Violin Concerto (Brahms)

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox musical composition The Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 77, was composed by Johannes Brahms in 1878 and dedicated to and premiered by his friend, the violinist Joseph Joachim.<ref name="sfs bruch"/><ref name=sothebys>Template:Cite web</ref> It is Brahms's only violin concerto, and, according to Joachim, one of the four great German violin concerti:<ref name="sfs bruch">Template:Cite web</ref>

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Instrumentation

The Violin Concerto is scored for solo violin and orchestra consisting of 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets in A, 2 bassoons; 2 natural horns crooked in D, and 2 natural horns crooked in E, 2 trumpets in D, timpani, and strings. Despite Brahms's scoring for natural (non-valved) horns in his orchestral works, valved horns have always been used in actual performance, even in Brahms's time.<ref name="Brahms natural horn">Template:Cite web</ref>

Structure

The concerto follows the standard concerto form, with three movements in the pattern quick–slow–quick: Template:Ordered list

Originally, the work was planned in four movements like the second piano concerto. The middle movements, one of which was intended to be a scherzo—a mark that Brahms intended a symphonic concerto rather than a virtuoso showpiece—were discarded and replaced with what Brahms called a "feeble Adagio." Some of the discarded material was reworked for the second piano concerto.

Brahms, who was impatient with the minutiae of slurs marking the bowing, rather than phrasing, as was his usual practice, asked Joachim's advice on the writing of the solo violin part.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Joachim, who had first been alerted when Brahms informed him in August that "a few violin passages" would be coming in the mail, was eager that the concerto should be playable and idiomatic, and collaborated willingly, but not all his advice was heeded in the final score.<ref>Jan Swafford, Johannes Brahms: a biography 1997:448ff discusses the writing of the Violin Concerto.</ref> The most familiar cadenza, which appears in the first movement, is by Joachim,<ref>J. A. Fuller-Maitland, Joseph Joachim, London and New York, J. Lane, 1905, p. 55</ref> though a number of people have provided alternatives, including Leopold Auer, Henri Marteau, Max Reger, Fritz Kreisler, Jascha Heifetz, George Enescu, Nigel Kennedy, Augustin Hadelich, Joshua Bell,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Rachel Barton Pine. A recording of the concerto released by Ruggiero Ricci has been coupled with Ricci's recordings of sixteen different cadenzas.

Premiere

The work was premiered in Leipzig on January 1, 1879, by Joachim, who insisted on opening the concert with the Beethoven Violin Concerto,<ref>https://www.laphil.com/musicdb/pieces/4505/violin-concerto</ref> written in the same key, and closing with the Brahms.<ref>Steinberg, 121.</ref> Brahms complained that "it was a lot of D major—and not much else on the program."<ref>Quoted in Steinberg, 121.</ref> Joachim was not presenting two established works, but one established one and a new, difficult one by a composer who had a reputation for being difficult.<ref>Steinberg, 122.</ref> The two works also share some striking similarities. For instance, Brahms has the violin enter with the timpani after the orchestral introduction: this is a clear homage to Beethoven, whose violin concerto also makes unusual use of the timpani.

Brahms conducted the premiere. Various modifications were made between then and the work's publication by Fritz Simrock later in the year.

Critical reaction to the work was mixed: the canard that the work was not so much for violin as "against the violin" is attributed equally to conductor Hans von Bülow and to Joseph Hellmesberger, to whom Brahms entrusted the Vienna premiere,<ref name="Swafford 1997:452">Swafford 1997:452.</ref> which was rapturously received by the public.<ref>Brahms reported it to Julius Stockhausen as "a success as good as I've ever experienced". (quoted Swafford 1997:452.</ref>

Joachim gave the British premiere at London's Crystal Palace on February 22, 1879, with August Manns conducting. The cooling of his friendship with Brahms, who took Joachim's wife's side when his marriage collapsed, seems to have put him off campaigning actively for the concerto. Most of his colleagues disliked it.

Henryk Wieniawski called the work "unplayable", and the violin virtuoso Pablo de Sarasate refused to play it because he did not wish to "fall so low" as to "stand on the rostrum, violin in hand and listen to the oboe playing the only tune in the adagio", though conceding the work to be "very good music".<ref name="Swafford 1997:452" />

Against these critics, modern listeners often feel that Brahms was not really trying to produce a conventional vehicle for virtuoso display; he had higher musical aims. Similar criticisms have been voiced against the string concerti of other great composers, such as Beethoven's Violin Concerto<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Hector Berlioz's Harold in Italy, for making the soloist "almost part of the orchestra".<ref>Conrad Wilson: Notes on Brahms: 20 Crucial Works (Edinboro, Saint Andrew Press: 2005) p. 62</ref>

Three of Joachim's pupils, Marie Soldat, Gabriele Wietrowetz, and Leonora Jackson did as much as anyone to help the piece gain a foothold.

The third movement of the Mutter and Karajan's version is used twice in Paul Thomas Anderson's 2007 film There Will Be Blood, including the end credits.<ref>There Will Be Blood (soundtrack) ([1])</ref>

In Smilla's Sense of Snow by Peter Høeg, Smilla, the protagonist says "I cry because in the universe there is something as beautiful as Kremer playing Brahms's violin concerto".

The third movement is sampled extensively in rapper Kurupt's 1999 song Trylogy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The violin entrance in the first movement is sampled extensively in Alicia Keys's 2004 song, "Karma".

Selected recordings

References

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Bibliography

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