Vive le Québec libre

French President Charles de Gaulle shortly after giving the “Vive le Québec libre” speech. In the background, Mayor of Montreal Jean Drapeau.

"Template:LangTemplate:-" (Template:IPA, 'Long live free Quebec!') was a phrase in a speech delivered by French President Charles de Gaulle in Montreal, Quebec on July 24, 1967, during an official visit to Canada for the Expo 67 world's fair. While giving an address to a large crowd from a balcony at Montreal City Hall, he uttered Template:Lang ("Long live Montreal! Long live Quebec!") and then added, followed by loud applause, Template:Lang ("Long live free Quebec!") with particular emphasis on the word Template:Lang. The phrase, a slogan used by Quebecers who favoured Quebec sovereignty, was seen as giving his support to the movement.

The speech caused a diplomatic incident with the Government of Canada and was condemned by Canadian Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, saying that "Canadians do not need to be liberated".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In France, though many were sympathetic to the cause of Quebec nationalism, de Gaulle's speech was criticized as a breach of protocol.

Background

Charles de Gaulle, 1963

Even before his arrival, the Canadian federal government had been concerned about President de Gaulle's visit. Earlier that year, the French government had not sent a high-level representative to the funeral service for the Governor General of Canada, Georges Vanier.<ref name="Thomson 1988pp188-9">Template:Harvnb</ref> This attracted notice in Canada, as Vanier and his wife, Pauline, had been personal friends of de Gaulle since 1940, when the latter was in exile in London, England.<ref name="Thomson 1988pp188-9"/> In April, de Gaulle did not attend the 50th anniversary ceremonies commemorating the Canadian victory at Vimy Ridge.<ref name="Vimy Ridge 1967">Template:Cite news</ref> So worried was the Pearson government about potential interference of France in domestic affairs that the Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs, Paul Martin, was dispatched to visit de Gaulle in Paris to mend the two countries' relationship. The Montreal Gazette speculated in 2012—45 years after the speech—that de Gaulle was still annoyed over a perceived slight from World War II-era Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King's slow recognition of the new French government in late summer 1944.<ref name="DeGaulle's Speech 45-years later">Template:Cite news</ref>

In the spring of 1966, as part of the Expo 67 diplomatic protocols, de Gaulle and all world leaders whose countries had an exhibit at the fair were invited to visit Canada during the spring and summer of 1967.<ref name="Berton 302-303">Template:Harvnb</ref> A few months later, de Gaulle was also sent a separate invitation to visit Quebec by Quebec premier Daniel Johnson.<ref name="Berton 302-303"/> De Gaulle, as a visiting head of state, should have arrived in the Canadian capital of Ottawa, as would be conventional protocol. Instead, he took the time to sail to the French islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon with the French navy's Mediterranean flagship, the cruiser Colbert, so that he could arrive in Quebec City, the capital city of the province of Quebec.<ref name= "Berton (1997)">Template:Harvnb</ref> There, de Gaulle was cheered enthusiastically, while the new governor general, Roland Michener, was booed by the same crowd when the viceregal salute was played at his arrival.<ref name="De Gaulle lands">Template:Cite news</ref> In his speech, de Gaulle spoke of his country's "evolving" ties with Quebec, hinting at his support for Quebec sovereignty.<ref name="Quebec City speech">Template:Cite news</ref>

Speech

On July 15, before boarding the Colbert, de Gaulle told Xavier Deniau: "They will hear me over there, it will make waves!"<ref name="Thomson 1988" /> He also confided to his son-in-law General Alain de Boissieu that: "I am going to strike a strong blow. Things are going to get hot. But it is necessary. It is the last chance to rectify the cowardice of France."<ref name="Thomson 1988" />

General de Gaulle on the Chemin du Roy,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade, 1967

On July 24, de Gaulle arrived in Montreal and was driven up the Chemin du Roy to Montreal City Hall, where Mayor Jean Drapeau and Premier Johnson waited. De Gaulle was not scheduled to speak that evening, but the crowd chanted for him; he told Drapeau: "I have to speak to those people who are calling for me". According to a number of personal interviews with high-ranking French officials, as well as documents he uncovered, scholar Dale C. Thomson wrote that de Gaulle's statement was planned, and that he used it when the opportunity presented itself.<ref name = "Thomson 1988">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Montreal City Hall's balcony where De Gaulle gave his speech.

De Gaulle stepped out onto the balcony to give a short address to the assembled masses which was also broadcast live on radio. In his speech he commented that his drive down the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, lined as it had been with cheering crowds, reminded him of his triumphant return to Paris after its Liberation from Nazi Germany. The speech appeared to conclude with the words Template:Lang ("Long live Montreal! Long live Quebec!"), but he then added, Template:Lang ("Long live free Quebec! Long live, long live, long live French Canada! And long live France!"),<ref name=cbc>Template:Cite news </ref> whereupon the crowd roared with approval, especially after hearing, Template:Lang.

Reaction

This statement, coming from the French head of state, was considered a serious breach of diplomatic protocol.<ref name="DeGaulle Flies Home">Template:Cite news </ref><ref name="40-years later CBC">Template:Cite news </ref> It emboldened the Quebec sovereignty movement, and produced tensions between the leadership of the two countries.<ref name = "40-years later CBC"/> The crowd's reaction to de Gaulle's phrase was emotional and it sparked controversy with many English Canadians afterwards, as they were outraged at the implied threat to Canada's territorial integrity.<ref name="DeGaulle Flies Home" /> Canadian Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson rebuked de Gaulle with an official statement, delivered to the French Embassy on July 25, and read on national television that evening.<ref name="Pearson rebukes De Gaulle">Template:Cite news </ref> He said "The people of Canada are free. Every province in Canada is free. Canadians do not need to be liberated. Indeed, many thousands of Canadians gave their lives in two world wars in the liberation of France and other European countries."<ref name="Pearson rebukes De Gaulle"/>

A media and diplomatic uproar ensued thereafter, which resulted in de Gaulle cutting short his visit to Canada.<ref name=ce>Template:Cite encyclopedia </ref> The day after the speech, de Gaulle visited Expo 67 and hosted a banquet at the French pavilion. On July 26, instead of continuing his visit on to Ottawa, where he was scheduled to meet with Prime Minister Pearson, he decided to return to France on a French military jet.<ref name = "Busby 2008">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Expo and departure">Template:Cite news</ref>

The newly appointed Canadian Minister of Justice, Pierre Trudeau, publicly wondered what the French reaction would have been if a Canadian Prime Minister shouted, "Brittany to the Bretons".<ref name = ce/> From then on, de Gaulle remained unimpressed by Trudeau, saying Template:Lang ("We have not one concession, nor even any courtesy, to extend to Mr. Trudeau, who is the adversary of the French cause in Canada.")<ref name=vigile>Template:Cite web </ref> De Gaulle was also heavily criticized by a large part of the French media for his breach of international protocol, in particular by Le Monde.<ref name="French Media Reaction">Template:Cite news </ref>

Meanwhile, to members of the Quebec sovereignty movement, the speech was viewed as a watershed moment.<ref name = "40-years later CBC"/> Occurring soon after the Quiet Revolution, and taking into account the low economic and political state of French Canadians at the time, the support of a foreign head of state seemed to add credibility to the movement in the eyes of many, including future Quebec premier René Lévesque.<ref name="Levesque on Brinkmanship">Template:Cite news </ref><ref name="10-years later, Lévesque">Template:Cite news </ref>

On the flight home from Montreal, de Gaulle told René de Saint-Légier de la Saussaye—his diplomatic counsellor—that the event was "a historical phenomenon that was perhaps foreseeable but it took a form that only the situation itself could determine. Of course, like many others I could have got away with a few polite remarks or diplomatic acrobatics, but when one is General de Gaulle, one does not have recourse to such expedients. What I did, I had to do it."<ref name="Thomson 1988 p243">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Aftermath

The French president's trip and speech triggered an unprecedented Franco-Canadian crisis. The federal Canadian government accused the French president of interfering in its internal affairs. Relations between the two countries would not improve until after de Gaulle's resignation in 1969.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In February 1969, de Gaulle visited Brittany, during which, in Quimper, he declaimed a stanza of a poem written by his uncle (also called Charles de Gaulle) in the Breton language, expressing devotion to Breton culture.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The speech followed a series of crackdowns on Breton nationalism and de Gaulle had been accused of double standards for, on the one hand, demanding a free Quebec, while on the other oppressing the liberation movement in Brittany.<ref name="Ellis 1993">Template:Harvnb</ref> During this Quimper speech, he responded to this accusation by telling his listeners that Brittany was free and had been freed by Bretons and other French forces during the Liberation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Legacy

Statue of General de Gaulle in Quebec, Cours du Général de Montcalm.

A statue of de Gaulle was unveiled in Quebec in July 1997, on the thirtieth anniversary of his visit. On its plinth is an inscription extracted from a speech he delivered at an official dinner the evening before his appearance on the balcony for the Montreal City Hall: Template:Quote box _____

See also

• Canada–France relations
• Gaullism
• History of Quebec
• List of speeches
• Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale
• Quebec sovereignty movement#France

Bibliography

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External links

• Video of the whole speech on SRC.ca Template:Webarchive
• Longer video of the visit, starting with the arrival of the "Colbert"
• De Gaulle and Quebec Template:In lang