Veps language
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Veps, also known as Vepsian (Template:Langx, or Template:Lang), is an endangered Finnic language from the Uralic language family, that is spoken by Vepsians. The language is written in the Latin script, and is closely related to Finnish and Karelian.
According to Soviet statistics, 12,500 people were self-designated ethnic Veps at the end of 1989. There were 5,900 self-designated ethnic Veps in 2010,<ref name=e18/> and around 3,600 native speakers.
According to the location of the people, the language is divided into three main dialects: Northern Veps (at Lake Onega to the south of Petrozavodsk, to the north of the river Svir, including the former Veps National Volost), Central Veps (in the east of the Leningrad Oblast and northwest of the Vologda Oblast), and Southern Veps (in the Leningrad Oblast). The Northern dialect seems the most distinct of the three; however, it is still mutually intelligible for speakers of the other two dialects. Speakers of the Northern dialect call themselves "Ludi" (Template:Lang), or Template:Lang.
In Russia, more than 350 children learn the Veps language in a total of five national schools.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Classification and history
File:Veps language and VepKar corpus by Nina Zaitseva 2018.webm
Veps is the easternmost surviving member of the Finnic languages. Having developed in relative isolation, the language lacks several features found in its relatives, such as consonant gradation and the length contrast in consonants. Original vowel length has mostly been lost as well (with the exception of Northern Veps, which retains ii and uu). At the same time, it retains a number of archaic features.
The closest relative of Veps is Ludic, connecting Veps to the wider Finnic dialect continuum.
Veps also shows some characteristic innovations such as the vocalization of original syllable-finalTemplate:Nbsp*l, and the expansion of the local case system.
Birch bark letter no. 292 is the first known document in any Finnic language; it is considered to be closest to modern Karelian or Veps.Template:Sfn The document was discovered near Novgorod in Russia and is dated to the early 13th century.Template:Sfn
Distribution
According to Ethnologue there were 3,160 speakers of Veps in 2010, located in the Republic of Karelia and in the Leningrad and Vologda Oblasts.<ref name="vep">Template:Cite book</ref>
Dialects
Veps shows substantial dialectal variation, affecting both phonetics and grammatical features. Three main dialect areas can be distinguished, the northern, central and southern dialects.
Northern
Northern Veps is spoken in the Republic of Karelia along the coast of Lake Onega south of Petrozavodsk. It is also spoken in a few small villages in Leningrad Oblast. Villages speaking Northern Veps include Shyoltozero, Template:Ill, and Template:Ill, as well as the city of Petrozavodsk itself.
Characteristics of Northern Veps are:
- Diphthongs are either preserved in their historical form (Template:Lang), or the first component is raised (Template:Lang Template:IPA > Template:Lang).
- Combinations of vowel + l are usually preserved (Template:Lang Template:IPA, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang Template:IPA, Template:Lang, Template:Lang Template:IPA, Template:Lang Template:IPA, rarely vocalized to diphthongs: al > au, el, il, ül Template:IPA, öl Template:IPA > üu Template:IPA and ol > uu Template:IPA.
- l, n, r are always palatalized before e in a non-initial syllable.
- Word-final consonants are not palatalized after i, in for example the past indicative, the conditional and some case forms.
- Long close vowels are retained, with *üü Template:IPA often diphthongized to üu (Template:Lang > Template:Lang, contrast Southern and Central Veps Template:Lang).
- j is fortified to dʹ Template:IPA word-initially, and medially after consonants (Template:Lang > Template:Lang Template:IPA, Template:Lang > Template:Lang Template:IPA, Template:Lang > Template:Lang Template:IPA, Template:Lang > Template:Lang).
- The last consonant of the stem is lengthened in the third-person singular present indicative (Template:Lang > Template:Lang > Template:Lang), and stem-final e becomes o (Template:Lang > Template:Lang).
- Only traces of vowel harmony are retained.
Central
Central Veps dialects are rather distinct from each other compared to Northern and Southern Veps, which are relatively homogeneous. They are spoken around a long line stretching from Tervenichey in the Lodeinopolsky District of Leningrad Oblast to near Lake Beloye. The largest locality speaking Central Veps dialects is Vinnitsy.
Characteristics of Central Veps are:
- Diphthongs are usually modified (Template:Lang > Template:Lang > Template:Lang).
- Combinations of vowel + l are vocalized to diphthongs in Kuya and Pondala (Belozersk), and usually preserved elsewhere (Template:Lang).
- al and el are vocalized to ou or uu (el may also become üu) in the adessive and ablative case forms (Template:Lang > Template:Lang > Template:Lang).
- Word-final consonants are palatalized after i (Template:Lang > Template:Lang > Template:Lang).
- In Kuya village, the vowel in the allative ending depends on the preceding stem vowel. After i the ending is Template:Lang (Template:Lang), after a it is Template:Lang (Template:Lang) and after other vowels it is Template:Lang (Template:Lang).
- j is preserved in most dialects, mostly in the west (Template:Lang). j is fortified to dʹ in Kuya (Template:Lang). It is fortified to gʹ in Pondala, Voylahta, Nemzha, and Shimozero (Template:Lang).
- Final obstruent devoicing in Kuya Veps (Template:Lang > Template:Lang > Template:Lang).
- Unrounding of ü and ö in a few villages (Template:Lang > Template:Lang > Template:Lang).
- ä > e in Shimozero (Template:Lang > Template:Lang).
- Vowel harmony is weakly preserved, most prominently in the eastern and south-western areas.
Southern
Southern Veps is spoken in the Boksitogorsky District of Leningrad Oblast, including the villages of Radogoshcha and Template:Ill.
Characteristics of Southern Veps are:
- Diphthongs are monophthongized to long vowels, especially in non-initial syllables (Template:Lang > Template:Lang > Template:Lang).
- Combinations of vowel + l are usually preserved.
- al and el are vocalized to aa and oo in the adessive and ablative case forms (Template:Lang > Template:Lang > Template:Lang).
- l and n are palatalized before e in non-initial syllables when followed by a case ending or person-and-number ending. r is not palatalized.
- Word-final consonants are palatalized after i, in for example the past indicative, the conditional and some case forms.
- j is preserved (Template:Lang, Template:Lang).
- Unrounding of front rounded vowels, ü > i (Template:Lang > Template:Lang) and ö > e.
- The ending Template:Lang of the third-person singular past indicative is usually dropped, leaving palatalization of the preceding consonant (Template:Lang > Template:Lang > Template:Lang > Template:Lang).
- Vowel harmony is preserved well (Template:Lang).
Phonology
Consonants
Palatalization
In general, palatalizable consonants are palatalized allophonically before a front vowel. However, palatalized consonants also occur in other environments, especially in word-final position or in word-final clusters.
There are some cases where the front vowel Template:IPA is preceded by a non-palatalized consonant. In native Finnic vocabulary, this occurs where inflectional endings beginning with Template:IPA are attached to words with a stem ending in a non-palatalized consonant. The consonant is not palatalized by Template:IPA in this case, but remains non-palatalized by analogy with the other inflected forms. The vowel Template:IPA is backed to Template:IPA in this case, as in Russian, making it unclear whether the palatalization is a consequence of the front vowel, or the backing is the result of the lack of palatalization. Either analysis is possible.
Compare:
- Template:Lang Template:IPA ("young"), genitive singular Template:Lang Template:IPA, partitive plural Template:Lang Template:IPA
- Template:Lang Template:IPA ("rope"), genitive singular Template:Lang Template:IPA, partitive plural Template:Lang Template:IPA (or Template:IPA)
Russian loanwords have also introduced instances of non-palatalized consonants followed by Template:IPA, which are much more frequent in that language.
The phoneme Template:IPA can also in some cases be preceded by non-palatalized consonants, for example in the allative ending Template:Lang.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unr. | Rnd. | |||
| Close | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | (Template:IPA link) | Template:IPA link |
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Open | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||
The status of Template:IPA is marginal; it occurs as an allophone of Template:IPA after a non-palatalized consonant. See above under "Palatalization" for more information. It does not occur in the first syllable of a word.
Vowel harmony
Like many other Finnic languages, Veps has vowel harmony but in a much more limited form. Words are split into back-vowel and front-vowel words based on which vowels they contain:
- Back vowels: Template:IPA, Template:IPA and Template:IPA
- Front vowels: Template:IPA, Template:IPA and Template:IPA
However, the front vowels can only occur in the first two syllables of a word. In a third or later syllable, and also sometimes in the second syllable, they are converted to the corresponding back vowel. Thus, vowel harmony only applies (inconsistently) in the second syllable, and has been lost elsewhere. It is not applied for inflectional endings except in a few exceptional cases, but is retained more frequently in derivational endings.
For example:
- Template:Lang ("high", back-vowel harmony), genitive singular Template:Lang, derived noun Template:Lang ("height"); compare Finnish Template:Lang.
- Template:Lang ("dark", back-vowel harmony), genitive singular Template:Lang, derived noun Template:Lang ("darkness"); compare Finnish Template:Lang.
- Template:Lang ("good", front-vowel harmony), illative singular Template:Lang, derived noun Template:Lang ("goodness"); compare Finnish Template:Lang.
- Template:Lang ("day", front-vowel harmony), genitive singular Template:Lang, illative singular Template:Lang; compare Finnish Template:Lang.
- Template:Lang ("head", back-vowel harmony), illative singular Template:Lang; compare Finnish Template:Lang.
- Template:Lang ("summer", back-vowel harmony); compare Finnish Template:Lang.
- Template:Lang ("son-in-law", back-vowel harmony); compare Finnish Template:Lang.
- Template:Lang ("to rise", front-vowel harmony in second syllable, back-vowel in third); compare Finnish Template:Lang.
- Template:Lang ("to ask", back-vowel harmony); compare Finnish Template:Lang.
Orthography
The modern Vepsian alphabet is a Latin alphabet.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It consists of a total of twenty-nine characters: twenty-two are from the basic modern Latin alphabet, six are derived from basic Latin letters by the addition of diacritical marks, and the final character is the prime symbol, which signifies palatalization of the preceding sound.
| Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | B | C | Č | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | Š | Z | Ž | T | U | V | Ü | Ä | Ö | ʹ |
| Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | b | c | č | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | š | z | ž | t | u | v | ü | ä | ö | ʹ |
Veps orthography is largely phonemic, and represents each phoneme with one letter. Palatalized consonants are single phonemes, and thus the combination of a letter and a following prime symbol is a single combined letter for this purpose. The following table shows the correspondences between letters and phonemes:
|
|
|
Palatalization of consonants before front vowels is not indicated in the orthography, so plain consonant letters can represent both types of consonant depending on what vowel follows. For the following letters Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr, this is ambiguous, however: they can be preceded by both types of consonants, as noted above in the phonology section. Whether a consonant before the letter Template:Angbr or Template:Angbr is palatalized or not cannot be determined from the orthography and must be learned for each word.
Grammar
Like other Finnic languages, Veps is an agglutinating language. The preservation of the Proto-Finnic weak-grade consonants *d and *g in all positions, along with the loss of consonant gradation, has made Veps morphology relatively simple compared to the other Finnic languages. There are fewer inflectional classes, and inflections of nominals and verbs alike can be predicted from only a few basic principal parts.
Nouns
Veps has twenty-three grammatical cases, more than any other Finnic language. It preserves the basic set of Finnic cases shared by most Finnic languages, including the six locative cases, but several more cases have been added that generally have no counterpart in the others.
| Case | Singular ending |
Plural ending |
Meaning/use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basic/grammatical cases | |||
| Nominative | ∅ | Template:Lang | Subject, object of imperative |
| Accusative | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Complete (telic) object |
| Genitive | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Possession, relation |
| Partitive | Template:Lang (Template:Lang) | Template:Lang | Partial object, indefinite amount |
| Interior ("in") locative cases | |||
| Inessive | Template:Lang (Template:Lang) | Template:Lang | In, inside |
| Illative | Template:Lang (Template:Lang) | Template:Lang | In, into |
| Elative | Template:Lang (Template:Lang) | Template:Lang | Out of |
| Exterior ("on") locative cases | |||
| Adessive | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | On, upon, on top of |
| Allative | Template:Lang (Template:Lang) | Template:Lang | Onto |
| Ablative | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Off, from (top, surface) |
| Approximate ("at, near") locative cases | |||
| Approximative I | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | At, by, near |
| Approximative II | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | To, towards |
| Egressive | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | From |
| Terminative (?) locative cases | |||
| Terminative I-II | Template:Lang (Template:Lang)/Template:Lang (Template:Lang) | Template:Lang | Till, until, up to; II used instead of I if the word often uses allative instead of illative |
| Terminative III | Template:Lang (Template:Lang) | — | (Starting) From (such as Template:Lang (from one's youth)) |
| Additive (?) locative cases | |||
| Additive I-II | Template:Lang (Template:Lang)/Template:Lang (Template:Lang) | Template:Lang | In the direction of, towards; II used instead of I if the word often uses allative instead of illative |
| Other cases | |||
| Essive-instructive | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Being, acting as, with, by means of |
| Translative | Template:Lang (Template:Lang) | Template:Lang | Becoming, turning into |
| Abessive | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Without, lacking |
| Comitative | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | With, in company of, in combination with |
| Prolative | Template:Lang (Template:Lang) | Template:Lang | Along |
Notes:
- "V" indicates a copy of whatever vowel the genitive singular stem ends with, replacing a i, ä, ö, ü with e, a, o, u. For example, for the illative singular: Template:Lang > Template:Lang > Template:Lang > Template:Lang > Template:Lang. Note that the stem-final vowel itself can disappear in these forms, but the rule applies the same.
- In endings beginning with s or z or a group of consonants containing s or z, this changes to š/ž if the last preceding vowel is i. This always occurs in the plural forms.
- The partitive, allative, terminative II, additive II and prolative singular cases have longer endings that are used with a few frequently-used pronouns, Template:Lang "who" and Template:Lang "what".
Principal parts
Nouns have four principal parts, from which all other noun forms can be derived by replacing the endings:
- Nominative singular: Forms no other forms.
- Partitive singular: Forms the prolative singular. Can usually be formed from the genitive singular by replacing -n with -d, but some words have an unpredictable form with -t and a different stem.
- Genitive singular: When -n is removed, forms all remaining singular forms, and the nominative and accusative plural. It is often unpredictable due to historical apocope.
- Illative singular: Forms the illative, terminative I and additive I singular. The illative singular is predictably formed from the genitive singular stem, so it's not a principal part as such.
- Partitive plural: When -d is removed, forms all remaining plural forms.
The illative singular stem is the same as the genitive singular stem, except that the final vowel is dropped in some cases. The vowel is retained if at least one of these is the case, and dropped otherwise:
- The final vowel is a diphthong.
- The nominative singular is of the form "consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel".
- The genitive singular has 1 or 3 syllables.
- There is contraction of a syllable in the genitive singular stem (compared to the nominative stem), e.g. nom sg Template:Lang > gen sg Template:Lang (contraction -ged > -kt-), nom sg Template:Lang > gen sg Template:Lang (contraction -az > -h-).
- The final consonants of genitive singular stem are ll or lʹlʹ.
Thus:
If the genitive singular stem has h before the final vowel, then the ending Template:Lang (Template:Lang after i) is used, and the vowel is never dropped:
| Nom sg | Gen sg | Ill sg | Rules |
|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | 2 |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | 3 |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | 4 |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | None |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | 4 |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | 3, 4 |
Adjectives
Verbs
Endings
Veps has innovated a special reflexive conjugation, which may have middle voice or passive voice semantics. The endings are as follows:
Infinitives:
- First infinitive in Template:Lang or Template:Lang (reflexive: add Template:Lang).
- Second infinitive in Template:Lang or Template:Lang with inessive or instructive case endings.
- Third infinitive in Template:Lang with inessive, illative, elative, adessive or abessive case endings.
Participles:
- Present active participle in Template:Lang (stem Template:Lang). This is the same suffix as is used for agent nouns.
- Past active participle in Template:Lang (stem Template:Lang).
- Past passive participle in Template:Lang or Template:Lang.
The original Finnic present active participle is falling out of use, and is preserved only for a few verbs, as Template:Lang (stem Template:Lang).
Negative verb
| Present | Imperative | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person |
Template:Small | Template:Lang | |
| Template:Small | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | |
| 2nd person |
Template:Small | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Template:Small | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | |
| 3rd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | |
Pronouns
The personal pronouns are of Finno-Ugric origin:
| Veps | English |
|---|---|
| Template:Lang | I |
| Template:Lang | you |
| Template:Lang | he/she/it |
| Template:Lang | we |
| Template:Lang | you (plural) |
| Template:Lang | they |
Vocabulary
Numbers
| Number | Veps |
|---|---|
| 1 | Template:Lang |
| 2 | Template:Lang |
| 3 | Template:Lang |
| 4 | Template:Lang |
| 5 | Template:Lang |
| 6 | Template:Lang |
| 7 | Template:Lang |
| 8 | Template:Lang |
| 9 | Template:Lang |
| 10 | Template:Lang |
| 11 | Template:Lang |
| 12 | Template:Lang |
| 20 | Template:Lang |
| 34 | Template:Lang |
| 100 | Template:Lang |
| 1000 | Template:Lang |
Sample text
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
- Template:Lang<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
- (English version: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Template:Commons category Template:InterWiki Template:Incubator
- Open corpus of Veps and Karelian languages
- The Peoples of the Red Book: THE VEPS
- St. Petersburg Veps society forum
- Veps language corpus and dictionary (in Russian)
- Vepsian textbooks from 1930s
- Translated texts in Veps