Vṛddhi
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Vṛddhi (also rendered vr̥ddhi)<ref name=":0">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> is a technical term in morphophonology given to the strongest grade in the vowel gradation system of Sanskrit and of Proto-Indo-European. The term is derived from Sanskrit वृद्धि vṛddhi, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, Template:Lit. 'growth',Template:Efn from Template:Proto.Template:Efn
Origins
Vṛddhi itself has its origins in proto-vṛddhi, a process in the early stage of the Proto-Indo-European language originally for forming possessive derivatives of ablauting noun stems, with the meaning "of, belonging to, descended from".<ref name=":1">Clackson, §3.3.</ref> To form a vṛddhi-derivative, one takes the zero-grade of the ablauting stem (i.e. removes the vowel), inserts the vowel *e in a position which does not necessarily match that of the original vowel, and appends an accented thematic vowel (or accents any existing final thematic vowel). For example:<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Fortson116" />
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PIE Template:Wikt-lang "sky" (cf. Latin Template:Wikt-lang, Sanskrit [[wikt:द्यु|Template:IAST2]] "day"; Hittite Template:Tlit "god") → zero grade {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → proto-vṛddhi derivative Template:Wikt-lang "god, sky god", lit. "skyling" (cf. Sanskrit [[wikt:देव#Sanskrit|Template:IAST2]], Latin Template:Wikt-lang, etc.)
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However, in a later stage of the language this appears to have extended to non-ablauting noun stems that already contained *e, which would contract with the inserted vowel to form a lengthened *ē:<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Fortson116">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
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PIE Template:Wikt-lang "father-in-law" (cf. Latin Template:Wikt-lang, Sanskrit [[wikt:श्वशुर#Sanskrit|Template:IAST2]]) → proto-vṛddhi derivative Template:Wikt-lang "brother-in-law", lit. "male descendent of one's father in law" (cf. Sanskrit [[wikt:श्वाशुर#Sanskrit|Template:IAST2]], Old High German Template:Wikt-lang "brother-in-law")
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The above example also displays the stressing of the thematic vowel when it already exists. It is this later version of proto-vṛddhi which is displayed in Sanskrit's lengthened vṛddhi grade.<ref name=":0" />
Vṛddhi in Sanskrit
Template:See also The general phenomenon of vowel gradation, including vṛddhi formation, has been extensively studied and documented as part of Sanskrit's vigorous grammatical tradition, most importantly in the Aṣṭādhyāyī of the grammarian Pāṇini.<ref name=Burrow21>Burrow, §2.1.</ref>
For example:<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
- Template:IAST2 "carried" (zero grade)
- Template:IAST2 "burden" (first grade, full grade, or guṇa)
- Template:IAST2 "to be carried" (second grade, lengthened grade, or vṛddhi)
The full pattern of vowel gradation can be observed as follows:<ref>Bucknell, tb. 5.</ref>
| Zero grade | ← 1st grade → | 2nd grade | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open | ∅ | a | ā |
| Palatal | i/ī y i/ī |
eTemplate:Efn ay ya |
aiTemplate:Efn āy yā |
| Labial | u/ū v u/ū |
oTemplate:Efn av va |
auTemplate:Efn āv vā |
| Retroflex | ṛ r ṛ |
ar ar ra |
ār ār rā |
| Dental | ḷ | al | āl |
Vṛddhi in Indo-European
In modern Indo-European linguistics it is used in Pāṇini's sense and applied to the Indo-European languages in general. The feature is considered to have been inherited from the Proto-Indo-European language.
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Efn (zero grade of the reconstructed verb meaning "to carry")<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
- Template:Wikt-lang (full grade)
- {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (vṛddhi, lengthened grade)