Ur (rune)
Template:Short description Template:Infobox rune Template:Contains special characters Ur is the recorded name for the rune Template:Runic in both Old English and Old Norse, found as the second rune in all futharks (runic alphabets starting with F, U, Þ, Ą, R, K), i.e. the Germanic Elder Futhark, the Anglo-Frisian Futhark and the Norse Younger Futhark, with continued use in the later medieval runes, early modern runes and Dalecarlian runes.
It corresponds to the letter u in the Latin alphabet, but also carries other sound values, especially in Younger Futhark, where its sound values correspond to the vowels: Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink etc., and the consonants: Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink etc., in the Latin alphabet.
Character
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The character ᚢ may have been derived from the Old Italic scripts, as such features various characters corresponding to elder runes, including both upside and downside characters for Upsilon (/u, y/): File:Alfabeto camuno-uw1.svg, File:Alfabeto camuno-uw.svg, specifically the East Rhaetic alphabet from the Magrè-region of north-east Italy, which primarily used the downside Old Italic Upsilon.
| File:PhoenicianW-01.svg | → | File:Greek Upsilon normal.svg | → | File:Alfabeto camuno-uw1.svg | → | File:Alfabeto camuno-uw.svg | → | ᚢ |
| Phoenician waw |
West Greek Upsilon |
West Rhaetic Upsilon |
East Rhaetic Upsilon |
Germanic rune Ur |
The character was later reused as the 16th letter in the Gothic alphabet (𐌿), the corresponding name being urus.
Proto-Germanic name
The rune is recorded in all three rune poems (Old English, Norwegian, Icelandic), and it is called Ur in all, however with different meanings in each.<ref name="ragweedforge"/>
Because of this, it is difficult to reconstruct a Proto-Germanic name for the Elder Futhark rune. It may have been *ūruz "aurochs" (see also Bull worship), based on the Old English rune poem, the oldest recorded of the three, supported by the corresponding Gothic name uraz, recorded by Alcuin of York in the 8th century, or *ūrą "water", based on the Icelandic rune poems (and to some extent the Norwegian rune poem),<ref name="PAGE"/> with both Proto-Germanic words, however, possibly stemming from the same root.<ref name="SAOB ur1"/>
The aurochs name is preferred by authors of modern runic divination systems, but both seem possible, compared to the names of the other runes: "water" would be comparable to "hail" and "lake", and "aurochs" to "horse" or "elk" (although the latter name is itself uncertain). The Gothic alphabet seems to support "aurochs" as the prior name, though: as the name of the letter 𐌿 u is urus.
Anglo-Saxon name
In the Old English rune poem, recorded in the 8th or 9th century, the rune is named Ūr, Old English for “aurochs” (compare with Template:Langx),<ref name="SAOB ur1"/> stemming from a Proto-Germanic word: *ūruz.
- Old English rune poem
| Old English: | Template:Runic [Ur] bẏþ anmod ond oferhẏrned, felafrecne deor, feohteþ mid hornum mære morstapa; þæt is modig ƿuht. |
|---|---|
| Paraphrased: | The aurochs is proud and has great horns; it is a very savage beast and fights with its horns; a great ranger of the moors, it is a creature of mettle. |
Old Norse name
The Old Norse name is variously recorded as Ur, meaning some type of cold damp and windy precipitation weather, but the definition warries slightly between the Nordic languages.
In Old Icelandic, the word úr is recorded as meaning "drizzle", "light rain" and thereof, in the sense of "cold and damp weather".<ref name="Cleasby 1874 úr"/><ref name="Cleasby 1910 úr"/><ref name="SAOB ur2"/> In Old and Contemporary Swedish, the word (ur) essentially means "blustery and profuse snowfall, sleet or rain" etc, if not outright "bad weather".<ref name="SAOB ur2"/> The Gotlandic variation starur ("starling-ur") specifically refers to the last snowfall of the season.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Danish and Norwegian, the word (ur) is said to mean "northern rainclouds",<ref name="SAOB ur2"/> or just "rainclouds", but also "cold, biting draft" and thereof etc.<ref name="UIB ur"/>
There is also a variant, ýr (yr), in all Nordic languages, meaning "drizzle" in Old Icelandic,<ref name="Cleasby 1874 ýr"/> including "fine dense snowfall" and "snowstorm" in Norwegian and Swedish.<ref name="UIB yr"/><ref name="SAOB yr"/> A derivative, yra, a verb, also exist, meaning "to drizzle" and thereof in Old Icelandic,<ref name="Cleasby 1874 ýr"/><ref name="Cleasby 1910 ýra"/> and "swirl, whirl, drift", in the sense of snow, sand, dust affected by the wind, in Swedish, etc.<ref name="SAOB yra"/>
Úr is related to Template:Langx, "wave, sea", potentially also "urine".<ref name="SAOB ur2"/> It stems from a Proto-Germanic word: *ūrą, possibly begun by a w-, as found in related words (Template:Langx, "pus", Old English: wær, "sea") and historical variants of úr (Old Swedish: vur),<ref name="SAOB ur2"/> as Proto-Germanic words starting with a w, followed by o or u, generally lost the w-sound when evolving from Proto-Norse into Old Norse (compare Template:Langx, "wolf", Template:Langx).<ref name="ordbruket ulv"/>
Norwegian rune poem
The Norwegian rune poem is the earliest recorded Norse rune poem, recorded in the 13th century. It records the name as úr, but with a unique sense not recorded elsewhere, with the Old Norwegian meaning of "dross, slag". This sense is obscure, but may be an Iron Age technical term derived from the word for water (compare the Kalevala, where iron is compared to milk).
| Old Norwegian: | Template:Runic Úr er af illu jarne; opt løypr ræinn á hjarne. |
|---|---|
| Literal: | Ur is of ill iron; often leap (strut) the reindeer over the frozen snow. |
Icelandic rune poems
In the Icelandic rune poems, recorded in the 16th century, the rune is named úr, describing some type of cold damp and windy precipitation weather.
There are several Icelandic manuscripts with rune poems, all varying to some degree. The oldest manustript, catalogued as AM 687 d 4°, is from around 1500. The second oldest, catalogued as AM 461 12° , is from around 1550. These have been noted to be hard to read, thus the transliterations might be incorrect.<ref name="Crawford IsRp"/>
AM 687 d 4°
AM687d, written around 1500, has lost a lot of readability due to the pergament being folded and damaged over the years, but copies have been made since the 18th century.<ref name="Page">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The original scribe used diacritic abbreviation symbols to save space,<ref name="Page"/><ref name="abbr diacritics">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which are hard to make out at a first glance.<ref name="AM 687 d">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These symbols are based on period Arabic numerals,<ref name="abbr diacritics"/> but are hard to identify, yet appear to be the following, or thereof: -r⁰, -ar¹, -ur², -er³, -re⁴/-ræ⁴, -ra⁵.<ref name="AM 687 d"/><ref name="Page"/> The poem ends with a Latin phrase of unknown meaning.
Below, an attempt at recreating the original text with available Unicode-characters is shown, as to convey how hard the original text is to read.<ref name="AM 687 d"/> Letter sequences that cannot now be identified are inserted, for convenience of reading, within square brackets [ ], on the evidence either of the available space or of related texts.<ref name="Page"/>
| Original text: | Template:Runic 𝑒⁰ ꞅ𝔨𝑦𝑔𝜄𝑎 𝑔⁵𝑡𝑢ꝛ ƻ ꞅ𝔨æꝛ𝑎 þ𝑢³[rir ok] h𝜄ꝛꝺ𝜄ẞ h𝑎𝑡² 𝒱𝔪𝑏ꝛ𝑒 𝒱𝜄Ꞅ𝜄 |
|---|---|
| Normalized: | Úr er skýgiaTemplate:Efn grátur ok skæra þverrir ok hirðis hatur. Umbre Vísi. |
| Literal: | Úr is overcast crying, and cuts diagonally across, and shepherd's hatred. Umbre Vísi? |
| Paraphrased: | Drizzle is the cloudcover's weeping, and falls diagonally across, a hatred of the shepherd. Umbre Vísi? |
AM 461 12°
AM461 is slightly younger than AM687d, written around 1550, and less complete, lacking ᛦ [Ýr] for example. It has been noted by American Old Norse scholar Jackson Crawford to be very difficult to make out.<ref name="Crawford IsRp"/>
| Normalized: | Template:Runic Úr er skýja grátur og skárargs gata, þorir? og hirðis hatur, siðförull seggur. |
|---|---|
| Literal: | Drizzle is skies crying and skárargs? path, the daring? and shepherd's hatred, the late traveling man.? |
Swedish rune poem
The Swedish rune poem was recorded by Johannes Bureus (1568–1652) in the later 1500s from a runic staff thought to be from the same period. He published these in 1599 on a giant runic bronze tablet, called Runakenslanes läraspån (roughly "the teaching of runic feeling"), or Template:Langx (Template:Lit).<ref name="alvin-portal.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Swedish rune poem have more in common with the Icelandic rune poem than the Norwegian one, but are much shorter.
| Runic: | Template:Runic |
|---|---|
| Transliteration: | urr i væstan væđđrTemplate:Efn |
| Normalized: | Urr i västan vädhr |
| Current Swedish: | Ur i västanväder |
| Translation: | "Ur in west wind" |
Variants
Template:Runic (Ȳr) – Anglo-Frisian Futhorc
The Anglo-Frisian Futhark has a modified Ūr Template:Runic, fitted with a detached vertical line in the cavity Template:Runic, which was given the sound value Template:IPAblink. It was named Ȳr and corresponded to the letter y in the Latin alphabet.
Its position in the Anglo-Frisian rune-row differs between sources and was probably never standardised, but today it is generally placed at position 27.
Template:Runic (stung Úr) – Norse Younger Futhark
In the 11th century, a new writing rule was introduced to the Younger Futhark, in the form of stung runes (also called dotted runes), in which stings, i.e. dots, could be added to a rune to indicate a secondary sound value,a so called diacritic.
The stung Úr Template:Runic primarily carried the sound value Template:IPAblink in East Norse (Swedish/Danish) and corresponds to the letter y in the Latin alphabet (unicode name: Runic Letter Y). Secondarily, it can also carry the sound value Template:IPAblink and seldom even Template:IPAblink, the latter of which was also carried by the stung Fé Template:Runic (unicode name: Runic Letter V). In period West Norse (Norwegian/Icelandic), the sound value /y/ was instead commonly carried by the rune Yr Template:Runic, as its previous sound value, Template:IPAblink, had evolved into the common /r/ and was thus an obsolete doublet of the rune Reið Template:Runic. In the following medieval runic alphabet, the sound value Template:IPAblink was covered by its own rune, a reversed Óss Template:Runic (unicode: Runic Letter Oe). A double-stung Ur also existed for the sound value /å/, also seldom used for /v/.
Stung runes were originally not seen as separate runes from their base form, they are just runes with added diacritics, adn thus were not listed in the Younger Futhark-order. In the later medieval runic alphabet, which followed the Latin alphabetical order of ABCD etc, they instead have the position of their corresponding Latin character.
Footnotes
References
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