Yaghnobi language

Template:Cleanup lang Template:Short description {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check |unknown=Template:Main other |preview=Page using Template:Infobox language with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| acceptance | agency | aiatsis | aiatsis2 | aiatsis3 | aiatsis4 | aiatsis5 | aiatsis6 | aiatsisname | aiatsisname2 | aiatsisname3 | aiatsisname4 | aiatsisname5 | aiatsisname6 | altname | ancestor | ancestor2 | ancestor3 | ancestor4 | ancestor5 | ancestor6 | ancestor7 | ancestor8 | ancestor9 | ancestor10 | ancestor11 | ancestor12 | ancestor13 | ancestor14 | ancestor15 | boxsize | coordinates | coords | created | creator | date | dateprefix | development_body | dia1 | dia2 | dia3 | dia4 | dia5 | dia6 | dia7 | dia8 | dia9 | dia10 | dia11 | dia12 | dia13 | dia14 | dia15 | dia16 | dia17 | dia18 | dia19 | dia20 | dia21 | dia22 | dia23 | dia24 | dia25 | dia26 | dia27 | dia28 | dia29 | dia30 | dia31 | dia32 | dia33 | dia34 | dia35 | dia36 | dia37 | dia38 | dia39 | dia40 | dialect_label | dialects | ELP | ELP2 | ELP3 | ELP4 | ELP5 | ELP6 | ELPname | ELPname2 | ELPname3 | ELPname4 | ELPname5 | ELPname6 | era | ethnicity | extinct | fam1 | fam2 | fam3 | fam4 | fam5 | fam6 | fam7 | fam8 | fam9 | fam10 | fam11 | fam12 | fam13 | fam14 | fam15 | family | familycolor | fontcolor | glotto | glotto2 | glotto3 | glotto4 | glotto5 | glottoname | glottoname2 | glottoname3 | glottoname4 | glottoname5 | glottopedia | glottorefname | glottorefname2 | glottorefname3 | glottorefname4 | glottorefname5 | guthrie | ietf | image | imagealt | imagecaption | imagescale | iso1 | iso1comment | iso2 | iso2b | iso2comment | iso2t | iso3 | iso3comment | iso6 | isoexception | lc1 | lc2 | lc3 | lc4 | lc5 | lc6 | lc7 | lc8 | lc9 | lc10 | lc11 | lc12 | lc13 | lc14 | lc15 | lc16 | lc17 | lc18 | lc19 | lc20 | lc21 | lc22 | lc23 | lc24 | lc25 | lc26 | lc27 | lc28 | lc29 | lc30 | lc31 | lc32 | lc33 | lc34 | lc35 | lc36 | lc37 | lc38 | lc39 | lc40 | ld1 | ld2 | ld3 | ld4 | ld5 | ld6 | ld7 | ld8 | ld9 | ld10 | ld11 | ld12 | ld13 | ld14 | ld15 | ld16 | ld17 | ld18 | ld19 | ld20 | ld21 | ld22 | ld23 | ld24 | ld25 | ld26 | ld27 | ld28 | ld29 | ld30 | ld31 | ld32 | ld33 | ld34 | ld35 | ld36 | ld37 | ld38 | ld39 | ld40 | linglist | linglist2 | linglist3 | linglist4 | linglist5 | linglist6 | lingname | lingname2 | lingname3 | lingname4 | lingname5 | lingname6 | lingua | lingua2 | lingua3 | lingua4 | lingua5 | lingua6 | lingua7 | lingua8 | lingua9 | lingua10 | linguaname | linguaname2 | linguaname3 | linguaname4 | linguaname5 | linguaname6 | linguaname7 | linguaname8 | linguaname9 | linguaname10 | listclass | liststyle | map | map2 | mapalt | mapalt2 | mapcaption | mapcaption2 | mapscale | minority | module | name | nation | nativename | notice | notice2 | official | posteriori | pronunciation | protoname | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_mapsize | qid | ref | refname | region | revived | revived-cat | revived-category | script | setting | sign | signers | speakers | speakers_label | speakers2 | stand1 | stand2 | stand3 | stand4 | stand5 | stand6 | standards | state | states }}

YaghnobiTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn is an Eastern Iranian language spoken in the upper valley of the Yaghnob River in the Zarafshan area of Tajikistan by the Yaghnobi people. It is considered to be a direct descendant of Sogdian and has sometimes been called Neo-Sogdian in academic literature.<ref>Bielmeier. R. Yaghnobi in Encyclopedia Iranica</ref> There are some 12,500 Yaghnobi speakers, divided into several communities. The principal group lives in the Zafarobod area. There are also resettlers in the Yaghnob Valley. Some communities live in the villages of Zumand and Kůkteppa and in Dushanbe or its vicinity.

Most Yaghnobi speakers are bilingual in Tajik, a dialect of Persian.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Yaghnobi is mostly used for daily family communication, and Tajik is used by Yaghnobi-speakers for business and formal transactions. A Russian ethnographer was told by nearby Tajiks, long hostile to the Yaghnobis, who were late to adopt Islam, that the Yaghnobis used their language as a "secret" mode of communication to confuse the Tajiks. The account led to the assumption by some that Yaghnobi or some derivative of it was used as a secret code.<ref>See С. И. Климчицкий: Секретный язык у ягнобцев и язгулёмцев. In: Академия наук СССР – Труды Таджикистанской базы, т. IX – 1938 – История – язык – литература. Akademijaji Fanho SSSR: Asarhoji ʙazaji Toçikiston, çildi IX – Tarix – zaʙon – adaʙijot. Москва – Ленинград (: Издательство Академии наук СССР), 1940. 104–117.</ref>

The language is taught in elementary school within the ethnic community, and Tajikistan has also enacted legislation to support education in minority languages, including Yaghnobi.<ref>The two deportations of Yaghnob</ref>

There are two main dialects: a western and an eastern one. They differ primarily in phonetics. For example, historical *θ corresponds to t in the western dialects and s in the eastern: met – mes 'day' from Sogdian mēθ Template:Angbr. Western ay corresponds to Eastern e: wayš – weš 'grass' from Sogdian wayš or wēš Template:Angbr. The early Sogdian group θr (later ṣ̌) is reflected as sar in the east but tir in the west: saráy – tiráy 'three' from Sogdian θrē/θray or ṣ̌ē/ṣ̌ay Template:Angbr. There are also some differences in verbal endings and the lexicon. In between the two main dialects is a transitional dialect that shares some features of both other dialects.

Writing

Yaghnobi was mostly unwritten until recent times, but according to Andreyev, some of the Yaghnobi scholars used the Persian script for writing the language before 1928, mainly when they needed to hide some information from the Tajiks.<ref>М. С. Андреев, Материалы по этнографии Ягноба, Душанбе (Дониш) 1970, pp. 38–39</ref>

Nowadays, the language is largely transcribed by scholars using a modified Latin alphabet, with the following symbols:

a (á)	b	č	d	e (é)	f	g
ɣ	h	ḥ	i (í)	ī (ī́)	ǰ	k
q	l	m (m̃)	n (ñ)	o (ó)	p	r
s	š	t	u (ú)	ū (ū́)	ʏ (ʏ́)	v
w (u̯)	x	x°	y	z	ž

In the 1990s, Sayfiddin Mirzozoda of the Tajik Academy of Sciences introduced a modified Tajik alphabet for writing Yaghnobi, in addition to several textbooks intended to for elementary school students.<ref name=bird2007thesis>Template:Cite thesis</ref>Template:Rp The shared orthography between Tajik and Yaghnobi transliterated according to Mirzozoda’s scheme offered the promise of improved literacy among Tajik-literate Yaghnobi youth, but since 2006 the Tajik government has stopped providing funding for the printing of Yaghnobi textbooks and the hiring of teachers of Yaghnobi, and so these efforts have largely stagnated.<ref name=bird2007thesis/>Template:Rp Additionally, Mirzozoda's method of transliteration presents a few notable drawbacks in that it does not distinguish between the short and long forms of every vowel, it does not distinguish between Template:IPA and Template:IPA, and it has no inherent markings for the indication of stress, as can be seen in Mirzozoda's alphabet, reproduced with its IPA correspondences in this table below.<ref name=bird2007thesis/><ref name="novak2018">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp

А а (Template:IPA, Template:IPA)	Б б (Template:IPA)	В в (Template:IPA, Template:IPA)	Г г (Template:IPA)	Ғ ғ (Template:IPA)	Д д (Template:IPA)	Е е (Template:IPA, Template:IPA)
Ё ё (Template:IPA, Template:IPA)	Ж ж (Template:IPA)	З з (Template:IPA)	И и (Template:IPA)	Ӣ ӣ (Template:IPA)	й (Template:IPA)	К к (Template:IPA)
Қ қ (Template:IPA)	Л л (Template:IPA	М м (Template:IPA)	Н н (Template:IPA)	О о (Template:IPA, Template:IPA)	П п (Template:IPA)	Р р (Template:IPA)
С с (Template:IPA)	Т т (Template:IPA)	У у (Template:IPA)	Ӯ ӯ (Template:IPA)	Ф ф (Template:IPA)	Х х (Template:IPA)	Ҳ ҳ (Template:IPA)
Ч ч (Template:IPA)	Ҷ ҷ (Template:IPA)	Ш ш (Template:IPA)	Ю ю (Template:IPA, Template:IPA)	Я я (Template:IPA)	Ъ ъ (Template:IPA)

Cyrillic script

The Yaghnobi Alphabet was same as Tajik but with Ԝ.

А а	Б б	В в	Ԝ ԝ	Г г	Ғ ғ
Д д	Е е	Ё ё	Ж ж	З з	И и
Ӣ ӣ	Й й	К к	Қ қ	Л л	М м
Н н	О о	П п	Р р	С с	Т т
У у	Ӯ ӯ	Ф ф	Х х	Ҳ ҳ	Ч ч
Ҷ ҷ	Ш ш	Ъ ъ	Э э	Ю ю	Я я

Notes to Cyrillic:

1. The letter й never appears at the beginning of a word. Words beginning with ya-, yo- and yu-/yū-/yʏ are written as я-, ё- and ю-, and the combinations are written in the middle of the word: viyóra is виёра Template:IPA.
2. Use of ӣ and ӯ is uncertain, but they seem to distinguish two similar-sounding words: Template:Lang and Template:Lang, Template:Lang and Template:Lang. Perhaps ӣ is also used as a stress marker as it is also in Tajik, and ӯ can also be used in Tajik loanwords to indicate a Tajik vowel Template:Angbr Template:IPA, but it can have some other unknown use.Template:Cn
3. In older texts, the alphabet did not use letters Ъ ъ and Э э. Instead of Tajik ъ, Yaghnobi ’ and е covered both Tajik е and э for Template:IPAslink. Later, the letters were integrated into the alphabet so the older Template:Lang was changed into Template:Lang to represent the pronunciation Template:IPA (and not Template:IPA). Older Template:Lang was changed to Template:Lang Template:IPA.
4. Template:IPA and Template:IPA are written е and и. Yaghnobi и can be Template:IPA after a vowel like in Tajik, and ӣ after a vowel is Template:IPA. Also, е has two values: word-initially and after a vowel, it is pronounced Template:IPA, but after a consonant, it is Template:IPA. Template:IPA is rare in Yaghnobi and is only in Tajik or Russian loans, the only example for Template:IPA is Template:Lang Template:IPA, a Russian loanword.
5. Russian letters Ц ц, Щ щ, Ы ы and Ь ь, which can be used in Tajik loans from Russian, are not used in Yaghnobi. They are written as they are pronounced by the Yaghnobi speakers, not as they are written originally in Russian: aeroplane is Template:Lang in Russian, written Template:Lang in Tajik and pronounced Template:IPA in Russian and in Tajik. In Yaghnobi, it is written as Template:Lang and follows the Yaghnobi pronunciation Template:IPA or Template:IPA. The word concert is borrowed from Russian Template:Lang Template:IPA in the form Template:Lang Template:IPA). Compare with Tajik Template:Lang.

Phonology

Yaghnobi includes 9 monophthongs (3 short, 6 long), 8 diphthongs, and 27 consonants.

Vowels

	Front			Back
	Template:Small	Template:Small		Template:Small	Template:Small
Close	и Template:IPAslink	и/ӣ Template:IPAslink	у/ӯ Template:IPAslink	у Template:IPAslink	у/ӯ Template:IPAslink
Mid		е/э Template:IPAslink			о Template:IPAslink
Open	а Template:IPAslink	а Template:IPAslink

The diphthongs in Yaghnobi are Template:IPA. Template:IPA only appears in native words in the western dialects, eastern dialects have Template:IPAslink in its place, except in loanwords.

• The monophthongs have these allophonic variants:
  • Template:IPAslink: Template:IPA
  • Template:IPAslink: Template:IPA
  • Template:IPAslink: Template:IPA
  • Template:IPAslink: Template:IPA
  • Template:IPAslink: Template:IPA
  • Template:IPAslink: Template:IPA
  • Template:IPAslink: Template:IPA
  • Template:IPAslink: Template:IPA
  • Template:IPAslink: Template:IPA
• Template:IPAslink was the result of compensatory lengthening (Template:IPA).
• In recent loans from Tajik Template:IPAblink and/or Uzbek Template:IPA can also appear, but its pronunciation usually merges to Template:IPAslink.
• Template:IPAslink is only recognised by some authorities. It seems that it is an allophone of Template:IPAslink, originating from historical stressed *ū, but historical *ō, changed in Yaghnobi to ū, remains unchanged. It seems that Template:IPAslink is unstable, and it is not recorded in all varieties of Yaghnobi. It is often realised as Template:IPA, as well as Template:IPAslink. By summary: *ū́ (under stress) > ū/ūy/uy/ʏ or ū, *ō > ū (Template:Lang Template:IPA "goat"; Template:Langx, Template:Langx).
• Before a nasal, Template:IPAslink can change to Template:IPAslink, e.g. Template:Lang Template:IPA "Tajikistan", Template:Lang Template:IPA "name".
• Template:IPAslink is considered as a long vowel, however before Template:IPA, its pronunciation is somewhat shorter, and is realised as a half-short (or even short) vowel. Etymologically, the "short" e before Template:IPA comes from older *i (there is an alternation e/i before Template:IPA) if the historical cluster *ih or *iع appears in a closed syllable, and *i changes to e. In open syllables, the change did not take place (that is similar to Tajik). The change can be seen in the verb dih-/deh-: infinitive Template:IPA vs. 3rd sg. present Template:IPA.
• In Yaghnobi dialects, there can be seen a different development of historical svarabhakti vowel: in the Western and Transitional dialects, it is rendered as Template:IPAslink (or Template:IPAslink under certain circumstances), but in the Eastern dialects it changes to Template:IPAslink (but also Template:IPAslink or Template:IPAslink): *θray > *θəráy > W./Tr. tiráy vs. E. saráy but *βrāt > *vərāt > W./Tr./E. virót.
  When the second vowel is a back vowel, *ə usually changes to Template:IPAslink in Western or Transitional dialects: *(čə)θβār > *tfār > *təfór > W./Tr. tufór (but also tifór) vs. E. tafór, *pδūfs- > *bədū́fs > W./Tr./E. budū́fs-. The later change appears also in morphology: verb tifárak (the form is same in all three dialects) has form in 3rd sg. present tufórči < *təfár- < *tfar- < *θβar-. The alternation Template:IPA can be seen also in Tajik loans where an unstressed vowel can undergo this change: W./Tr. širī́k vs. E. šarī́k < Tajik Template:Lang /š^arīk/ "partner", W./Tr. xipár vs. E. xapár < Tajik Template:Lang /x^abar/ "news". The former svarabhakti vowels are often ultra-short or reduced in pronunciation, and they can even disappear in fast speech: xišáp /xišáp vs. xⁱšáp vs. xšap/ < *xəšáp < *xšap.
• The Template:IPAslink changes to Template:IPAslink in verbal stems of type -Car- if an ending containing historic *θ or *t is added: tifár-, infinitive tifárak, 1st sg. present tifarómišt but 3rd sg. present tufórči (ending -či comes from older -tišt), 2nd pl. present W./Tr. tufórtišt E. tufórsišt, x°ar-: x°árak : x°arómišt : xórči : xórtišt/xórsišt (when Template:IPAslink changes to Template:IPAslink after Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink loses its labilisation). The change takes place with all verbs of Yaghnobi origin and also with older loans from Tajik. For new loans, a remains unchanged.: gudár(ak) : gudórči vs. pár(ak) : párči: the first verb is an old loan from Tajik guzaštan < guδaštan, the later a recent loan from parrīdan.

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Post‐ alveolar	Velar	Uvular		Pharyngeal	Glottal
						plain	lab.
Nasal		м Template:IPAslink	н Template:IPAslink
Stop	voiceless	п Template:IPAslink	т Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAblink	к Template:IPAslink	қ Template:IPAslink
	voiced	б Template:IPAslink	д Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAblink	г Template:IPAslink
Affricate	voiceless			ч Template:IPAslink
	voiced			ҷ Template:IPAslink
Fricative	voiceless	ф Template:IPAslink	с Template:IPAslink	ш Template:IPAslink		х Template:IPAslink	хԝ Template:IPAslink	ҳ Template:IPAslink	ҳ Template:IPAslink
	voiced	в Template:IPAslink	з Template:IPAslink	ж Template:IPAslink		ғ Template:IPAslink		ъ Template:IPAslink
Approximant		ԝ Template:IPAslink	л Template:IPAslink	й Template:IPAslink
Trill			р Template:IPAslink

• Template:IPAslink and Template:IPAslink are palatalised to Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink respectively before a front vowel or after a front vowel word-finally.
• Template:IPA appears as an allophone of Template:IPAslink between vowels or voiced consonants.
• Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink both have allophones Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink before Template:IPA and Template:IPA, respectively
• All voiced consonants are pronounced voiceless at the end of the word when after an unvoiced consonant comes a voiced one. Likewise, unvoiced consonants become voiced by assimilation. In voicing q, the voiced opposition is Template:IPAblink, not Template:IPAblink.
• The consonants Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink appear mostly in loanwords. Native words with those sounds are rare and mostly onomatopoeic.

Morphology

W, E and Tr. refer to the Western, Eastern and Transitional dialects.

Noun

Case endings:

Case	Stem ending is consonant	Stem ending is vowel other than -a	Stem ending is -a
Sg. Direct (Nominative)	–	–	-a
Sg. Oblique	-i	-y	-ay (W), -e (E)
Pl. Direct (Nominative)	-t	-t	-ot
Pl. Oblique	-ti	-ti	-oti

Examples:

• kat: obl.sg. káti, pl. katt, obl.pl. kátti
• mayn (W) / men (E) : obl.sg. máyni/méni, pl. maynt/ment, obl.pl. máynti/ménti
• póda : obl.sg. póday/póde, pl. pódot, obl.pl. pódoti
• čalló : obl.sg. čallóy, pl. čallót, obl.pl. čallóti
• zindagī́ : obl.sg. zindagī́y, pl. zindagī́t, obl.pl. zindagī́ti
• mórti : obl.sg. mórtiy, pl. mórtit, obl.pl. mórtiti
• Also, the izofa construction is used in Yaghnobi and appears in phrases and constructions adopted from Tajik or with words of Tajik origin.

Pronouns

Person	Nominative Singular	Oblique Singular	Enclitic Singular	Nominative Plural	Oblique Plural	Enclitic Plural
1st	man	man	-(i)m	mox	mox	-(i)mox
2nd	tu	taw	-(i)t	šumóx	šumóx	-šint
3rd	ax, iš	áwi, (aw), íti, (īd)	-(i)š	áxtit, íštit	áwtiti, ítiti	-šint

The second person plural, šumóx is also used as the polite form of the second person pronoun.

Numerals

	Eastern Yaghnobi	Western Yaghnobi	Tajik loan
1	ī	ī	yak, yag, ya
2	dū<ref>Ronald Emmerick, Iranian, in Indo-European Numerals (1992, →ISBN, edited by Jadranka Gvozdanovic), page 312 </ref>|| dʏ || du
3	saráy	tⁱráy	se, say
4	tᵘfór, tafór	tᵘfór, tⁱfór	čor
5	panč	panč	panǰ
6	uxš	uxš	šiš, šaš
7	avd, aft	aft	haft
8	ašt	ašt	hašt
9	nau̯	nau̯	nuʰ
10	das	das	daʰ
11	das ī	das ī	yozdáʰ
12	das dū	das dʏ	dᵘwozdáʰ
13	das saráy	das tⁱráy	senzdáʰ
14	das tᵘfór / tafór	das tᵘfór / tⁱfór	čordáʰ
15	das panč	das panč	ponzdáʰ
16	das uxš	das uxš	šonzdáʰ
17	das avd / aft	das aft	habdáʰ, havdáʰ
18	das ašt	das ašt	haždáʰ
19	das nau̯	das nau̯	nūzdáʰ
20			bīst<ref>Ronald Emmerick, Iranian, in Indo-European Numerals (1992, →ISBN, edited by Jadranka Gvozdanovic), page 312.</ref>
30	bī́st-at das	bī́st-at das	sī
40	dū bīst	dʏ bīst	čil
50	dū nī́ma bīst	dʏ nī́ma bīst	pinǰóʰ, panǰóʰ
60	saráy bīst	tⁱráy bīst	šast
70	saráy nī́ma bīst	tⁱráy nī́ma bīst, tⁱráy bī́st-u das	haftód
80	tᵘfór / tafór bīst	tᵘfór / tⁱfór bīst	haštód
90	tᵘfór / tafór nī́ma bīst	tᵘfór / tⁱfór nī́ma bīst	navád
100	(sat)	(sat)	sad
1000			hazór

Verb

Personal endings – present:

Person	Singular	Plural
1st	-omišt	-īmišt
2nd	-īšt	-tišt (W, Tr.), -sišt (E)
3rd	-tišt (W), -či (E, Tr.)	-ošt

Personal endings – preterite (with augment a-):

Person	Singular	Plural
1st	a- -im	a- -om (W), a- -īm (E, Tr.)
2nd	a- -ī	a- -ti (W, Tr.), a- -si (E)
3rd	a- –	a- -or

By adding the ending -išt (-št after a vowel; but -or+išt > -ošt) to the preterite, the durative preterite is formed.

The present participle is formed by adding -na to the verbal stem. Past participle (or perfect participle) is formed by addition of -ta to the stem.

The infinitive is formed by addition of ending -ak to the verbal stem.

Negation is formed by prefix na-, in combination with augment in preterite it changes to nē-.

The copula is this:

Person	Singular	Plural
1st	īm	om
2nd	išt	ot (W, Tr.), os (E)
3rd	ast, -x, xast, ásti, xásti	or

Lexicon

Knowledge of Yaghnobi lexicon comes from three main works: from a Yaghnobi-Russian dictionary presented in Yaghnobi Texts by Andreyev and Peščereva and then from a supplementary word list presented in Yaghnobi Grammar by Xromov. The last work is Yaghnobi-Tajik Dictionary compiled by Xromov's student, Sayfiddīn Mīrzozoda, himself a Yaghnobi native speaker. Persian words represent the majority of the lexicon (some 60%), followed by words of Turkic origin (up to 5%, mainly from Uzbek) and a few Russian words (about 2%; through the Russian language, also many international words came to Yaghnobi). Only a third of the lexicon is of Eastern-Iranian origin and can be easily comparable to those known from Sogdian, Ossetian, the Pamir languages or Pashto.Template:Citation needed

A Yaghnobi-Czech dictionary was published in 2010 by the Charles University Faculty of Arts.<ref>Award-winning Yaghnobi-Czech dictionary captures dying language</ref>

Sample texts

A group of Yaghnobi-speaking schoolchildren from Tajikistan

Latin	Fálɣar-at Yáɣnob asosī́ láfz-šint ī-x gumū́n, néki áxtit toǰīkī́-pi wó(v)ošt, mox yaɣnobī́-pi. 'Mʏ́štif' wó(v)omišt, áxtit 'Muždív' wó(v)ošt.
Cyrillic	Template:Lang
IPA	Template:IPA
Translation	In Falghar and in Yaghnob, it is certainly one basic language, but they speak Tajik and we speak Yaghnobi. We say 'Müštif', they say 'Muždiv'.

An anecdote about Nasreddin

Latin	Cyrillic	IPA	Translation
Nasriddī́n ī xūd či bozór uxš tangái axirī́n.	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	Nasreddin bought a tubeteika at the bazaar for six tangas.
Kaxík woxúrdš avī́, čáwi apursóšt:	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	Everyone he met asked him:
"Xūd čof pūl axirī́nī?"	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	"How much money have you bought the tubeteika for?"
Nasriddī́n ī́ipiš ǰawób atifár, dúipiš ǰawób atifár, tiráyipiš ǰawób atifár, aɣór:	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	Nasreddin answered to the first of them, he answered to the second of them, he answered to the third of them, then he said,
"Hámaipi ǰawób tifaróm, zīq vómišt."	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	"If I answer to everyone, I will go crazy."
Ax xūdš či sarš anós, bozórisa adáu̯, fayród akún:	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	He took the tubeteika off his head, ran to the bazaar, and cried,
"E odámt!	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	"Hey, people!
Daràu̯-daráwi maydónisa šau̯t, īyóka ǰām vʏt!	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	Go quickly to the square, gather somewhere over there!
Kattóti šumóxpi árkšint ast!"	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	The Big Ones have something to deal with you."
Odámt hamáš maydóni īyóka ǰām avór, áni šáhri hičúxs nàapiráxs.	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	Everyone had gathered somewhere at the square, no one else had remained in the city.
Nasriddī́n balandī́i sári asán, fayród akún:	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	Nasreddin came upon a high place, and cried:
"E odámt, ɣiríft, nihíš xūd man uxš tangái axirī́nim."	Template:Lang	Template:IPA	"Hey people, to let you know, I bought this tubeteika for six tangas."

Further reading

• Template:Cite journal
• Template:Ill; Template:Ill. Ягнобские тексты с приложением ягнобско-русского словаря. Москва – Ленинград: 1957.

(M. S. Andrejev, Je. M. Peščereva, Jagnobskije teksty s priloženijem jagnobsko-russkogo slovarja, Moskva – Leningrad 1957) (in Russian)

• М. Н. Боголюбов, Ягнобский (новосогдийский) язык. Исследование и материалы. Автореферат на соискание ученой степени доктора филологических наук, Ленинград 1956

(M. N.Bogoljubov, Jagnobskij /novosogdijskij/ jazyk. Issledovanija i materialy. Avtoreferat na soiskanije učenoj stepeni doktora filologičeskix nauk, Leningrad 1956) (in Russian)

• М. Н. Боголюбов: Ягнобский язык. In. В. В. Виноградов (ed.): Языки народов СССР. Том первый: Индоевропейские языки. Москва, 1966, 342–361.

(M. N. Bogoljubov: Jagnobskij jazyk. In: V. V. Vinogradov (ed.): Jazyki narodov SSSR. Tom pervyj: Indojevropejskije jazyki. Moskva, 1966, p. 342–361) (in Russian)

• С. Мирзозода, Яғнобӣ зивок, Душанбе 1998.

(S. Mirzozoda, Yaɣnobī zivok, Dušanbe 1998) (in Tajik)

• С. Мирзозода, Луғати яғнобӣ – тоҷикӣ, Душанбе 2002.

(S. Mirzozoda, Luɣat-i yaɣnobī – tojikī, Dušanbe 2002) (in Tajik)

• Ľ. Novák: Jaghnóbsko-český slovník s přehledem jaghnóbské gramatiky. Яғнобӣ-чехӣ луғат яғнобӣ зивоки дастури феҳрастипӣ. Praha (: Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy v Praze), 2010. Template:Webarchive Template:ISBN

(Ľ. Novák: Yaghnobi-Czech Dictionary with an Outline of Yaghnobi Grammar. Praha 2010) (in Czech)

• А. Л. Хромов, Ягнобский язык, Москва 1972.

(A. L. Xromov, Jagnobskij jazyk, Moskva 1972) (in Russian)

• А. Л. Хромов, Ягнобский язык, In: В. С. Расторгуева (ed.): Основы иранского языкознания. Новоиранские языки II. – Восточная группа. Москва 1987, p. 644-701.

(A. L. Xromov, Jagnobskij jazyk. In. V. S. Rastorgujeva (ed.): Osnovy iranskogo jazykoznanija. Novoiranskije jazyki II. – Vostočnaja gruppa. Moskva 1987, p. 644–701.) (in Russian)

• Template:Cite journal

External links

• http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/yaghnabis.shtml
• https://web.archive.org/web/20060622003001/http://iles.umn.edu/faculty/bashiri/Tajling%20folder/yaghnob.html
• Yaghnobi blog & online Yaghnobi-Tajik-English lexicon