Washington & Jefferson College
Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox university
Washington & Jefferson College (W&J College or W&J) is a private liberal arts college in Washington, Pennsylvania, United States. The college traces its origin to three Presbyterian missionaries in the 1780s: John McMillan, Thaddeus Dod, and Joseph Smith. Early schools grew into two competing academies, with Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, and Washington College in Washington. The two colleges merged in 1865 to form Washington & Jefferson College. The Template:Convert campus has more than 40 buildings, with the oldest dating to 1793. The college has a strong history of competing literary societies, dating back before the union of Jefferson and Washington Colleges. The athletic program competes in NCAA Division III. Nearly all students live on campus and roughly one-third are members of fraternities or sororities.
History
Early history and the academies
Washington & Jefferson College traces its origin to three log cabin colleges established by three frontier clergymen in the 1780s: John McMillan, Thaddeus Dod, and Joseph Smith.<ref name=banners /> The three men, all graduates from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), came to present-day Washington County to found churches and spread Presbyterianism to what was then the American frontier beyond the Appalachian Mountains.<ref name=banners>Coleman 1956 pp. 4–7</ref> John McMillan, the most prominent of the three founders because of his strong personality and longevity, came to the area in 1775 and built his log cabin college in 1780 near his church in Chartiers.<ref name=banners /> Thaddeus Dod, known as a keen scholar, built his log cabin college in Lower Ten Mile in 1781.<ref name=banners /> Joseph Smith taught classical studies in his college, called "The Study," at Buffalo.<ref name=wickersham>Template:Cite book</ref>
Washington Academy was chartered by the Pennsylvania General Assembly on September 24, 1787.<ref name=bannersII>Coleman 1956 pp. 21–44</ref> The first members of the board of trustees included Reverends Dod and Smith.<ref name=bannersII /> After a difficult search for a headmaster, in which the trustees consulted Benjamin Franklin, the trustees unanimously selected Thaddeus Dod, considered to be the best scholar in western Pennsylvania.<ref name=bannersII /> Amid financial difficulties and unrest from the Whiskey Rebellion, the academy held no classes from 1791 to 1796.<ref name=bannersII /> In 1792, the academy secured four lots at Wheeling and Lincoln street from William Hoge and began construction on the stone Academy Building.<ref name=bannersII /> During the Whiskey Rebellion, portions of David Bradford's militia camped on a hillside that would later become home to the unified Washington & Jefferson College.<ref name=bannersII />
In October 1792, after a year's delay from its official incorporation resulting from "trouble with Indians," McMillan was chosen as the headmaster and Canonsburg was chosen as the location for the "Canonsburg Academy."<ref name=bannersIII>Coleman 1956 pp. 45–58</ref> At a subsequent unknown date, McMillan transferred his students from the log cabin to Canonsburg Academy.<ref name=bannersIII /> Canonsburg Academy was chartered by the General Assembly on March 11, 1794, thus placing it firmly ahead of its sister school, Washington Academy, which was without a faculty, students, or facilities.<ref name=bannersIII /> On January 15, 1802, with McMillan as president of the board, the General Assembly finally granted a charter for "a college at Canonsburgh."<ref name=bannersIII />
Jefferson College and Washington College
In 1802, Canonsburg Academy was reconstituted as Jefferson College, with John McMillan serving as the first President of the board of trustees.<ref name=banners59>Coleman 1956 p. 59</ref> In 1806, Matthew Brown petitioned the Pennsylvania General Assembly to grant Washington Academy a charter, allowing it to be re-christened as Washington College.<ref name=brownwash>Coleman 1956 pp. 102–107</ref> At various times over the next 60 years, the various parties within the two colleges pursued unification with each other, but the question of where the unified college would be located thwarted those efforts.<ref name=banners143-149 /> In 1817, a disagreement over a perceived agreement for unification erupted into "The College War" and threatened the existence of both colleges.<ref name=banners68-73>Coleman 1956 pp. 68–73</ref> In the ensuing years, both colleges began to undertake risky financial moves, especially over-selling scholarships.<ref name=banners78-85 /> Thanks to the leadership of Matthew Brown, Jefferson College was in a stronger position to weather the financial storm for a longer period.<ref name=banners78-85>Coleman 1956 pp. 78–85</ref> Desperate for funds, Washington College accepted an offer from the Synod of Wheeling to take control of the college, a move that was supposed to stabilize the finances for a period of time.<ref name=banners130-131>Coleman 1956 pp. 130–131</ref> However, Washington College then undertook another series of risky financial moves that crippled its finances.<ref name=scottwash>Coleman 1956 pp. 133–142</ref>
Unification of the colleges
Following the Civil War, both colleges were short on students and on funds, causing them to join as Washington & Jefferson College in 1865.<ref name=banners143-149>Coleman 1956 pp. 143–149</ref> The charter provided for the college to operate at both Canonsburg and Washington, a position that caused significant difficulty for the administration trying to rescue the college amid ill feelings over the unification.<ref name=banners143-149 /> Jonathan Edwards, a pastor from Baltimore who had been president of Hanover College, was elected the first president of the unified Washington & Jefferson College on April 4, 1866.<ref name=banners149-155>Coleman 1956 p. 149-155</ref><ref name=edwardsdm>Template:Cite web</ref> Edwards immediately encountered significant challenges, including the difficulties of administering a college across two campuses, as well as old prejudices and hard feelings among those still loyal to either Jefferson College or Washington College.<ref name=banners149-155 /> Edwards resigned in 1869, as the two-campus arrangement was declared a failure and all operations were consolidated in Washington.<ref name=banners149-155 /> Before the merger could be completed, Canonsburg residents and Jefferson College partisans filed a lawsuit, known as the Pennsylvania College Cases, sought to overturn the consolidation plan.<ref name=banners155-156>Coleman 1956 pp. 155–156</ref> Leadership of the college during this time fell to Samuel J. Wilson, a local pastor, and James I. Brownson, who had earlier been interim president of Washington College.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By 1871, the United States Supreme Court upheld the consolidation, allowing the newly configured college to proceed.<ref name=banners155-156 />
History since unification
George P. Hays, who had assumed the presidency amid the court battle and the unification controversy, led the newly unified college until 1881.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His successor, James D. Moffat, led the college through a period of growth where the college constructed the Old Gym, Hays Hall, Thompson Memorial Library, and Thistle Physics Building, as well as purchasing the land known as the "old fair ground," now used for Cameron Stadium.<ref name=moffatlibrary>Template:Cite web</ref> Towards the end of his term, Moffat personally paid for the 1912 renovations of McMillan Hall.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1914, Frederick W. Hinitt was elected president. His tenure was dominated by the United States' entry into World War I, with an enrollment drop of 50%.<ref name=hinittlibrary>Template:Cite web</ref>
William E. Slemmons, a college trustee and adjunct professor, succeeded Hinitt and served as interim president from May 1918 to June 1919.<ref name=slemmonslibrary>Template:Cite web</ref> After the war ended in 1919, Samuel Charles Black took over and helped to stabilize the enrollment.<ref name=bakerlibrary /> While on a honeymoon tour of national parks, Black became ill and died.<ref name=blacklibrary>Template:Cite web</ref> His successor, Simon Strousse Baker, was well liked by the college's trustees and by "many a townsman", but the student body felt that Baker was "autocratic" and held an "unfriendly attitude toward the student body as individuals."<ref name=bakerlibrary /><ref name=strikewon>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Baker defended himself, saying that the perceived ill-will towards students was unintentional and a misunderstanding.<ref name=bakerlibrary /> Nonetheless, the student body held a strike and general walkout in 1931, prompting Baker to resign.<ref name=bakerlibrary>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=strikewon />
Baker's successor, Ralph Cooper Hutchison, was much more popular with the student body.<ref name=hutchison>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In an effort to strengthen the college's science department, Hutchison extended and expanded the southern portion of the campus, adding the Lazear Chemistry Hall and purchasing McIlvane Hall.<ref name=hutchisonlibrary>Template:Cite web</ref> When World War II broke out, the campus was opened to the Army Administration School, where hundreds of soldiers received their "training in classifications."<ref name=oldgym>Template:Cite web</ref> Hutchison resigned in 1945 to take the presidency of his alma mater, Lafayette College.<ref name=hutchisonlibrary /> James Herbert Case, Jr., who was president from 1946 to 1950, constructed several new dormitories to handle the influx of veterans under the G.I. Bill.<ref name=caselibrary>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1950, Boyd Crumrine Patterson assumed the presidency and oversaw curriculum revisions and the construction of a number of buildings, including the Henry Memorial Center, 10 Greek housing units in the center of campus, the U. Grant Miller Library, the Student Center, the Commons, and two new dormitories.<ref name=pattersonlibrary>Template:Cite web</ref> His fundraising abilities grew the college's endowment expanded from $2.3 million to nearly $11 million.<ref name=obit>Template:Cite news</ref> Patterson retired in 1970, the same year that the trustees authorized the admission of women as undergraduate students.<ref name=pattersonlibrary /> Howard J. Burnett took office as president that year and hired the college's first female faculty members and the first female dean.<ref name=burnettlibrary>Template:Cite web</ref> The college also adopted a new academic calendar to include intersession and expanded its academic programs to include the Entrepreneurial Studies Program, the Freshman Forum, and several cooperative international education programs.<ref name=burnettlibrary /> Student enrollment grew from 830 in 1970 to 1,100 in 1998.<ref name=burnettlibrary /> Burnett retired as president in 1998.<ref name=burnettlibrary />
Under Burnett's successor, Brian C. Mitchell, who served as president from 1998 to 2004, the college experienced a growth in construction and an effort to improve relations with the neighboring communities.<ref name=mitchelllibrary>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2004, Tori Haring-Smith became the first woman to serve as president of Washington & Jefferson, undertaking an effort to improve the science curriculum and to construct the Swanson Science Center.<ref name=sciencedetails>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After 13 years of service, Haring-Smith retired from her position on June 30, 2017. John C. Knapp was named Haring-Smith's successor on April 21, 2017, and became the college's 13th president on August 1, 2017.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On February 27, 2024, the college announced the selection of Elizabeth MacLeod Walls as the 14th president. MacLeod Walls and began her tenure on June 30, 2024.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Campus
The campus of Washington & Jefferson College is located in the city of Washington and the East Washington Borough, small-town communities about Template:Convert south of Pittsburgh.<ref name=catalog08 /><ref name=censusOR>Template:Cite news</ref> The Template:Convert campus is home to more than 40 academic, administrative, recreational, and residential buildings.<ref name=catalog08 /> The northern edge of campus is bound by East Walnut Street, the western edge by South College Street, the southern edge by East Maiden Street, and the eastern edge by South Wade.<ref name=campusmap>Template:Cite map</ref> Portions of the campus extend into the East Washington Historic District.<ref name="critics"/> Four historic gates mark four traditional entrances to campus at East Maiden Street, Wheeling Street, South College Street, and Beau Street.<ref name=cicgates>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1947, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission installed a historical marker noting the historic importance of the college.<ref name=phmcdatabase>Template:Cite web</ref>
The oldest surviving building is McMillan Hall, which dates to 1793 and is the oldest college building west of the Allegheny Mountains.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The main academic building is Old Main, which is topped with two prominent towers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Old Gym houses a modern exercise facility.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> McIlvaine Hall, which was originally home to a female seminary, was demolished in 2008 and replaced by the Swanson Science Center.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Davis Memorial Hall was once a dormitory and private house.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Swanson Science Center and the Dieter-Porter Life Sciences Building all cater to the scientific curriculum.<ref name="sciencedetails"/> The Burnett Center and its sister building, the Technology Center, were built in the late 1990s and early 2000s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The first dormitory on campus was Hays Hall.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Wade House, Carriage House, and Whitworth House are Victorian homes housing older students.<ref name=washjeffVictorian>Template:Cite web</ref> The recently constructed Chestnut Street Housing complex provides housing for the college's Greek organizations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Presidents' Row is a cluster of ten buildings in the center of campus, several of which are dedicated to theme housing.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Two sister dormitories, New Residence Hall and Bica-Ross Hall, feature suite-style living arrangements.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mellon Hall houses female freshman, and Upperclass Hall houses male freshmen.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other dormitories include Alexander Hall, Cooper Hall (formerly Beau Hall),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Marshall Hall, Penn House, and the currently unused North Hall.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> The college administration utilizes several buildings, including the Admissions House, the Alumni House, and the President's House, which are all modified Victorian homes.<ref name=washjeffVictorian /> The Clark Family Library, formerly known as the U. Grant Miller Library, is the modern library; its predecessor, Thompson Hall, is now used for administrative purposes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Hub, the Commons, and the Rossin Campus Center provide recreational and dining facilities for students.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> The athletic and intramural teams utilize Cameron Stadium for football and track.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Henry Memorial Center is used for basketball, wrestling, swimming, and volleyball.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other athletic facilities include Brooks Park, Ross Memorial Park and Alexandre Stadium, and the Janet L. Swanson Tennis Courts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Washington & Jefferson is the setting for the Netflix programs The Chair and Mindhunter.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Academics
As a liberal arts college, Washington & Jefferson College focuses exclusively on undergraduate education.<ref name=carnegieclassifications /> It is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The college's teaching environment reflects the liberal arts tradition of small group instruction by maintaining an average class size of 17 and a student/faculty ratio of 12:1.<ref name=collegefacts /><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> 85% of faculty have terminal degrees and no classes are taught by teaching assistants.<ref name=collegefacts /><ref name=prfaculty /> The college has a strong science program, with 35% of students majoring in one of the scientific departments.<ref name=ataglance /> Within those areas, all 32 professors hold terminal degrees.<ref name=ataglance /> The most frequent class size is between 10 and 19 students.<ref name=prfaculty>Template:Cite web</ref>
The college has a focus on preparing students for graduate school and professional programs.<ref name=collegefacts>Template:Cite web</ref> Across all disciplines, 85% to 90% of students who apply to such programs receive offers of admission.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Among students who apply to medical school or related health graduate programs, 90% of students gain admission.<ref name=ataglance>Template:Cite web</ref> Approximately 11% of all current W&J alumni are physicians and engineers, making the college third in the nation per capita for producing doctors and scientific researchers.<ref name=ataglance /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=winter2010>Template:Cite web</ref> Among students who apply to law school, approximately 90% of students gain admission.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The college recently added The English Language Institute which is a pre-academic program designed to equip multi-lingual learners with the English and academic skills to be prepared for undergraduate study.
Admission and rankings
Template:Infobox U.S. college admissions Admission to Washington & Jefferson College is classified as "inclusive" by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education.<ref name=carnegieclassifications /> The Princeton Review gave Washington & Jefferson an "Admissions Selectivity Rating" of 85 out of 99.<ref name=pradmissions>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2023, the college received 3,218 applications. It extended offers of admission to 2,624 applicants, or 82%. 314 accepted students chose to enroll, a yield rate of 12%.<ref name="cds" /> Of the 40% of incoming students in 2023 who submitted SAT scores, the interquartile range was 1030–1250; of the 10% of incoming students in 2023 who submitted ACT scores, the average composite score was 26. Of all matriculating students, the average high school GPA was 3.5.<ref name="cds" /> In 2009, the college developed an SAT-optional admissions program.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Infobox US university ranking In the 2025 U.S. News & World Report college rankings, Washington & Jefferson is ranked 90th (tied) of 211 liberal arts colleges nationwide.<ref name=usnewsoverall>Template:Cite web</ref> In Forbes' List of America's Best Colleges for 2010, the college was ranked #100 out of the nation's institutions of higher education.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Washington Monthly ranked the college #132 among all American liberal arts colleges in terms of social mobility, research, and community service.<ref name=wmguide2009>Template:Cite web</ref> The rankings listed the college as #30 in the nation in terms of Federal Work-Study Program money spent of community service.<ref name=wmguide2009 />
As president of the college, Tori Haring-Smith specifically criticized the U.S. News & World Report rankings system, noting that the "financial resources" portion of the rankings formula favors colleges that have higher tuition, even without providing any educational benefits, saying that this has harmed the college's ranking because it charged $5,000 to $7,000 less in tuition that its peer institutions.<ref name=potemkin>Template:Cite web</ref> She also questioned the "peer assessment" portion of the rankings and suggested that college presidents are rarely aware of educational improvements in their peer institutions; she noted that Washington & Jefferson College's ranking has remained the same for a number of years, even while the college made significant improvements in terms of its acceptance rates and overall selectivity, the addition of academic programs, and the construction of additional buildings.<ref name=potemkin /> Haring-Smith's criticism of the rankings spurred Bob Morse, the founder of the U.S. College Rankings system to respond to the criticisms directly in an article.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> She signed the "Presidents Letter," a nationwide movement asking fellow college presidents to decline participation in the U.S. News & World Report reputation survey, a subjective evaluation where college administrators score their competition.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Curriculum
The curriculum is centered on the traditional liberal arts education and pre-professional classes.<ref name=carnegieclassifications>Template:Cite web</ref> All first-semester freshmen must complete a "First Year Seminar" class, which introduces new students to a variety of lectures, concerts, plays, and trips to museums or galleries based on a different course theme selected each year.<ref name=catalog08>Template:Cite web</ref> In addition to completing an academic major, students must satisfy the college-wide general education requirements, which include classes in the arts, humanities, natural sciences and mathematics, foreign languages, cultural diversity, and academic skills classes including writing, oral communication, quantitative reasoning.<ref name=catalog08 /> Students may choose to complete an academic minor, participate in interdepartmental concentrations, or to focus on an intra-departmental emphasis.<ref name=catalog08 /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Additionally, all students must complete a physical education requirement, amounting to one full semester class, making W&J one of the few liberal arts colleges without a physical education major to have such a requirement.<ref name=fittest2006 /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The college maintains a number of combined degree programs, allowing students to attend graduate or professional school in lieu of senior year.<ref name=catalog08 />
The college follows a standard academic calendar with the option to partake in summer classes and/or May Term.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During the Intersession term, students have the choice of studying abroad, completing an external internship, or taking a specially designed Intersession course.<ref name=catalog08 /> These Intersession courses are more focused than regular courses and provide professors with an opportunity to teach non-traditional subjects.<ref name=catalog08 /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Past Intersession courses have included "Emerging Diseases: Global and Local" in the biology department, "Corporate Failures, Frauds, and Scandals" in the business department, and "Vampires and Other Bloodsuckers" in the English department, "Holocaust Survivor Narratives" in the German department, and "Alternative Radio" in the communications department.<ref name=catalog08 /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At various times, the faculty organizes an "Integrated Semester," where professors organize regular departmental courses, specialized projects, and public events dealing with a common interdisciplinary theme.<ref name="integratedsemester">Template:Cite web</ref> While W&J has not had a Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program since 1991, the college has a relationship with the University of Pittsburgh's Army and Air Force ROTC programs, allowing W&J students to prepare for an active or reserve commission following graduation.<ref name=catalog08 /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the 2010–2011 school year, 58% of W&J students studied abroad.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Student body
| Undergraduate | Pennsylvania | U.S. Census | |
|---|---|---|---|
| African American | 2.84% | 11.20% | 12.1% |
| Asian American | 1.19% | 2.46% | 4.3% |
| White American | 81.97% | 86.83% | 65.8% |
| Hispanic American | 1.32% | 4.19% | 14.5% |
| Native American | 0.46% | 0.54% | 0.9% |
| International student | 2.05% | N/A | N/A |
| Unknown/unspecified | 10.17% | N/A | N/A |
As of fall 2021, the student body totaled 1,156 undergraduate students.<ref name=usnewsoverall /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The student body is highly residential, with 98% of students residing in campus housing.<ref name=carnegieclassifications /> The number of transfer students joining the student body each year is relatively low, compared to other institutions.<ref name=carnegieclassifications /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Approximately 18% of the student body receives federal Pell Grants.<ref name=wmguide2009 /> Prior to entering college, 82% of the student body attended public high schools.<ref name=pradmissions /> Roughly 86% of the each freshman class returns to the college for their sophomore year.<ref name=pradmissions /> The overall graduation rate is 70%<ref name=wmguide2009 /> About 25 to 30% of each incoming class is the first in their family to attend college.<ref name=yesprep>Template:Cite news</ref>
The male to female ratio is 54% to 46%.<ref name=usnewsstudentbody>Template:Cite web</ref> Like the population of Pennsylvania and the United States as a whole, the largest ethnic group at the college is White American, making up about 82% of the student population.<ref name=prstudentbody>Template:Cite web</ref> Roughly 10% of the student population does not specify their ethnicity.<ref name=prstudentbody /> Other ethnicities, including African American, Asian American, Native American, and Hispanic Americans collectively comprise about 6% of the student body.<ref name=prstudentbody /> International students make up 2.05% of the student body.<ref name=prstudentbody />
In 2006, Men's Fitness named W&J the "14th Fittest College in America," a ranking that weighed the college's fitness offerings and the student body's culture of fitness and behavior.<ref name=fittest2006>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2009, the college was named to the President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, in recognition of the student body's commitment to community service.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The college's spends 22% of its Federal Work-Study Program funds on community service projects.<ref name=wmguide2009 />
The college has joined the YES Prep School IMPACT Partnership Program to provide support to low-income students from the YES Prep Public Schools.<ref name=yesprep /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Student life
Student housing
The college offers "Theme Community Living," where students with common interests live in a single living unit.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Past themes have included the "Intensive Study," the "Service Leadership Community," the "International House," "Music House," the "WashPA Radio Theme Community" for students who participate in the WNJR college radio station, and the "Pet House".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=showcase>Template:Cite news</ref> Students proposing a theme community must develop an educational plan centered on the theme.<ref name=showcase /> The college does not typically allow students to live in off-campus housing.
Clubs
Students may organize new clubs by presenting a constitution and a list of members to the college administration and the student government for approval.<ref name=clubmanual>Template:Cite web</ref> This approval process does not authorize any club to act on behalf of the college, nor does approval indicate any the college's agreement with the club's purpose.<ref name=clubmanual />
The college recognizes over 70 student clubs on campus.<ref name=clubs>Template:Cite web</ref> A number of student clubs are dedicated to encouraging interest in a specific academic discipline, including the "W&J Denominators" mathematics club, the Society of Physics Students, and the Pre-Health Professions Society.<ref name=clubs /> Others are organized along ethnic and cultural lines, including the Black Student Union and the Asian Culture Association.<ref name=clubs /> Both major American political parties have chapters at the college, in the form of the "W&J College Democrats" and the Young Republicans.<ref name=clubs /> Some clubs take the form of non-varsity athletic teams, including the Men's Rugby Club, the Women's Rugby Club, the Equestrian Club, Men's Volleyball Club and the Ultimate Frisbee Club.<ref name=clubs /> Several clubs create volunteer opportunities though Big Brothers/Big Sisters and the United Way.<ref name=clubs /> Many religious faiths are represented, including the Hillel Society, Newman Club, and the Student Christian Association, as well as an Interfaith Leadership Club which organizes interfaith events.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=clubs /> Many other clubs encourage interests in various academic and non-academic activities, including the Green Club (the college's environmental club), the Outdoors Club, and others which are mainly inactive like the Bottega Art Club, the Franklin Literary Society, and the Chess Club.<ref name=clubs />
Student media
Student media offerings at Washington & Jefferson College include a college newspaper, a college radio station, a yearbook, and a student-edited literary journal.<ref name=studentmedia>Template:Cite web</ref> All students, regardless of academic major, are eligible to contribute to these media organizations.<ref name=clubs />
Founded in 1909, the Red & Black student newspaper has a weekly circulation of 1,250 copies.<ref name=rnb /> The student staff handles all aspects of the production, including writing, editing, graphic design, layout, and advertising sales.<ref name=rnb>Template:Cite web</ref> The Red & Black features local and national news, student opinion, and college athletics coverage.<ref name=rnb /> During the 1860s, students published a satirical newspaper called The Bogus Tract.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The college radio station, WNJR broadcasts on the FM broadcast band.<ref name=aboutwnjr /> Assisted by a faculty advisor from the Department of Theater and Communication, the student-run studio broadcasts in a freeform format with both nationally syndicated programs and Pittsburgh-based independent programs.<ref name=aboutwnjr /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Student on-air personalities produce radio programs including music, news, talk, and sports.<ref name=aboutwnjr>Template:Cite web</ref> It serves the Pittsburgh Designated Market Area, reaching north to the northern Pittsburgh suburbs, east to Monessen, south to Waynesburg and west to the West Virginia Panhandle.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Wooden Tooth Review is a student-edited literary journal, featuring short fiction and poetry submitted by members of the student body.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The editorial board is organized as a recognized student club, with a faculty advisor.<ref name=clubs /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The journal was founded in 1999, with V. Penelope Pelizzon, Coordinator of Creative Writing, serving as the first faculty advisor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The college's yearbook, Pandora, is produced annually by a student staff.<ref name=studentmedia /><ref name=pandora>Template:Cite web</ref>
Literary societies
The history of literary societies at Washington & Jefferson College dates back to the 1797, when the Franklin Literary Society and the Philo Literary Society were founded at Canonsburg Academy.<ref name=centennial>Template:Cite book</ref> Two other literary societies were founded at Washington College, the Union Literary Society in 1809 and the Washington Literary Society in 1814.<ref name=centennial /> Typical early activities include the presentation of dialogues, translations of passages from Greek or Latin classics, and extemporaneous speaking.<ref name=centennial /> Later, the literary societies began to present declamations.<ref name=centennial /> Each society maintained independent libraries for the use of their members, each of which rivaled the holdings of their respective colleges.<ref name=literarysocietylibraries>Template:Cite book</ref> These four college literary societies had intense rivalries with each other, competing in "contests", which pitted select society members against another in "compositions, speaking select orations and debating", with the trustees selecting the victor.<ref name=centennial /> Because the two colleges never met each other in athletic contests, these literary competitions were the main outlet for their rivalry.<ref name=scarborough15>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the years after the union of the two colleges, these four literary societies merged with the Franklin Literary Society, which survives today.<ref name=spring06>Template:Cite web</ref>
Art scene
Washington & Jefferson College is home to a vibrant student art and musical scene. The artistic center of campus is the Olin Fine Arts Center, with an art gallery and a 486-seat auditorium.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=shorttakes /> On the academic side, the Department of Art offers majors in studio art and art education, as well as a concentration in graphic design.<ref name=wjart>Template:Cite web</ref> The Department of Music offers majors and minors in music.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Department of Theatre and Communications offers a major and minor in theatre.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Current musical organizations include the W&J Wind Ensemble, the W&J Jazz Ensemble, the W&J Choir and the Camerata Singers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Former musical organizations include the Banjo, Mandolin & Guitar Club and the College Band.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Every year since 2003, the Theatre and Communication Department has produced the Winter Tales series, an annual production of one-act plays written by members of the W&J community, students, alumni, faculty, administration, and staff, and produced by the W&J Student Theater Company.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
In addition to student-produced art and music, the college provides a number of opportunities to view art and music from the larger art community. The college holds a collection of paintings by distinguished regional artist Malcolm Parcell, which are displayed in several locations on campus.<ref name=catalog>Template:Cite web</ref> The most prominent location is the Malcolm Parcell Room in The Commons, which is part of the student dining area.<ref name=catalog /><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> The W&J Arts Series is an annual collection of musicians, singers, and other artistic performers appearing at the Olin Fine Arts Center.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Past shows have included Di Wu, Habib Koité, Chris Potter, The Aquila Theatre Company presenting The Invisible Man, Eroica Trio, Oni Buchanan, Tommy Sands, Cavani String Quartet, Sergio and Odar Assad, and Sandip Burman.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=w2002>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1999, billionaire W&J alum and well-known opera philanthropist Alberto Vilar sponsored the Vilar Distinguished Artist Series.<ref name=shorttakes>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=vilarae4 /><ref name=sum2003 /> During its run, the series hosted, among others, Lorin Maazel conducting the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra, Valery Gergiev conducting the Kirov Orchestra, Camerata Salzburg with Murray Periaha, St. Petersburg Classic Ballet, Vienna State Opera Ballet, Susan Graham, Jennifer Larmore, Samuel Ramey, Barbara Bonney, Katia and Marielle Labèque, Angelika Kirchschlager, Simon Keenlyside, Gil Shaham, and Jessye Norman.<ref name=w2002 /><ref name=vilarae4 /><ref name=review>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=scandal /><ref name=accused>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref> In 2003, amid Vilar's falling fortunes, the series went on a hiatus,<ref name=vilarae4>Template:Cite news</ref> and Vilar's 2005 indictment for financial fraud ended the series.<ref name=scandal>Template:Cite news</ref> In Fall 2003, the W&J Arts Series, the college's other art series, was expanded to partially compensate.<ref name=sum2003>Template:Cite web</ref>
Greek life
43% of women and 40% of men of the student body participating in Greek life.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Princeton Review named Washington & Jefferson College 12th on their 2010 list of "Major Frat and Sorority Scene" in the United States.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of 2022, there were four fraternities and four sororities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=SHgreek>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> All Greek organizations occupy college-owned houses on Chestnut Street.<ref name=chestnut>Template:Cite web</ref>
Two national fraternities were founded at Jefferson College, Phi Gamma Delta in 1848 and Phi Kappa Psi in 1852.<ref>Template:Cite book. Baird's Manual is also available online here: The Baird's Manual Online Archive homepage Template:Webarchive.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A third fraternity was founded at Jefferson College, Kappa Phi Lambda, but it dissolved after a decade of existence amid a dispute between chapters.<ref name=bairdkappaphilambda>Template:Cite book. Baird's Manual is also available online here: The Baird's Manual Online Archive homepage Template:Webarchive.</ref> In 1874, a fourth fraternity was founded at W&J, the short-lived Phi Delta Kappa.<ref name=bairdphideltakappa>Template:Cite book</ref> The new fraternity grew to several chapters before falling apart in 1880.<ref name=bairdphideltakappa />
Athletics
Intercollegiate
W&J competes in 26 varsity sports at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III level. As of the 2009–10 academic year, the Presidents have won more than 108 Presidents' Athletic Conference (PAC) championships, 40 students were selected as conference Most Valuable Player, more than 300 athletes were awarded First Team All-Conference recognition, 75 received All-American honors, and 25 achieved Academic All-American status.<ref name=athletics>Template:Cite web</ref> During the 2005–2006 season, 34 percent of the student body played varsity-level athletics.<ref name=fittest2006 />
The football team has been very successful, winning 18 out of the last 21 PAC Championships and advancing to the NCAA Division III playoffs 17 times. W&J played to a 0–0 tie in the 1922 Rose Bowl against the California Golden Bears and were named to a share of the national championship by the Boand System. In 1923, John Heisman coached the W&J football team. The men's ice hockey team won the 2008 College Hockey Mid America Conference championship, a Division I regional league of the American Collegiate Hockey Association.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> W&J also fields teams in field hockey, men's wrestling, baseball, softball, and women's volleyball, as well as men's and women's cross country running, soccer, tennis, water polo, basketball, swimming and diving, golf, lacrosse, and track & field. Men's volleyball and women's wrestling will be added in the 2026–27 school year.
Intramural
The intramural sports program is one of the most consistently popular activities at Washington & Jefferson College, providing non-varsity and recreational athletic activities for all students, faculty, and staff of the college.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=welcometojay /> Vicki Staton, a former varsity women's basketball and volleyball coach, manages the intramural program.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2002, 60% of students participated in intramural sports.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2006, more than 40% of the student body participated in intramural athletics.<ref name="fittest2006"/> In 2007, the intramural activities included 3-on-3 basketball, billiards, bowling, flag football, kickball, tennis, ultimate frisbee, volleyball, wallyball, ping pong, and Texas hold 'em.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Intramural champions win a T-shirt celebrating their victory.<ref name=welcometojay />
While the varsity athletics program was struggling during the 1930s, intramural participation topped 84% of the student population.<ref name=scarborough113>Template:Cite journal</ref> During that time, the management of intramural activities was transferred to the athletic department, allowing the intramural program to use the college's varsity facilities.<ref name=welcometojay /> In the 1930s and 1940s, groups of students competed for the "Big Cup," a trophy given to the most outstanding team, as judged by a cross-sport point system.<ref name=welcometojay />
Traditions
One of the oldest traditions at Washington & Jefferson College was the "Freshman Rules," a system of rules and restrictions on freshmen.<ref name=welcometojay /> Failure by freshmen to follow these rules would subject them to beatings by upperclassmen or other punishments doled out by the "Freshman Court."<ref name=welcometojay>Template:Cite web</ref> During the 1870s and 1880s, the students engaged in organized athletic competitions, pitting the freshman versus sophomore classes in the "Olympic Games" that involved elaborate opening ceremonies and the smoking of a "Pipe of Peace."<ref name=scarborough1617>Template:Cite journal</ref> Another form of physical contest between the freshman and sophomore classes were the annual "color rush," where the teams fought over control over strips of fabric, the "pole rush," where the teams battled to raise a flag up a flagpole, and the "cane rush" where the teams fought over control over a ceremonial cane.<ref name=welcometojay /> These contests generally devolved into outright gang violence.<ref name=welcometojay />
The college cheer, Whichi Coax, is so pervasive in college history and culture that in addition to being shouted during academic ceremonies and football games, it is also used as a salutation in correspondence between alumni.<ref name=c2007>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=m2009>Template:Cite web</ref> The college's fight song, "Good Ole W&J" is sung to the tune of "99 Bottles of Beer" and makes fun of a number of rival colleges, including the University of Pittsburgh, but was modified sometime before 1958 to laud Washington Female Seminary.<ref name=m2009 /> For a large portion of the college's history, there was no official alma mater, but there were a number of other tradition hymns and songs.<ref name=misctraditons>Template:Cite web</ref>
Symbols of the college
The college's coat of arms features a two-part shield based on the coats of arms of the Jefferson and Washington families.<ref name=coa>Template:Cite book</ref> The top portion, showing two towers, representing Washington College and Jefferson College, and three stars, representing the McMillan, Dod, and Smith log cabins.<ref name=coa /> The lower portion, showing an interlocked design that in heraldry is called a fret, is adapted from Jefferson's coat of arms and the colors, red and black, is taken from the Washington coat of arms.<ref name=coa /><ref name=symbolsofjay>Template:Cite web</ref> The coat of arms may appear with a banner underneath showing the college motto.<ref name=symbolsofjay /> The design was adopted in 1902 in celebration of Jefferson College's centennial.<ref name=symbolsofjay /> It was designed by Rev. Harry B. King, class of 1891.<ref name=symbolsofjay /> Upon its adoption, it was described as "a happy combination, and makes a very neat appearance when worn as a pin or button."<ref name=coa />
The college seal displays two brick towers, with one labeled "1802," representing Jefferson College, and the other labeled "1806," representing Washington College.<ref name=symbolsofjay /> The union of the two colleges is represented by a bridge between the two towers, with Roman numerals reading 1865, the year of union.<ref name=symbolsofjay /> Banners hanging from the towers show the college motto of "Juncta Juvant."<ref name=symbolsofjay /> The creation of the seal is unknown, with the first known use occurring during the 1902 centennial celebration of Jefferson College's founding.<ref name=symbolsofjay /> The seal is used in official documents, including diplomas and certificates.<ref name=seal>Template:Cite web</ref>
The college's current logo features a stylized version of the two towers of Old Main, symbolizing the 1865 unification of Washington College and Jefferson College.<ref name=gi>Template:Cite web</ref> The logo may be displayed in several versions: with the entire name of the college, the shortened form of "W&J", or without any text.<ref name=symbolsofjay /> Prior to the adoption of this logo, the college's graphic identity consisted of a variety of conflicting logos and type styles.<ref name=gi />
Relations with the city of Washington
Template:Main Relations between the city of Washington, Pennsylvania and Washington & Jefferson College span over two centuries, dating to the founding of both the city and the college in the 1780s.<ref name=bannersII/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The relationship between the town and college was strong enough that the citizens of Washington offered a $50,000 donation in 1869 to the college in a successful attempt to lure the trustees to select Washington over nearby Canonsburg as the consolidated location of the college.<ref name=banners149-155/> The relationship encountered challenges the 20th century, with disagreements arising between the college and residential neighborhoods as the college pursued an expansion plan.<ref name=onguard>Template:Cite news</ref> Preservationists unsuccessfully attempted to pass laws prohibiting the college from demolishing certain buildings that were listed on the East Washington Historic District.<ref name=critics>Template:Cite news</ref> Local preservationists also unsuccessfully tried to block the demolition of Hays Hall, which had been condemned.<ref name=delayed>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the 1990s, the city of Washington made several unsuccessful attempts to challenge the college's tax-exempt status. In 1993, Washington appealed the Washington County Board of Assessment's determination that the college was exempt from the city's property tax.<ref name=550PA>Template:Cite court</ref> That case went to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, which ruled in favor of the college.<ref name=550PA /> In response, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed a new law clarifying that colleges were exempt from taxation, including from local property taxes.<ref name=ride>Template:Cite news</ref> Separately, the city of Washington passed an ordinance that levied a municipal "service fee" against the college students, which was ruled to be illegal and was struck down.<ref name=PADC>Template:Cite court</ref> In the late 1990s, the college and town created the Blueprint for Collaboration, a plan with detailed goals and benchmarks for the future to help the college and the city work together on economic development, environmental protection, and historic preservation.<ref name=blueprint2002>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>
Notable alumni
As of 2009, Washington & Jefferson College had about 12,000 living alumni.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Before the union of the two colleges, Washington College graduated 872 men and Jefferson College graduated 1,936 men.<ref name=wash>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=jeff>Template:Cite web</ref> These alumni include Henry A. Wise, Governor of Virginia, and James G. Blaine, who served in Congress as Speaker of the House, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State and the Republican nominee for the 1884 presidential election.<ref name=wash /> Other graduates have held high federal positions, including United States Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin Bristow and United States Attorney General Henry Stanbery, who successfully defended Andrew Johnson during his impeachment trial.<ref name=jeff /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As a U.S. Congressman, Clarence Long was a key figure in directing funds to Operation Cyclone, the CIA's effort to arm the mujahideen in the Soviet–Afghan War.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> James A. Beaver served as Governor of Pennsylvania and as acting president of the Pennsylvania State University; he is the namesake of Beaver Stadium.<ref name=jeff /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Blake Ragsdale Van Leer, was the fifth president of Georgia Tech and first president to allow women to enroll there. He also had a prominent military career.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> William Holmes McGuffey authored the McGuffey Readers, which are among the most popular and influential books in history.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Thaddeus Dod's student, Jacob Lindley, was the first president of Ohio University.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Astronaut and test pilot Joseph A. Walker became the first person to enter space twice.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other graduates have gone on to success in professional athletics, including Buddy Jeannette, a member of the Basketball Hall of Fame, and Pete Henry, a member of both the College and Pro Football Hall of Fame.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:College Football HoF</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Roger Goodell has served as the Commissioner of the NFL since 2006.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Among graduates who entered the medical field, Jonathan Letterman is recognized as the "Father of Battlefield Medicine."<ref name=jeff /> William Passavant is recognized as a saint within the Lutheran Church.<ref name=jeff /> James McGready, who studied with Joseph Smith and John McMillan was a leading revivalist in the Second Great Awakening.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Successful graduates in the business realm include Richard Clark, President and CEO of Merck, John S. Reed, the former chairman of Citigroup and the New York Stock Exchange.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
References
External links
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- Washington & Jefferson College
- Educational institutions established in 1781
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- Liberal arts colleges in Pennsylvania
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- 1781 establishments in Pennsylvania
- Universities and colleges formed by merger in the United States
- Private universities and colleges in Pennsylvania