USS Macon (ZRS-5)

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USS Macon (ZRS-5) was a rigid airship built and operated by the United States Navy for scouting and served as a "flying aircraft carrier", carrying up to five single-seat Curtiss F9C Sparrowhawk parasite biplanes for scouting or two-seat Fleet N2Y-1s for training. In service for less than two years, the Macon was damaged in a storm and lost off California's Big Sur coast in February 1935, though most of the crew were saved. The wreckage is listed as the USS Macon Airship Remains on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

Less than Template:Convert shorter than the Hindenburg, both Macon and her sister ship Template:USS were among the largest flying objects in the world in terms of length and volume. Although the hydrogen-filled, Zeppelin-built Hindenburg and LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin II were both longer, the two American-built naval airships still hold the world record for largest helium-filled rigid airships.<ref name="Smith (1965)">Template:Cite book</ref>

Construction

File:Macon construction struct.jpg
Macon under construction at the Goodyear Airdock

USS Macon was built at the Goodyear Airdock in Springfield Township, Ohio, by the Goodyear–Zeppelin Corporation at a cost of $2.45 million (equivalent to $Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year) under a fixed-price contract.<ref name=brochure>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Vaeth1992>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Because this was by far the biggest airship ever to be built in America, a team of experienced German airship engineers—led by Chief Designer Karl Arnstein—instructed and supported design and construction of both the U.S. Navy airships Akron and Macon.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Macon had a structured duraluminum hull with three interior keels.<ref name=monterey>Template:Cite web</ref> The airship was kept aloft by 12 helium-filled gas cells made from gelatin-latex fabric. Inside the hull, the ship had eight German-made Maybach VL II 12-cylinder, Template:Convert gasoline-powered engines that drove outside propellers.<ref name=Moffett/> The propellers could be rotated down or backwards, providing an early form of thrust vectoring to control the ship during takeoff and landings. The rows of slots in the hull above each engine were part of a system to condense out the water vapor from the engine exhaust gases for use as buoyancy compensation ballast to compensate for the loss of weight as fuel was consumed.<ref name=Vaeth1992/>

Service history

Christening and commissioning

Macon was christened on 11 March 1933, by Jeanette Whitton Moffett, wife of Rear Admiral William A. Moffett, Chief of the U.S. Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The airship was named after the city of Macon, Georgia, which was the largest city in the Congressional district of Carl Vinson, then the chairman of the U.S. House of Representatives' Committee on Naval Affairs.<ref name=Moffett>Template:Cite web</ref>

The airship first flew on 21 April, aloft over northern Ohio for nearly 13 hours with 105 aboard,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> just over a fortnight after the loss of Akron in which Admiral Moffett and 72 others were killed. Macon was commissioned into the U.S. Navy on 23 June 1933, with Commander Alger H. Dresel in command.<ref name=Vaeth1992/>

1933

File:USS Macon at Hangar One.jpg
Macon moored in Hangar One at NAS Moffett Field in 1933

On 24 June 1933, Macon left Goodyear's field for Naval Air Station (NAS) Lakehurst, New Jersey, where the new airship was based for the summer while undergoing a series of training flights.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Macon had a far more productive career than Akron, which crashed on 4 April 1933. The commanders of Macon developed the doctrine and techniques of using her on-board aircraft for scouting while the airship remained out of sight of the opposing forces during exercises.<ref>Robinson 1973, p. 242.</ref> Macon participated in several fleet exercises, though the men who framed and conducted the exercises lacked an understanding of the airship's capabilities and weaknesses.<ref>Robinson 1973, p. 243.</ref> It became standard practice to remove the landing gear of the Sparrowhawks while aboard the airship and then replace it with a fuel tank, thus giving the aircraft 30 percent more range.<ref>Robinson 1973, p. 244.</ref>

File:USS Houston (CA-30) off San Diego in October 1935.jpg
While on a long duration flight over the Pacific, Macon was able to locate and track the cruiser Template:USS, which was carrying President Roosevelt on a trip to Hawaii from Washington.

Macon first operated aircraft on 6 July 1933 during trial flights out of Lakehurst, New Jersey. The planes were stored in bays inside the hull and were launched and retrieved using a trapeze.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Cbignore</ref>

The airship left the East Coast on 12 October 1933, on a transcontinental flight to her new permanent homebase at NAS Sunnyvale (now Moffett Federal Airfield) near San Francisco in Santa Clara County, California.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

1934

In 1934, two two-seat Waco UBF XJW-1 biplanes equipped with skyhooks were delivered to USS Macon.

In June 1934, Lieutenant Commander Herbert V. Wiley took command of the airship, and planned a high-profile demonstration of the ability of the Macon to successfully locate enemy ships at sea. In July, President Franklin D. Roosevelt was travelling aboard the heavy cruiser Template:USS to Hawaii, accompanied by the Template:USS. Despite the location of the ship being top secret (and having made a detour to Clipperton Island after transiting the Panama Canal), the Macon successfully located the ships on July 19.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="USS Houston">Template:Cite web</ref> Using the MaconTemplate:'s Sparrowhawk biplanes, newspapers and magazines were dropped to the president on the ship.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Despite its success, Fleet Commander Admiral Joseph M. Reeves and other Navy officials were displeased with the unsanctioned demonstration.<ref name=Vaeth1992/> However, Rear Admiral Ernest J. King, who was in command of the Naval Bureau of Aviation, and the president were impressed. A communication from the Houston to the Macon after the mail delivery read: "from Houston: 1519 The President compliments you and your planes on your fine performance and excellent navigation 1210 and 1519 Well Done and thank you for the papers the President 1245."<ref name=NJPH>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Prior to serving on the Macon, Wiley was one of only three survivors of the crash of the Akron. He was later promoted to commander and captained the battleship Template:USS in the final two years of World War II. He retired from the Navy in 1947 as a rear admiral.<ref name=NJPH/>

Loss

Leading up to the crash

File:USS Macon at Moffett Field.jpg
Macon over Moffett Field

On 20 April 1934,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Macon left Sunnyvale for a challenging cross-continent flight east to Opa-locka, Florida. As with the Akron in 1932, Macon had to fly at or above pressure height when crossing the mountains, especially over Dragoon Pass, Arizona, at an elevation of Template:Convert. Then, in the West Texas heat, the sun raised the helium temperature, and the expanding gas was automatically venting as the airship again reached pressure height. As the weather grew more turbulent, Macon had to rely on full engine power to maintain control. Following a severe gust near Van Horn, Texas, a diagonal girder in frame 17.5, near the fin junction, failed, followed soon by a second diagonal girder. Rapid damage control, led by Chief Boatswain's Mate Robert J. Davis, repaired the girders within a half hour.<ref name=rs>Template:Cite book</ref>

Macon completed the rest of the journey safely, mooring at Opa-locka on 22 April. Over the course of nine days, more permanent repairs were made to the damaged girders; however, the addition of duralumin channels to reinforce frame 17.5 at its junction with the upper fin was not completed. Grounding the Macon until these reinforcements were made was considered unnecessary at that time.<ref name=rs/>

Crash

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File:Noel Sickles Crash of the USS Macon.png
Noel Sickle's "artist's conception" of the wreck, as distributed by the Associated Press

On 12 February 1935, the repair process was still incomplete when, returning to Sunnyvale from fleet maneuvers, Macon ran into a storm off Point Sur, California. During the storm, the ship was caught in a wind shear which caused structural failure of the unstrengthened ring (17.5) to which the upper tailfin was attached. The fin failed to the side and was carried away. Pieces of structure punctured the rear gas cells and caused gas leakage. The commander, acting rapidly and on fragmentary information, ordered an immediate and massive discharge of ballast. Control was lost and, tail heavy and with engines running full speed ahead, Macon rose past the pressure height of Template:Convert, and kept rising until enough helium was vented to cancel the lift, reaching an altitude of Template:Convert.<ref>Robinson 1973, p. 246.</ref> The last SOS call from Commander Wiley stated "Will abandon ship as soon as we land on the water somewhere 20 miles off of Pt. Sur, probably 10 miles at sea."<ref name="Raiser, M. A. 1935, page 1">Template:Cite news</ref> It took 20 minutes to descend and, settling gently into the sea, Macon sank off Monterey Bay.

Only two crew members were lost thanks to the warm conditions and the introduction of life jackets and inflatable rafts after the Akron tragedy.<ref>Various sources cite the total number of passengers aboard at the time of the incident between 76 and 81 crew and officers.</ref><ref name="Eckstein">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Leominster">Template:Cite news</ref> Radioman 1st Class Ernest Edwin Dailey jumped ship while still too high above the ocean surface to survive the fall and Mess Attendant 1st Class Florentino Edquiba drowned while swimming back into the wreckage to try to retrieve personal belongings. An officer was rescued when Commander Wiley swam to his aid, an action for which he was later decorated.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Sixty-four survivors were picked up by the cruiser Template:USS, the cruiser Template:USS took 11 aboard and the cruiser Template:USS saved six.<ref name="Raiser, M. A. 1935, page 1"/>

Eyewitness Dorsey A. Pulliam, serving aboard Template:USS, wrote about the crash in a letter dated 13 February 1935:Template:Sfnp

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In another letter, dated 16 February 1935, Pulliam wrote:Template:Sfnp

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Macon, after 50 flights since she was commissioned, was stricken from the Navy list on 26 February 1935. Subsequent airships for Navy use were of a nonrigid design.

A depiction of the crash by artist Noel Sickles was the first illustration sent over the new AP wirephoto service, which Associated Press had launched at the beginning of 1935.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Sickles said he had about two hours to draw the scene only knowing that the Macon had crashed at sea. He correctly guessed the Navy would send cruisers to aid the airship.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Clear

Wreck site exploration

File:Uss-macon-sparrowhawk-no1-port-wing-09-2006b.jpg
The pre-1941 pattern U.S. roundel emblem still recognizable on the sunken wreckage of a Macon airplane

The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) succeeded in locating and surveying the debris field of Macon in February 1991, and was able to recover some artifacts.<ref>Template:Cite web (page 11)</ref> The exploration included sonar, video, and still camera data, as well as some recovery of parts.

In May 2005, MBARI returned to the site as part of a year-long research project to identify archaeological resources in the bay. Side-scan sonar was used to survey the site.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2006 expedition

A more complete return, including exploration with remotely operated vehicles and involving researchers from MBARI, Stanford University, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, took place in September 2006.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Video clips of the expedition were made available to the public through the OceansLive Web Portal, a service of NOAA.

The 2006 expedition was a success, and revealed a number of new surprises and changes since the last visit, approximately 15 years previous. High-definition video and more than 10,000 new images were captured, which were assembled into a navigation-grade photomosaic of the wreck.<ref>Template:Cite news (includes slideshow)</ref>

Protection

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The location of the wreck site remains secret and is within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. It is not accessible to divers due to depth (Template:Convert).<ref name="nrhpreg">Template:Cite web (39 pages, with 20 historic and wreckage exploration photos)</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The U.S. National Park Service states:<ref name=highlight>Template:Cite web</ref>

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The site was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on 29 January 2010.<ref name="newlistings2010feb12"/> The listing was announced as the featured listing in the National Park Service's weekly list of 12 February 2010.<ref name="featured">Template:Cite web</ref>

Footage of the Macon is used in the 1933 disaster film Deluge.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Macon is featured toward the end of the 1934 Warner Bros. film Here Comes the Navy starring James Cagney, Pat O'Brien and Gloria Stuart. Cagney's character is assigned to Macon after serving on Template:USS, which is featured heavily in the film.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The crash of Macon is depicted at the beginning of the 1937 film The Go Getter, featuring George Brent as her helmsman.

Macon is featured as a setting and key plot element in Max McCoy's 1995 novel Indiana Jones and the Philosopher's Stone; Indiana Jones travels aboard Macon while she makes a transatlantic flight to London.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

See also

References

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Bibliography

Public Domain This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.{{#if:|{{#if:| The entries can be found [{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}} here] and [{{#if:1|{{{2}}}}} here].| The entry can be found [{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}} here].}}}}

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