United Progressive Alliance
Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Indian English Template:Infobox Indian political party
The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) was a political alliance in India led by the Indian National Congress. It was formed after the 2004 general election with support from left-leaning political parties when no single party got the majority.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The UPA subsequently governed India from 2004 until 2014 for two terms before losing power to their main rivals, the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance. The UPA used to rule seven States and union territories of India before it was dissolved to form the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance on 18 July 2023 ahead of the 2024 general election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
History
2004–2008
UPA was formed soon after the 2004 Indian general election when no party had won a majority. The then ruling Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) won 181 seats<ref>Small parties, independents in great demand Template:Webarchive</ref> of 544, as opposed to the UPA's tally of 218 seats.
The Left Front with 59 MPs (excluding the speaker of the Lok Sabha), the Samajwadi Party with 39 MPs and the Bahujan Samaj Party with 19 MPs were other significant blocks that supported UPA at various times.<ref>Originally the SP had 39 MPs Template:Webarchive. 6 MPs defied party whip and have been expelled from the party.</ref><ref>Lok Sabha members Template:Webarchive</ref> UPA did not achieve a majority, rather it relied on external support, similar to the formula adopted by the previous minority governments of the United Front, the NDA, the Congress government of P. V. Narasimha Rao, and earlier governments of V. P. Singh and Chandra Shekhar.
An informal alliance had existed prior to the elections as several of the constituent parties had developed seat-sharing agreements in many states. After the election the results of negotiations between parties were announced. The UPA government's policies were initially guided by a common minimum programme that the alliance hammered out with consultations with Jyoti Basu and Harkishan Singh Surjeet of the 59-member Left Front.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> Hence, government policies were generally perceived as centre-left, reflecting the centrist policies of the INC.
During the tenure of Jharkhand Chief Minister Madhu Koda, the constituents of the UPA were, by mutual consent, supporting his government.<ref>Madhu Koda to be next Jharkhand CM Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 26 March 2007.</ref>
On 22 July 2008, the UPA survived a vote of confidence in the parliament brought on by the Left Front withdrawing their support in protest at the India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Congress party and its leaders along with then Samajwadi Party leader Amar Singh were accused of a "cash for vote" scam as part of the cash-for-votes scandal, in which they were accused of buying votes in Lok Sabha to save the government.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During UPA I, the economy saw steady economic growth and many people (100 million+) escaped poverty.
2009–2014
In the 2009 Lok Sabha election, the UPA won 262 seats, of which the INC accounted for 206. During UPA II, the alliance won election in Maharashtra, Haryana and Arunachal Pradesh. However, there were several allegations of scams during its tenure that impacted UPA's image nationwide and the approval rating for the government fell. In addition, many members left for YSRCP. This started a domino effect with members leaving to form their own parties and parties such as DMK leaving the alliance altogether. During this time UPA struggled with state election and leadership stability. The alliance suffered a defeat in 2014 Indian general election as it won only 60 seats. In addition, UPA won only one state election and got wiped out from Andhra Pradesh where they previously had 150+ MLAs.
2015–2019
From 2014 to 2017, UPA won only 3 state elections. This was blamed on the alliance's failed leadership and weakness compared to the NDA. In addition the party lost power in states where they had once won state elections as in Bihar. In 2017 the alliance lost again. In 2018 UPA had a phenomenal comeback in the state elections as the party won important in Karnataka, Rajasthan and others. More parties joined the alliance and it was stronger than ever.
In the 2019 Indian general election the UPA won only 91 seats in the general election and INC won 52 seats, thus failing to secure 10% seats required for the leader of opposition post. The alliance lost another state to the BJP with the party winning by-polls and pushing the UPA into the minority.
Towards the end of 2019, the alliance made huge gains in Haryana, won in Jharkhand and formed a state-level alliance called Maha Vikas Aghadi (MVA) to form the government in Maharashtra with Uddhav Thackeray of Shiv Sena leading the ministry. Shiv Sena had been a member of NDA for twenty five years. It left NDA and joined MVA in 2019.<ref name="Wasted 25 Years">Template:Cite news</ref>
2020–2023
Since 2020, more parties joined the alliance. The alliance lost the Bihar election that it was expected to win but in 2022, ruling party JD(U) left National Democratic Alliance and rejoined Mahagathbandhan to form the government in Bihar.
In addition UPA only won 1 out of the 5 state elections in 2021. However the alliance made significant gains in a number of MLA races. MVA lost control of Maharashtra due to crisis and split in Shiv Sena. Moreover, UPA lost in Gujarat assembly elections however, it won the state election in Himachal Pradesh.
In 2023, UPA again failed in winning elections in the North-East but won the assembly in the very important state of Karnataka.
The alliance was rebranded as the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance on 18 July 2023, with many parties joining the newly-formed alliance. The alliance contested the 2024 Indian general election, serving as the primary opposition to the ruling National Democratic Alliance.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Former Members
Template:Transcluded section Current Members at the time of dissolution.
Members left before dissolution.
| Political Party | State | Date | Reason for withdrawal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background-color:Template:Party color;"| | BRS | Telangana | 2006 | Differences over proposed statehood for Telangana |
| style="background-color:Template:Party color; text-align: center;" | | BSP | National Party | 2008 | Congress opposed the UP government where the BSP was the ruling party |
| style="background-color:Template:Party color; text-align:center;"| | JKPDP | Jammu and Kashmir | 2009 | Congress decided to support National Conference Government in Jammu and Kashmir |
| style="background-color:Template:Party color; text-align: center;" | | PMK | Tamil Nadu | 2009 | PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front |
| style="background-color:Template:Party color; text-align:center;"| | AIMIM | Telangana | 2012 | Accused Congress led State Government of Communalism |
| style="background-color:Template:Party color; text-align: center;" | | AITC | West Bengal | 2012 | AITC's demands on rollbacks and reforms not met, including the governments decision to allow FDI in retail and hike in the prices of railway tickets. |
| style="background-color:Template:Party color; text-align: center;" | | SJ(D) | Kerala | 2014 | It merged with Janata Dal (United) on 29 December 2014. |
| style="background-color:Template:Party color; text-align: center;" | | RLD | Uttar Pradesh | 2014 | Decided to leave after 2014 election performance. |
| style="background-color:Template:Party color; text-align: center;color:white;" | | JD(S) | Karnataka | 2019 | After JD(S)-INC alliance govt fell in Karnataka, two parties decided to end alliance. |
| style="background-color:Template:Party color; text-align: center;" | | RLSP | Bihar | 2020 | Withdrawn support before Bihar Assembly Election 2020 & Allied with BSP+ on 29 September 2020. |
| style="background-color:Template:Party color; text-align: center;color:white;" | | VIP | Bihar | 2020 | Withdrawn support before Bihar Assembly Election 2020 & Allied with NDA |
| style="background-color:Template:Party color; text-align: center;"| | KC(M) | Kerala | 2020 | Decided to join LDF |
| style="background-color:Template:Party color; text-align: center;color:white;" | | BPF | Assam | 2021 | Withdrew due to performance in 2021 Assam election. |
| style="background-color:Template:Party color; text-align: center;color:white;" | | AIUDF | Assam | 2021 | Party was expelled from the alliance. |
| style="background-color:Template:Party color;"| | SS | Maharashtra | 2022 | Shiv Sena Split in 2022 |
Poll performances
| Sr.no | Party | Seats Won | Seat Change | Vote% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Indian National Congress | 145 | Template:Increase 32 | 26.7% |
| 2. | Rashtriya Janata Dal | 24 | Template:Increase 17 | 2.2% |
| 3. | Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 16 | Template:Increase 4 | 1.8% |
| 4. | Nationalist Congress Party | 9 | Template:Increase 1 | 1.8% |
| 5. | Lok Janshakti Party | 4 | Template:Steady | 0.6% |
| 6. | Telangana Rashtra Samithi | 2 | Template:Steady | 0.6% |
| 7. | Pattali Makkal Katchi | 6 | Template:Increase 1 | 0.5% |
| 8. | Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | 5 | Template:Steady | 0.5% |
| 9. | Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 4 | Template:Steady | 0.4% |
| 10. | Indian Union Muslim League | 1 | Template:Increase 1 | 0.2% |
| 11. | Republican Party of India (Athawale) | 1 | Template:Steady | 0.1% |
| 12. | Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party | 1 | Template:Steady | 0.1% |
| Total | 218 | Template:Increase 83 | 35.4% | |
| Sr.no | Party | Seats Won | Seat Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Indian National Congress | 206 | Template:Increase 61 |
| 2. | Rashtriya Janata Dal | 4 | Template:Decrease 20 |
| 3. | Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 18 | Template:Increase 2 |
| 4. | Nationalist Congress Party | 9 | Template:Decrease 1 |
| 5. | All India Trinamool Congress | 19 | Template:Increase 18 |
| 6. | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference | 3 | Template:Increase 3 |
| 7. | Bodoland People's Front | 1 | Template:Increase 1 |
| 8. | Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | Template:Decrease 3 | |
| 9. | All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen | 1 | Template:Increase 1 |
| 10. | Indian Union Muslim League | 2 | Template:Increase 1 |
| 11. | Kerala Congress (Mani) | 1 | Template:Increase 1 |
| Total | 262 | Template:Increase 44 | |
List of presidents and vice presidents
Note that it refers to nomination by alliance, as the offices of President and Vice President are apolitical.
Presidents
| Template:Abbr | Portrait | Name (birth–death) |
Term of office
Electoral mandates Time in office |
Previous post | Vice president | Party<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 | File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg | Pratibha Patil Template:Small |
25 July 2007 | 25 July 2012 | Governor of Rajasthan | Mohammad Hamid Ansari
(2007–12) |
Indian National Congress | rowspan="8" style="background:Template:Party color;" | |
| 2007 | ||||||||
| Template:Age in years and days | ||||||||
| 13 | File:Pranab Mukherjee Portrait.jpg | Pranab Mukherjee Template:Small |
25 July 2012 | 25 July 2017 | Union Minister of Finance | Mohammad Hamid Ansari (2012–17) | ||
| 2012 | ||||||||
| Template:Age in years and days | ||||||||
Vice presidents
| Template:Tooltip | Portrait | Name Template:Small<ref> Template:Cite web</ref> |
Elected (% votes) |
Took office | Left office | Term | President(s) | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 | File:Official portrait of Shri Mohammed Hamid Ansari, The Vice President of India, 2014.jpg | Mohammad Hamid Ansari (b.1937) |
2007 (67.21) |
11 August 2007 | 10 August 2017 | Template:Age in years and days | Pratibha Patil | Indian National Congress | rowspan="2" style="background:Template:Party color;" | |
| 2012 (67.31) |
Pranab Mukherjee | ||||||||
List of prime ministers
| No. | Prime ministers | Portrait | Term in office | Lok Sabha | Government | Cabinet | Constituency | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Start | End | Tenure | |||||||
| 13 | Manmohan Singh | File:Official Portrait of the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh (3x4 cropped).jpg | 22 May 2004 | 26 May 2014 | Template:Age in years and days | 14th | UPA I | Manmohan Singh I | Rajya Sabha MP From Assam |
| 15th | UPA II | Manmohan Singh II | |||||||
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Candidates in elections
Lok Sabha general elections
Electoral performance
| Election | Seats won | Change | Total votes | Share of votes | Swing | Status | UPA Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | Template:Composition bar | New | 158,305,006 | 36.66% | New | Template:Yes2 | Manmohan Singh |
| 2014 | Template:Composition bar | Template:Decrease202 | 130,664,858 | 23.59% | Template:Decrease13.07% | Template:No2 | Sonia Gandhi |
| 2019 | Template:Composition bar | Template:Increase31 | 177,645,346 | 29.00% | Template:Increase5.41% | Template:No2 | Rahul Gandhi |
Controversies
The winter session of parliament in October 2008 came under intense criticism from the Left parties and the BJP to demand a full-fledged winter session instead of what was seen as the UPA to having "scuttled the voice of Parliament" by bringing down the sittings to a record low of 30 days in the year. The tensions between the UPA and the opposition parties became evident at an all-party meeting convened by Lok Sabha speaker Somnath Chatterjee when the leader of opposition, L. K. Advani questioned the status, timing and schedule of the current session of parliament.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
M. Karunanidhi had said he felt "let down" by the "lukewarm" response of the centre and had demanded amendments in the resolution on Sri Lanka -
- One of the amendments was to "declare that genocide and war crimes had been committed and inflicted on the Sri Lankan Tamils by the Sri Lanka Army and the administrators".
- The second one was "establishment of a credible and independent international commission of investigation in a time-bound manner into the allegations of war crimes, crimes against humanity, violations of international International human rights law, violations of international humanitarian law and crime of genocide against the Tamils". Karunanidhi said Parliament should adopt the resolution incorporating these two amendments.<ref name=autogenerated1>Template:Cite news</ref>
The years 2006 to 2008 and 2010 to 2013 were the darkest parts of the UPA, due to the failure to prevent several terrorist attacks nationwide. The UPA had repealed the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 in 2004, which softened the stand on acts of terrorism and reduced powers for the law enforcement while dealing with acts of terrorism.<ref>"Modi accuses Centre of adopting double standards on terrorism Template:Webarchive", Express India, 15 May 2008.</ref> The weakened legislation, along with intelligence failures, compromised law enforcement, and political interference, resulted in bombings in 2008 across cities like Jaipur, Bangalore, Ahmedabad and Delhi, led by the Indian Mujahideen under support from Pakistan-based ISI, as well as 2006 Mumbai train bombings and 2006 Varanasi bombings; allies of UPA such as Samajwadi Party were also criticized for labeling the Batla House encounter as fake and supporting the accused arrested by Delhi Police, which occurred less than a week after the Delhi bombings in September 2008.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During the November 2008 terror attacks in Mumbai, when 10 Pakistani terrorists from the banned terror outfit Lashkar-e-Taiba under the support from Pakistan Army and ISI, came from the sea route and seized the city from 26 to 29 November 2008, the UPA Government came under serious fire and widespread condemnation from citizens and leaders of opposition for intelligence failures as well as not being able to provide quick transportation for NSG commandos, who neutralized 8 of the 10 terrorists at the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, the Oberoi Trident hotel, and the Chabad House.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="India Today">Template:Cite web</ref> Furthermore, Congress leader Digvijaya Singh, faced heavy criticism for launching a book which mentioned that the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh was somehow linked to the attack, despite credible evidence and confessions from Ajmal Kasab, the only gunman who was captured by Mumbai Police; Singh, along with several other UPA leaders, was also publicly criticized for coining the terms Hindu Terror and Saffron Terror.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The 2008 attacks in Mumbai subsequently led to resignation of several leaders like Vilasrao Deshmukh, R. R. Patil and Shivraj Patil, on the grounds of moral responsibility as well as for making insensitive statements in the aftermath.<ref>Shivraj Patil resigns. Sify.com (30 November 2008). Retrieved on 29 December 2011.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The UPA was later censured by media and several opposition leaders for being soft against Pakistan following the attack by avoiding military action against terrorist hideouts, as well as in the aftermath of Pakistan Army beheading soldiers of the Indian Army in 2013.<ref name="Demarche_to_Pakistan">Template:Cite news</ref>
Following the 2011 Mumbai bombings, which claimed 26 lives and injured 130+, UPA leader and INC General Secretary Rahul Gandhi remarked that it was impossible to stop every terror attack, adding that "We work towards defeating it, but it is very difficult to stop all the attacks. Even the United States, they are being attacked in Afghanistan.".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His comments were slammed from some quarters of the Indian political spectrum, who criticised him for equating the Mumbai attacks with those in Afghanistan and called it an insult to those killed in the blasts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The ineptness towards national security, the insensitive statements made by Congress leadership following the terror attack, and the inaction against Pakistan sponsored terrorist groups was one of the few factors that led to the UPA suffering a major defeat in the 2014 General elections.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The UPA was criticised for its alleged involvement scams such as the Commonwealth Games Scam of 2010, the 2G spectrum case, and the Indian coal allocation scam. Apart from the above-mentioned scams, the UPA has been under intense fire for the alleged doles handed out to the son-in-law of the Gandhi family, Robert Vadra, by UPA-run state governments.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The UPA was also rebuked for shielding and not prosecuting RJD leader and Railway Minister during UPA 1 Lalu Prasad Yadav, for his involvement in several corruption cases, including the fodder scam case as well as creating Jungle Raj in Bihar between 1990 and 2005, which affected economic and social standing of the state. Additionally, the UPA faced serious criticism on mishandling the national carrier Air India, which led to its financial crisis in 2006–07, before being sold to the Tata group in 2022.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The UPA Government has been severely condemned for mishandling the aftermath of the 2012 Delhi gang rape case. As per several media houses, the Government had failed to act positively or give credible assurances to the protesters and instead used police force and lathi-charging against protesters, while pushing the media out of the scene, and shutting down metro rail stations.<ref name=GRes>Template:Cite news</ref> In the aftermath of the incident, while the Government passed an amendment of the laws against rape and sexual assault, which ensured stricter punishments for rape convicts, the amendment was criticized and labeled as an eyewash, as the changes in the laws failed to serve as a deterrent to rising incidents of rape.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Furthermore, several key suggestions were ignored, including the criminalisation of marital rape and trying military personnel accused of sexual offences under criminal law, which was severely condemned by several women's safety activists.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The UPA was also slammed for inaction against political leaders such as Digvijaya Singh and Mulayam Singh Yadav for their comments which promoted misogyny and anti-women views, with Yadav and his party leadership being labeled in 2014 as supporters and defenders of rape and rapists;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Yadav was previously condemned for opposing the Women's Reservation Bill in March 2010 and warning to withdraw from the alliance, making a sexist comment that "if the bill is passed it will fill Parliament with the kind of women who invite catcalls and whistles".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Template:Cite web</ref>
During its tenure between 2004 and 2014, as well as before, the UPA faced widespread condemnation for indulging in appeasement politics for vote-bank of the Muslim community across India. Following the introduction of Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019, which criminalized triple talaq or instant divorce and replaced the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986, several leaders from the UPA opposed the law.<ref name="Times 27 December 17">Template:Cite news</ref> In addition, the UPA faced immense criticism for the formation of the WAQF Board to appease the Muslim community, which has been responsible for land grabbing and forcible acquisition of properties nationwide, while evicting the original owners who possessed legal documents of ownership.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The UPA, in its opposition, faced immense criticism by the NDA Government for banking frauds, mostly by giving unsecured loans to fugitive businessmen Vijay Mallya, Nirav Modi and Mehul Choksi during the tenure of then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mallya owes money to a consortium of 17 banks, from whom he took loan to fund his now closed Kingfisher Airlines, and Modi owes money to the Punjab National Bank.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> While Mallya and Modi have been apprehended in the Great Britain and awaiting extradition, Choksi acquired citizenship of Antigua and Barbuda, with a warrant against him to extradite to India for the bank fraud.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
See also
- Indian National Congress
- Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance
- Coalition government
- National Advisory Council
- National Democratic Alliance
- Third Front
References
Notes
External links
- Common Minimum Programme of the UPA (PDF; archived 18 April 2013)
- Arora, Balveer and Tawa Lama Rewal, Stéphanie. "Introduction: Contextualizing and Interpreting the 15th Lok Sabha Elections". South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal, 3, 2009
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