Missouri	Missouri State Guards, Union Missouri Home Guards.	Missouri State Guard 32, Union 125<ref>Brooksher, p. 100.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Matthias' Point, Virginia	Confederate garrison, Union gunboats Pawnee and Freeborn.	Confederate none, Union 5<ref>Wills, p 39.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Bowman's Place, West Virginia	Confederate irregulars and Union infantry	Confederate 4, Union 2	USA
Template:Dts	Hoke's Run, West Virginia	Confederate Army of the Shenandoah, Union Army of the Shenandoah	Confederate 25, Union 73<ref>Kennedy, p. 11.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Carthage, Missouri	Missouri State Guard, Union Department of the West	Missouri State Guard 74, Union 44<ref>Kennedy, p. 20.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Neosho, Missouri	Confederate cavalry, Union detachment of 3rd Missouri Infantry	Confederate none, Union 137 (captured)<ref>Piston & Hatcher, pp. 102–103.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Laurel Hill or Belington, West Virginia	Confederate Army of the Northwest, Union Department of the Ohio	Confederate unknown, Union 8<ref>Newell, p. 137.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Rich Mountain, West Virginia	Confederate infantry, Union Department of the Ohio	Confederate 88, Union 74<ref>Kennedy, pp. 7–9.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Cedar Lane Virginia Peninsula	Confederate cavalry, Union infantry	Confederate 0, Union 20+	CSA
Template:Dts	Corrick's Ford, West Virginia	Confederate Infantry, Union Department of the Ohio	Confederate 620, Union 10–53<ref>Newell, pp. 138–140.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Barboursville or Red House, Virginia	Confederate infantry, Union Department of the Ohio	unknown<ref>Newell, p. 141.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Beverly, West Virginia	Confederate Army of the Northwest, Union Department of the Ohio	Confederate 553 (prisoners), Union none<ref>Newell, p. 133.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Corrick's Ford, West Virginia	Confederate infantry, Union Department of the Ohio	Confederate 620, Union 10–53<ref>Newell, pp. 138–139.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Scary Creek, West Virginia	Confederate Army of the Kanawha, Union Department of the Ohio	Confederate 10, Union 47<ref>Newell, p. 158.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Bunker Hill, Virginia	Confederate Army of the Shenandoah, Union Army of the Shenandoah	unknown<ref>Davis, p. 148.</ref>	CSA?
Template:Dts	Blackburn's Ford, Virginia	Confederate Army of the Potomac, Union Department of Northeast Virginia	Confederate 70, Union 83<ref>Gottfried, p. 18.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Manassas, Virginia	Confederate Army of the Potomac and Army of the Shenandoah, Union Department of Northeast Virginia	Confederate 1,897, Union 2,708<ref>Gottfried, p. 74.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Forsyth, Missouri	Missouri State Guard, Union Department of the West	Missouri State Guard 15, Union 3<ref>Piston & Hatcher, pp. 128–130.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Mesilla, New Mexico Territory	Confederate battalion from 2nd Texas Mounted Rifles, Union Southern Military District, Department of New Mexico	Confederate none, Union 9<ref>Josephy, pp. 45–46.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Fort Fillmore, New Mexico	Confederate battalion from 2nd Texas Mounted Rifles, Union Southern Military District, Department of New Mexico	Confederate none, Union 500 (surrendered)<ref>Frazier, p. 60.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Dug Springs, Missouri	Missouri State Guard, Union Department of the West	Missouri State Guard 6, Union 10<ref>Piston & Hatcher, pp. 140–141.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Curran Post Office, Missouri	Confederate Western Army, Union Department of the West	unknown<ref>Piston & Hatcher, pp. 142–143.</ref>	Inconclusive
Template:Dts	Athens, Missouri	Confederate Missouri State Guard, Union Home Guards and 21st Missouri Infantry	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Hampton, Virginia	Confederate cavalry, Union 20th New York.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	USA?
Template:Dts	Lovettsville, Virginia	Confederate and Union forces	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	USA?
Template:Dts	Wilson's Creek, Missouri	Missouri State Guard and Confederate Department No. 2, Union Department of the West	Confederate 464, Missouri State Guard 758, Union 1,317<ref>Brooksher, p. 236.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Potosi, Missouri	Confederate cavalry, Union Missouri Home Guards.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Palmyra, Missouri	Confederate and Union forces	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	USA?
Template:Dts	Mason's Hill, Virginia	detachments from Confederate Army of the Potomac and Union Department of the Potomac	unknown<ref>Robertson, p. 43.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Kessler's Cross Lanes, West Virginia	Confederate infantry, Union Department of the Ohio	Confederate 40, Union 132<ref>Kennedy, p. 9.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts–29	Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina	Confederate garrison of Fort Hatteras and Fort Clark, Union North Carolina Expedition	Confederate 670, Union 3<ref>Kennedy, pp. 59–60.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Lexington, Missouri	Confederate cavalry, Union Missouri Home Guards.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Munson's Hill, Virginia	Confederate detachment, Department of Northern Virginia, Union detachment, Army of the Potomac.	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Dry Wood Creek, Missouri	Missouri State Guard, Union Department of the West	Missouri State Guard unknown, Union 14<ref>Kennedy, pp. 23–24.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Bailey's Cross Roads, Virginia	detachments of Confederate Army of the Potomac and Union Department of the Potomac	Confederate none, Union 8<ref>Robertson, p. 44.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Carnifax Ferry, West Virginia	Confederate infantry, Union Department of the Ohio	Confederate 32, Union 158<ref>Kennedy, p. 9.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Lewinsville, Virginia	detachments of Confederate Army of the Potomac and Union Department of the Potomac	Confederate none, Union 18<ref>Robertson, pp. 44–45.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts–15	Cheat Mountain, West Virginia	Confederate infantry, Union Department of the Ohio	Confederate 100, Union 71<ref>Kennedy, p. 10.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts–20	Lexington, Missouri	Missouri State Guard, Union garrison of Lexington, Missouri	Missouri State Guard 100, Union 3,500<ref>Kennedy, p. 24.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Blue Mills Landing, Missouri	Missouri State Guard, Union 3rd Iowa Infantry	Missouri State Guard 70, Union 56<ref>Kennedy, p. 24.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Barbourville, Kentucky	Confederate Department No. 2, Union Kentucky home guard	Confederate 5, Union 15<ref>Kennedy, p. 28.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts–25	Hanging Rock Pass, West Virginia	Confederate cavalry and infantry, Union cavalry and infantry	Confederate 5+, Union 60+
Template:Dts	Alamosa, New Mexico Territory	Confederate cavalry, Union Department of New Mexico	Confederate none, Union 10<ref>Frazier, pp. 106–107.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Kanawha Gap, West Virginia	Confederate and Union infantry	Confederate 130, Union 14	USA
Template:Dts	Hunter's Farm, Missouri	Confederate Missouri State Guard, Union Department of the West	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	near Fort Craig, New Mexico Territory	Confederate and Union cavalry	Confederate 10, Union 10<ref>Frazier, pp. 107–108.</ref>	CSA?
Template:Dts	Pinos Altos, New Mexico Territory	Confederate Arizona Guards and civilians, Chiricahua, Minibreno, and allied Apaches	Confederate and civilians 12, Apaches 30<ref>Frazier, pp. 108–109.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Greenbrier River, West Virginia	Confederate infantry, Union Department of the Ohio	Confederate 52, Union 43<ref>Kennedy, p. 10.</ref>	Inconclusive
Template:Dts	Santa Rosa Island, Florida	Confederate brigade, Union garrison of Fort Pickens	Confederate 87, Union 67<ref>Kennedy, pp. 27–28.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Head of the Passes, Louisiana	Confederate naval squadron, Union detachment of West Gulf Blockading Squadron	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Fredericktown	Missouri State Guard, Union garrison	Missouri State Guard 62, Union unknown<ref>Kennedy p. 24.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Ball's Bluff, Virginia	Confederate Army of the Potomac, Union Army of the Potomac	Confederate 149, Union 1,000<ref>Gottfried, p. 104.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Camp Wildcat, Kentucky	Confederate Department No. 2, Union Army of the Ohio	Confederate 53, Union 43<ref>Kennedy, p. 29.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Springfield, Missouri	Missouri State Guard, Union infantry	Missouri State Guard 133, Union 85<ref>Kennedy, p. 25.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts–7	Port Royal, South Carolina	Confederate Department of South Carolina, Union South Atlantic Blockading Squadron	Confederate 40, Union 31<ref>Foote, p. 119.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Belmont, Missouri	Confederate Department No. 2, Union Department of the West	Confederate 641, Union 607<ref>Hughes, pp. 184–185.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts–9	Ivy Mountain, Kentucky	Confederate Department No. 2, Union Army of the Ohio	Confederate 263, Union 30<ref>Kennedy, p. 29.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Round Mountain, Oklahoma	Confederate and Union Indians	Confederate 10, Union unknown<ref>Josephy, p. 331.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Brownsville, Kentucky	Confederate detachment from Department No. 2, Union Department of the Cumberland	Confederate 1, Union 12<ref>Neal and Kremm, pp. 96–97.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Hunter's Mills, Virginia	Confederate Department of Northern Virginia, Union Army of the Potomac	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Chusto-Talasah, Oklahoma	Confederate and Union Indians	Confederate 52, Union 412<ref>Josephy, p. 332.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Camp Allegheny, West Virginia	Confederate infantry, Union Department of the Ohio	Confederate 146, Union 137<ref>Kennedy, p. 10.</ref>	Inconclusive
Template:Dts	Rowlett's Station, Kentucky	Confederate Department No. 2, Union Army of the Ohio	Confederate 91, Union 40<ref>Kennedy, pp. 29–30.</ref>	Inconclusive
Template:Dts	Dranesville, Virginia	Confederate cavalry from Army of the Potomac, Union detachment from Army of the Potomac	Confederate 230, Union 71<ref>Kennedy, pp. 18–19.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Chustenahlah, Oklahoma	Confederate and Union Indians	Confederate 40, Union 211<ref>Kennedy, p. 34.</ref>	CSA
Template:Dts	Mount Zion Church, Missouri	Missouri State Guard, Union Department of the West	Missouri State Guard 210, Union 72<ref>Kennedy, p. 27.</ref>	USA
Template:Dts	Sacramento, Kentucky	Confederate and Union cavalry	Confederate 5, Union 23<ref>Hurst, p. 79.</ref>	CSA

See also

• Missouri secession
• Origins of the American Civil War

Sources

• Brooksher, William Riley. Bloody Hill: The Civil War Battle of Wilson's Creek. Washington, D.C.: Brassy's, 1995. Template:ISBN.
• Davis, William C. Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1977. Template:ISBN.
• Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Volume I: Fort Sumter to Perryville. New York: Vintage Books, 1958. Template:ISBN.
• Frazier, Donald S. Blood & Treasure: Confederate Empire in the Southwest. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1995. Template:ISBN.
• Gottfried, Bradley M. The Maps of First Bull Run: An Atlas of the First Bull Run (Manassas) Campaign, including the Battle of Ball's Bluff, June–October 1861. New York: Savas Beatie, 2009. Template:ISBN.
• Hughes, Jr., Nathaniel Cheaires. The Battle of Belmont: Grant Strikes South. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. Template:ISBN.
• Hurst, Jack. Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993. Template:ISBN.
• Josephy, Jr., Alvin M. The Civil War in the American West. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992. Template:ISBN.
• Kennedy, Frances H. The Civil War Battlefield Guide, 2nd edition. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. Template:ISBN.
• Moore, Frank. Anecdotes, Poetry, and Incidents of the War: North and South: 1860–1865. New York: The Arundel Print, 1888. Template:Oclc
• Neal, Diane and Thomas W. Kremm. Lion of the South: General Thomas C. Hindman. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1993. Template:ISBN.
• Piston, William Garnett & Richard W. Hatcher III. Wilson's Creek: The Second Battle of the Civil War and the Men Who Fought It. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2000. Template:ISBN.
• Poland, Jr., Charles P. The Glories Of War: Small Battles And Early Heroes Of 1861. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2006. Template:ISBN.
• Robertson, Jr., James I. General A. P. Hill: The Story of a Confederate Warrior. New York: Random House, 1987. Template:ISBN.
• Wills, Mary Alice. The Confederate Blockade of Washington, D.C., 1861–1862. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Burd Street Press, 1998. Template:ISBN.